/ Learn C#: Classes In C#, classes are used to create custom types. The class defines the kinds of information and methods Included in a custom type. In C#, whenever an instance of & class is created, its constructor is called. Like methods, a constructor can be overloaded. It must have the same name as the enclosing class. This is useful when you may want to define an additional constructor that takes @ different ‘number of arguments. and Objects system string name: int trees // Here we have the Forest class which has two pieces of data, called fields. hey are the "name" and "trees" fields // Takes two arguments Forest(int area, string country ‘Area = area Country = country // Takes one argument Forest (int area. Area Country “Unknown” // Typically, 2 constructor is used to set initial values and run any code needed to “set up” an instance PF looks like a m J & construc but od, its return type and method name reduced to the name of the enclosing type.C# Parameterless Constructor In C#, if no constructors are specified in a class, the compiler automatically creates a parameteriess constructor. public class Freshman t public string FirstName { get; set; } public static void Main (string[] args) { Freshman £ = new Freshman(); // mame is null string name = f.FirstName; // In this example, no constructor is defined in Freshman, but a parameterless constructor is still available for use in Main().C# Access Modifiers In C#, members of a class can be marked with access ‘modifiers, including p.»\<< and svivase «A pubic member can be accessed by other classes. A. o-iv member can only be accessed by code in the same class. By default, elds, properties, and methods are private, and classes are public. public class Speech t private string greeting reeting: private string FormalGreeting() t return $"{greeting} and salutations"; public string Scream() t return FormalGreeting() .ToUpper() ; } public static void Main (string[] args) t Speech s = new Speech(); //string sfg = s.FormalGreeting(); // Error! //string sg = s.greeting; // Error! Console.WriteLine(s.Scream()) 5 // In this example, greeting and FormalGreeting() are private. They cannot be called from the Main() method, which belongs to a different class. However the code within Scream() can access those members because Scream() is part of the same class.C# Field In C#, a field stores a piece of data within an object. It acts like a variable and may have a different value for leach instance of a type. {field can have a number of modifiers, including: ublke , peivete , static pan reaconty .Hfme access modifier is provided, a field is. o-va\e by default. public class Person { private string FirstName; private string lastNam // In this example, firstNane and lastName are private fields of the Person class. // For effective encapsulation, a field is typically set to private, then accessed using a property. This ensures that values passed to an instance are validated (assuming the property implements some kind of validation for its field).C# this Keyword InC#, the crs keyword refers to the current instance of a class. // We can use the this keyword to refer to the current class’s members hidden by similar names: public NationalPark(int area, string state) { this.area = area; this.state = state; // The code below requires duplicate code, which can lead to extra work and errors when changes are needed: public NationalPark(int area, string state) { area = area; state = state; } public Nationalpark(int area) t state = "Unknown"; } // Use this to have one constructor call another: public NationalPark(int area) : this (state, "Unknown" t}C# Members In C#, a class contains members, which define the kind of data stored in a class and the behaviors a class can perform, C# Dot Notation In C#, a member of a class can be accessed with dot notation, C# Class Instance In C#, en object is an instance of a class. An object can be created from a class using the =» keyword, class Forest t public string name; public string Name { get { return name; } set { name = value; } // A member of a class can be a field (like name), a property (like Name) or a method (like get()/set()). It can also be any of the following // Constants JI Constructors // Events // Finalizers // Indexers // Operators // Nested Types string greeting = “hello” J] Prints 5 Console.WriteLine(greeting. Length) ; J/ Returns 8 Math.Min(B, 920); Burger cheeseburger = new Burger(); // If a class is a recipe, then an object is a single meal made from that recipe. House tudor = new House(); // Tf a class is a blueprint, then an object is a house made from that blueprint.C# Property In C#, a property is a member of an object that controls how one field may be accessed and/or modified. A property defines two methods: a ‘method that describes how a field can be accessed, and a -<:() method that describes how a feld can be modified. (One use case for properties is to control access to a field. Another isto validate values for a fel. C# Auto-Implemented Property In C#, an auto-implemented property reads and writes to.a private field, like other properties, but it does not. require explicit definitions for the accessor methods nor the field Itis used with the ss: syntax, This helps your code become more concise. public class Freshman private string firstName; public string FirstName get { return firstName; set { firstName - value; } public static void Main (string[] args) Freshman f = new Freshman(); ouie"; f.FirstName = // Prints “Louie’ Console.WriteLine(f. FirstName) ; // In this example, FirstNane is a property public class HotSauce public string Title { get; set } public string Origin { get; set; } // In this example, Title and Origin are auto-implemented properties. Notice that a definition for each field (like private string title) is no longer necessary. A hidden, private field is created for each property during runtime.C# Static Constructor In C#, a static constructors run once per type, not per Instance. It must be parameterless. tis invoked before the type is instantiated or a static member is accessed. C# Static Class In CH, a static class cannot be instantiated. Its ‘members are accessed by the class name. This is useful when you want a class that provides a set, of tools, but doesn't need to maintain any internal data, vow) fs acommonly-used static class. class Forest static Forest() ( Console. writeLine(” Initialized"); ype // In this class, either of the following two lines would trigger the static constructor (but it would not be triggered twice if these two lines followed each other in succession): Forest f = new Forest(); Forest .Define(); //Two examples of static classes calling static methods: Math.Min(23, 97); Console.WriteLine("Let's Go!");