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Pointers and Reviewer For Grade 9

The document summarizes key components of the circulatory and respiratory systems. It describes the pathway that oxygen travels from the lungs to tissues in the body as passing from the alveoli into blood vessels, binding to red blood cells, and diffusing into tissues. It also outlines the double circulatory pathway of the heart, lungs, and body, with oxygenated blood traveling to the body and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs to become reoxygenated before repeating the cycle. The document concludes by asking the reviewer to practice Punnett square problems ranging from easy to hard.

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Jeen Reese Barrientos
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17 views3 pages

Pointers and Reviewer For Grade 9

The document summarizes key components of the circulatory and respiratory systems. It describes the pathway that oxygen travels from the lungs to tissues in the body as passing from the alveoli into blood vessels, binding to red blood cells, and diffusing into tissues. It also outlines the double circulatory pathway of the heart, lungs, and body, with oxygenated blood traveling to the body and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs to become reoxygenated before repeating the cycle. The document concludes by asking the reviewer to practice Punnett square problems ranging from easy to hard.

Uploaded by

Jeen Reese Barrientos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEWER FOR GRADE 9

The atria pump blood out of the heart

Left atrium is a chamber of the heart does oxygenated blood enter from the lungs

Arteries move blood away from the heart

White blood cells fight diseases

In pulmonary circulation, Arteries only carry deoxygenated blood

The left ventricle pumps blood to the body, including the lungs

a one-way valve is a structure within the heart maintain the flow of blood in one direction

primary function of transport in plants is to carry water and nutrients to different parts of the plant

xylem tissue in plants is responsible for conducting water and nutrients

Tuberculosis scientifically known as mycobacterium, which can spread via respiration droplet through coughing,
sneezing, or spitting phlegm.

Emphysema long-term disease of the lings caused by prolonged exposure to the tobacco chemicals and air
pollutants.

COPD is the effect of long-term taking of tobacco smoke because of the “carcinogenic” chemical can cause the
uncontrolled growth of the malignant cells, called tumors.

Lung cancer is a pulmonary disease that damage the alveoli of the lungs.

Common cold is a Contagious infection of the upper respiratory tract and it is usually the result of a viral infection.

Influenza Patient experience chills, fever, severe headache, muscular pain, runny nose, and general discomfort.

Pneumonia Infection of the lungs cause by bacteria, virus, fungi, or protozoa in rare conditions. Asthma chronic
and allergic condition that make the breathing airways narrow and swollen, and causes them to produce extra
mucus.

Bronchitis Inflammation or swelling of the breathing passages (bronchial tubes), the pathway between the nose
and the lungs.

Review and practice Punnett square, easy and hard cross breading problem,
route through which oxygen travels from the lungs to reach the tissues of the body is as follows:

1. Alveoli: Oxygenated air enters the alveoli in the lungs during inhalation. The oxygen in the alveoli diffuses across
the thin walls of the alveoli and into the surrounding capillaries.

2. Bloodstream: The oxygenated blood then flows through the pulmonary capillaries, which surround the alveoli,
and enters the pulmonary veins.

3. Red Blood Cells: In the pulmonary veins, the oxygen binds to hemoglobin molecules within the red blood cells,
forming oxyhemoglobin. The red blood cells serve as carriers for the oxygen.

4. Systemic Circulation: The oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart into the systemic circulation, which
distributes the oxygen to the tissues throughout the body.

5. Tissues: As the oxygen-rich blood reaches the capillaries in the tissues, oxygen again diffuses from the capillaries
into the surrounding cells, where it is used for various metabolic processes.

Summary; Alveoli -> Bloodstream -> Red blood cells -> Tissues.

Pathway of blood through the body, including the lungs, is as follows:

1. Heart: The process begins as deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the body through the superior and
inferior vena cava, both of which are large veins.

2. Right Atrium: The deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, one of the four chambers of the heart.

3. Right Ventricle: From the right atrium, the blood moves into the right ventricle, which is the lower chamber of
the right side of the heart.

4. Pulmonary Artery: The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries it
away from the heart.

5. Lungs: The pulmonary artery delivers the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it enters a network of
capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
6. Pulmonary Veins: Within the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries, and the blood becomes
oxygenated. This oxygenated blood then flows into the pulmonary veins.

7. Left Atrium: The pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood back to the heart, specifically to the left
atrium.

8. Left Ventricle: From the left atrium, the blood moves into the left ventricle, which is the lower chamber of the
left side of the heart.

9. Aorta: The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body.

10. Body: The aorta branches out into smaller arteries, which carry the oxygenated blood to various tissues and
organs throughout the body, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients.

11. Vena Cava: After oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the body tissues, deoxygenated blood returns to the
heart via small veins, which eventually merge into the superior and inferior vena cava.

12. Heart: The deoxygenated blood then re-enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava, beginning
the cycle again.

In summary pathway is Heart -> Aorta -> Body -> Vena Cava -> Heart -> Pulmonary Arteries -> Lungs ->
Pulmonary Veins -> Heart.

PLEASE PRACTICE PUNNETT SQUARE EASY TO HARD PROBLEMS.

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