Masonry Design

and Detailing

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 About the Author
Christine Beall, NCARB, CCS, is a member of ASTM
Committees C-12 (Masonry Mortar), C-15 (Manufactured
Masonry Units), and E-6 (Building Performance). She
has more than 30 years’ experience in the design,
specification, construction, and inspection of residential,
commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings.
Christine is also the author of the McGraw-Hill
publications, Concrete and Masonry Databook and Thermal
and Moisture Protection Manual.

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 Masonry Design
and Detailing
Christine Beall, NCARB, CCS

Sixth Edition

New York Chicago San Francisco

Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan
Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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 To Star, again

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 Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
1 Introduction to Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Brick, Concrete Masonry Units, and Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Types of Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 Brick Sizes and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3 Brick Colors and Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.4 Brick Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Concrete Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Types of CMUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 CMU Colors and Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3 CMU Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 CMU Grading and Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.5 CMU Sizes and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.6 CMU Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.7 CMU Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Natural Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.3 Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.4 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.5 Selecting Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Cast Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.6 Glass Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Mortar and Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Mortar Ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.1 Cementitious Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.2 Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.3 Mortar Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.4 Coloring Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 Mortar Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.1 Workability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.2 Water Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.3 Bond Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.4 Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 Three Kinds of Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

vii

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 viii Contents

3.3.1 Cement-Lime Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.3.2 Masonry Cement Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.3 Mortar Cement Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.4 Choosing Cement-Lime or Masonry
Cement Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Mortar Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.1 Type M Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.2 Type S Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.3 Type N Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.4 Type O Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.5 Type K Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.6 Choosing the Right Mortar Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.7 Proportion Versus Property Method of
Specifying Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5 Masonry Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.1 Grout Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.2 Grout Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.3 Grout Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5.4 Grout Types and Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5.5 Self-Consolidating Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 Masonry Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1 Metals and Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Joint Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.1 Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3.2 Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4 Reinforcing Bars and Bar Positioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.5 Flashing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.6 Weeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.7 Drainage Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.8 Flashing and Drainage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5 Masonry Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1 Durability and Freeze-Thaw Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Fire-Resistance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.1 Fire-Resistance Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.2.2 UL Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.3 Steel Fireproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.4 Compartmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3 Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.3.1 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.2 Added Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.3 Granular Fills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3.4 Rigid Board Insulation and Insulation Inserts . . . . . . . 84
5.3.5 Insulation Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.4 Vapor and Air Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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 Contents ix

5.5 Acoustical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

5.5.1 Acoustical Characteristics of Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5.2 Sound Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.5.3 Sound Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.5.4 STC Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.6 Green Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6.1 Resource Management, Recycled Content,
and Embodied Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.6.2 Construction Site Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.6.3 Indoor Air Quality and Building Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.6.4 Masonry and LEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.7 Masonry Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.7.1 Factors Affecting Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.7.2 Value Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6 Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.1 Movement Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.1.1 Brick Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.1.2 Concrete Masonry Expansion
and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.1.3 Differential Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.2 Flexible Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.3 Movement Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.3.1 Joint Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.3.2 Joint Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.3.3 Accommodating Movement
Joints in Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7 Moisture and Air Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.2 Moisture Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.3 Deflection: Limit Rain Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.3.1 Wall System Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.3.2 Masonry Wall Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.3.3 Masonry Units and Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.3.4 Parapets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.5 Coatings and Water Repellents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.4 Drainage: Prevent Moisture Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.4.1 Flashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.4.2 Flashing Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.4.3 Weeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.5 Drying: Evaporation and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.6 Controlling Air and Vapor Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.6.1 Water-Resistive Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.6.2 Vapor Retarders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.6.3 Air Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8 Single-Wythe Wall Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

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8.1 Single-Wythe Concrete Masonry Unit Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

8.2 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.3 Interior Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.4 Water Penetration Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.5 Parapet Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.6 Roof-to-Wall Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.7 Window Head Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.8 Window Sill Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.9 Base Flashing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.10 Miscellaneous Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9 Multi-Wythe Wall Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9.1 Multi-Wythe Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9.1.1 Composite Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9.1.2 Cavity Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
9.2 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.3 Interior Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.4 Water Penetration Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.5 Parapet Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.6 Roof-to-Wall Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.7 Shelf Angle Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
9.8 Window Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.9 Base Flashing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.10 Miscellaneous Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
10 Anchored Veneer Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
10.1 Brick and Concrete Masonry Unit Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
10.2 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
10.3 Water Penetration Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
10.4 Parapet Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
10.5 Roof-to-Wall Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
10.6 Shelf Angle Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
10.7 Window Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
10.8 Base Flashing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
11 Adhered Veneer Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
11.1 Adhered Masonry Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
11.2 Thin Brick Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
11.3 Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer (AMSMV) . . . . 206
11.4 Installation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
11.5 Water Penetration Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
11.6 Parapet Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
11.7 Roof-to-Wall Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
11.8 Window Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
11.9 Wall Base Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
11.10 Miscellaneous Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

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12 Special Wall Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

12.1 Interior Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
12.2 Screen Walls and Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
12.3 Glass Block Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
13 Lintels and Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
13.1 Lintels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
13.1.1 Determining Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
13.1.2 Steel Lintels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
13.1.3 Concrete and Concrete
   Masonry Lintels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
13.1.4 Reinforced Brick Lintels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
13.2 Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
13.2.1 Minor Arch Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
13.2.2 Graphic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
14 Structural Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
14.1 Masonry Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
14.1.1 Differential Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
14.1.2 Load Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
14.1.3 Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
14.1.4 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
14.2 Empirical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
14.3 Analytical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
14.3.1 Unreinforced Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
14.3.2 Reinforced Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
14.3.3 Wind and Seismic Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
15 Installation and Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
15.1 Moisture Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
15.2 Preparation of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
15.2.1 Material Storage and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
15.2.2 Mortar and Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
15.2.3 Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
15.2.4 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
15.2.5 Layout and Coursing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
15.3 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
15.3.1 Mortar and Unit Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
15.3.2 Flashing and Weep Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
15.3.3 Control and Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
15.3.4 Accessories and Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
15.3.5 Grouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
15.4 Construction Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
15.4.1 Masonry Size Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
15.4.2 Mortar Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
15.4.3 Wall Cavity Width Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
15.4.4 Grout and Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

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15.5 Cold Weather Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

15.6 Hot Weather Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
15.7 Moist Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
16 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
16.1 Specification Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
16.1.1 Mortar and Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
16.1.2 Masonry Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
16.1.3 Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
16.1.4 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
16.1.5 Quality Control Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
16.1.6 Sample Panels and Mock-Ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
16.2 Specifying with the MSJC Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
16.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
16.2.2 Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
16.2.3 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
17 Quality Assurance and Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
17.1 Standard of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
17.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control in Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
17.2.1 Industry Standards for Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
17.2.2 Standards for Clay Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
17.2.3 Standards for Concrete Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
17.2.4 Standards for Masonry Mortar and Grout . . . . . . . . . . . 324
17.2.5 Standards for Masonry Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
17.2.6 Standards for Laboratory and Field Testing . . . . . . . . . 326
17.3 Masonry Submittals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
17.3.1 Specifying Submittals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
17.3.2 Submittal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
17.3.3 Shop Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
17.3.4 Product Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
17.3.5 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
17.3.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Submittals . . . . . 330
17.3.7 Closeout Submittals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
17.4 Sample Panels and Mock-Ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
17.4.1 Sample Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
17.4.2 Mock-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
17.4.3 Grout Demonstration Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
17.5 Field Observation and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
17.5.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
17.5.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
17.5.3 Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
17.5.4 Protection and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
17.5.5 Moisture Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
18 Forensic Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
18.1 Water Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
18.1.1 Diagnostic Water Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
18.1.2 Types of Water Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

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18.2 Structural Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

18.3 Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
A Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
B ASTM Reference Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Clay Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Cementitious Masonry Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Natural Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Mortar and Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Reinforcement and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Sampling and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

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 Preface

T
his edition of Masonry Design and Detailing has been condensed to focus primarily
on brick and concrete block masonry. Some of the less commonly used masonry
materials such as adobe, terra cotta, and structural clay tile have been deleted,
and a new section on adhered manufactured stone masonry veneer has been added.
I have also deleted some of the lesser used information on materials and
manufacturing, fireplaces, retaining walls, and masonry paving. This effort has been
toward making the book more concise in its coverage of the most popular and widely
used masonry systems. A good deal of additional material has been added about water
penetration resistance, and the chapters have been reorganized in what I hope will be a
more accessible format.
The book is also available in electronic format, which provides the advantage of key
word searches to locate information quickly.
Christine Beall, NCARB, CCS
Austin, Texas

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 Masonry Design
and Detailing

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 CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Masonry

T
he unwritten record of history is preserved in buildings. The stone and brick of
skeletal architectural remains date back long before the beginning of recorded
history. Every country in the world has ancient or historic structures that sur-
vived because they were built of masonry. Masonry buildings are extremely durable to
weathering and not easily damaged by physical forces. Contemporary reinforced
masonry also resists the extremes of hurricane and seismic forces.
Stone is the oldest, most abundant, and perhaps the most important raw building
material, and brick is the oldest man-made building product. Masonry construction
today includes not only quarried stone and clay brick but also a host of other materials.
Concrete block, cast stone, structural clay tile, terra cotta, glass block, adobe, and manu-
factured stone are also part of masonry’s color and texture palette. Masonry can be
designed as rustic, formal, residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, monumen-
tal, and even palatial. Masonry remains popular with both consumers and designers
not only because of its durability but also because of its beauty and variety.
Moisture resistance is one of the primary concerns in building design and construc-
tion. Preventing water intrusion into buildings is a primary focus, but so is preventing
damage to the materials of the building envelope itself.
Contemporary masonry walls are more water permeable than traditional masonry
walls because of their relative thinness. Contemporary masonry is also more brittle
because of the portland cement that is now used in masonry mortar. As is the case with
any material or system used to form the building envelope, the movement of moisture
into and through the envelope has a significant effect on the performance of masonry
walls. Contemporary masonry systems are designed not with the intent of providing a
barrier to water penetration but rather as drainage walls in which penetrated moisture
is collected on flashing membranes and drained through a series of weep holes.
Materials, design, and workmanship are all important to the performance of
masonry in resisting water penetration and moisture damage. The successful weather
resistance of masonry walls depends on several basic requirements:

• Mortar joints must be full.

• Mortar must be compatible with and well bonded to the masonry units or stone.
• An appropriate flashing material must be selected for the expected service life
of the building.

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 2 Chapter One

• Flashing details must be properly designed and installed at all necessary

locations.
• Weep holes must be properly sized and spaced.
• Weep holes must be unobstructed and must provide effective drainage.

With adequate provision for moisture drainage, masonry wall systems provide
long-term performance with little required maintenance. The chapters that follow
describe materials, design, and workmanship with an eye toward achieving durability
and weather resistance as well as adequate structural performance in masonry systems.

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