Set of Real Numbers

SETS ARE WELL-DEFINED COLLECTION

OF OBJECTS.
REAL NUMBERS ARE A SET OF NUMBERS
THAT CAN BE PLACED IN A NUMBER
LINE.

3 ∏ = 3.1415926....
RATIONAL NUMBER IS ANY NUMBER
WHICH CAN BE WRITTEN AS A
FRACTION.

IRRATIONAL NUMBER IS ANY DECIMAL

NUMBER WHICH CAN NOT BE WRITTEN
AS A FRACTION.
A NON-TERMINATING AND NON-
REPEATING DECIMAL.
Set of Real Numbers
RATIONAL NUMBERS
Naturals – natural counting numbers {
1, 2, 3, ….}
Wholes – natural counting numbers and
zero { 0,1, 2, 3....}
Integers – Positive or negative natural
numbers or zero { -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,…}
Fractions with 1 as denominator.
Set of Real Numbers
EXAMPLES Your turn…
Determine whether the number is: 1. 0.0011
a) Real or Imaginary? 3
b) Rational or Irrational? 2. 8
1
c) Fraction, Integer, Whole or Natural 3. 9
number? 3
4. 60
1. −14 6. 3
2. 𝑒𝑒 5. 47
7. 0.531
7
3. − 4 8. 0.27
4. 9𝑖𝑖 9.
3
−27
29
5. 99 10. −16
 Set of Real Numbers
SETS ARE WELL-DEFINED COLLECTION
OF OBJECTS.
REAL NUMBERS ARE A SET OF NUMBERS
THAT CAN BE PLACED IN A NUMBER
LINE.

3 ∏ = 3.1415926....
RATIONAL NUMBER IS ANY NUMBER
WHICH CAN BE WRITTEN AS A
FRACTION.

IRRATIONAL NUMBER IS ANY DECIMAL

NUMBER WHICH CAN NOT BE WRITTEN
AS A FRACTION.
A NON-TERMINATING AND NON-
REPEATING DECIMAL.
BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA
21 Closure property : Addition a+b
: Multiplication a·b

2 Commutative property : Addition a+b =b+a

: Multiplication a·b=b·a

3 Associative property : Addition (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

: Multiplication (a · b) · c = a · (b · c)

Identity property : Addition a+0=0+a=a

4
: Multiplication a·1=1·a=a

5 Inverse property : Addition a + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + a

: Multiplication a 𝑎𝑎1 = 1 = 𝑎𝑎1 a with a ≠ 0

6 Distributive property : Left a (b + c) = ab + ac

: Right (a + b)c = ac + bc
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
21 Reflexive property :a=a
2 Symmetry property : if a = b, then b = a

3 Transitive property : if a = b and b = c, then a = c

4
Substitution property : if a = b

5
Addition/Subtraction : if a = b, then a + c = b + c
: if a = b, then a – c = b – c
6 Multiplication/Division : if a = b, then ac = bc
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
: if a = b, then = , with c ≠ 0
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
PROPERTIES OF ZERO
21 a + 0 = a and a – 0 = a

2 a·0=0
0
3 =0,a≠0
𝑎𝑎

0
4 is undefined
𝑎𝑎

5 If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. This is known as Zero-Factor Property

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENT
21 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 · 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 42 +43 = 42+3 = 45

2 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 8
= 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚−𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 8−3 = 𝑥𝑥 5
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥

3 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
= 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦 6 2
= 𝑦𝑦 6(2)

4 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚 2𝑥𝑥 4 = 24 𝑥𝑥 4 = 16𝑥𝑥 4

5 𝑚𝑚 5
𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎 =
𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 (4𝑥𝑥) = 33 (4𝑥𝑥)5
6
1 1
𝑎𝑎−𝑚𝑚 = 𝑥𝑥 −𝑚𝑚 =
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
7
𝑎𝑎0 = 1, a ≠ 0 (𝑥𝑥 5 +2)0 = 1
LCD/LCM and GCF
21 Least Common Denominator (LCD) refers to the product of several prime
numbers occurring in the denominators, each taken with its greatest
multiplicity.
Example: LCD of 8, 9, 12 and 15 is 360

2 Least Common Multiple (LCM) refers to the smallest integer that is a

multiple of each of the given numbers.
Example: What is the LCM of 15 and 18?

3 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) refers to the largest integer which is a factor
of each of the given numbers.
Example: What is the GCF of 70 and 112?
Definitions
A linear equation in one variable is an equation that can be written in the
form 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐 where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

A solution of a linear equation in one variable is a real number which, when

substituted for the variable in the equation, makes the equation true.

Finished illustration
Solutions of Equation in One Variable
To solve a linear equation in one variable:

1. Simplify both sides of the equation.

2. Use the addition and subtraction properties to get all variable terms
on the left-hand side and all constant terms on the right-hand side.
3. Simplify both sides of the equation.

4. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the variable.

Finished illustration
Six Steps to Solving Application Problems
Solving an Applied Problem

Step 1 Read the problem, several times if necessary, until you understand
what is given and what is to be found.
Step 2 Assign a variable to represent the unknown value, using diagrams or tables as
needed. Write down what the variable represents.
Express any other unknown values in terms of the variable.
Step 3 Write an equation using the variable expression(s).
Step 4 Solve the equation.
Step 5 State the answer to the problem. Does it seem reasonable?
Step 6 Check the answer in the words of the original problem.

Finished illustration
Linear equation 2 variable: Systems of Linear Equation
A. By Substitution
1. Isolate one of the two variables in one of the equations.
2. Substitute the expression that is equal to the isolated variable from Step 1
into the other equation. This should result in a linear equation with only one
variable.
3. Solve the linear equation for the remaining variable.
4. Use the solution of Step 3 to calculate the value of the other variable in the
system by using one of the original equations.

Finished illustration
Linear equation 2 variable: Systems of Linear Equation
B. By Elimination
1. Identify a pair of terms in the system that have both the same variable and
coefficients with the same magnitude. If necessary, rewrite one or both
equations so that a pair of terms have both the same variable and
coefficients with the same magnitude.
2. Add or subtract the two equations in the system to eliminate the terms
identified in Step 1. This should result in a linear equation with only one
variable.
3. Solve the linear equation to obtain a value for the variable.
4. Now that you have figured out the value of one variable, plug that value
into either equation to find the value of the other variable.

Finished illustration
Age Problem
Note
• Give emphasis to tenses (i.e. past, present or future) of the statements.

6 years ago Present 5 years hence

X–6 X X+5

Finished illustration
Work Problem
Note
• “t” is the time a person needs to complete 1 job/work.
• “r” is the rate at which a person does work.

¼ of the job/work

Work/Job = 1

1
𝑟𝑟 =
𝑡𝑡

Finished illustration
Mixture Problem
Note
• Concentration of “A” means part A in the mixture.

%A Parts A
Total mixture, V
%B Parts B

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴 = %𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉

Finished illustration
Digit Problem
Note
• Let h, t and u be the hundreds’, tens’, and units’, digits respectively.
3 – digit number 100h + 10t + u
2 – digit number 10t + u

Note
• For consecutive numbers, let u be the first digit.
1st digit u
2nd digit u+1
3rd digit u+2

Finished illustration
Coin Problem
Note
• Conversion factors are important.
Penny 1 cent
Nickel 5 cents
Dime 10 cents
Quarter 25 cents
Half 50 cents

Finished illustration
Geometry Problem
Note
• Conversion factors are important.
• Make a sketch depending on the figure.

Finished illustration
Motion Problem
Note
Time = 0 Time = t
V

𝐷𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Finished illustration
Example: Work Problem
1. A tank is filled with an intake pipe that will fill it in 4 hours and an outlet pipe that will empty
it in 12 hours. If both pipes are often left open, how long will it take to fill the empty tank?
2. A tank is filled with 2 pipes. The first pipe can fill the tank in 10 hours. But after it has been
opened for 3.5 hours, the second pipe is opened, and the tank is filled up in 4 hours more.
How long would it take the second pipe alone to fill the tank? The two pipes have different
diameters.
3. Pedro can paint a fence 50% faster than Juan and 20% faster than Pillar, and together they
can paint a given fence in 4 hours. How long will it take Pedro to paint the same fence if he
had to work alone?
4. A and B working together can finish painting a house in six days. A working, can finish it in
five days less than B. How long will it take each of them to finish the work alone?

Finished illustration
Example: Digit Problem
1. The sum of two numbers is 21, and one number is twice the other. Find the numbers.
2. Find the product of two numbers such that twice the first added to the second equals 19 and
three times the first is 21 more than the second.
3. The tens’ digit of a number is 3 less than the units’ digit. If the number is divided by the sum
of the digits, the quotient is 4 and the remainder is 3. What is the original number?

Finished illustration
Example: Age Problem
1. A is as old as the combined age of this two brothers B and C. But C is two
years older than B. The combined age of the three last year was ¾ their
combined ages at present. How old is B now?
2. Mary is 24 years old. Mary is twice as old as Ana was when Mary was as old
as Anna now.
How old is Anna?
3. The sum of the ages of Maria and Anna is35. When Maria was two thirds her
present age and Anna was ¾ of her present age, the sum of their age is 25.
How old is Maria now?

Finished illustration
Quadratic Equations
Definition Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation in x is a second-degree
equation that can be written in the standard • Solving by Factoring
form: • Solving by the Square Root Property
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 = 0
where: • Solving by Completing the Square
a, b, and c are real numbers and a≠0. • Solving by using the Quadratic Formula
A – known as the leading coefficient
Examples:
C – absolute term of f(x).
Solutions/roots of a quadratic equation are
2𝑥𝑥 2 + 7 = 0
values of the unknown variable that will satisfy
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7 = 0
the equation.
5𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0

Finished illustration
Solving by Factoring
Factoring means finding Steps in Factoring Quadratic Equation
expressions that can be multiplied 1. Find two numbers whose product
together to give the expression on equals c and whose sum equals b.
one side of the equation. 2. Use those numbers to write two
factors of the form 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑥𝑥 −
Recall: Zero Factor Property 𝑘𝑘), where k is one of the numbers
If 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑏𝑏 = 0, then 𝑎𝑎 = 0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏 = 0 where found in step 1.
a and b are real numbers or algebraic 3. Solve using the zero-product property
expressions. by setting each factor equal to zero
and solving for the variable.

Finished illustration
Solving by Factoring
1. With the quadratic equation in standard form, 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 = 0, multiply 𝐴𝐴 · 𝐶𝐶.
2. Find two numbers whose product equals AC and whose sum equals B.
3. Rewrite the equation replacing the bx term with two terms using the numbers found in step 1
as coefficients of x.
4. Factor the first two terms and then factor the last two terms. The expressions in the
parentheses must be the same to use grouping.
5. Factor out the expression in parentheses.
6. Set the expressions equal to zero and solve for the variable.

Finished illustration
Example: Solving by the Factoring

x2 − 49 = 0 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 21 = 0
𝑥𝑥 + 7 𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0 𝑥𝑥 − 7 𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥𝑥 + 7 = 0 ; 𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0
𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0 ; 𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥𝑥 − 7 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = 7 𝑥𝑥 = 7 and 𝑥𝑥 = −3

Finished illustration
Example: Solving by the Factoring
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 15𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 0 12𝑥𝑥 2 + 15𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 0

Finished illustration
Solving by Extracting the Square Root
Recall: Square Root Property Steps in Extracting the Square Roots
With the 𝑥𝑥2 term isolated, the square 1. Isolate the 𝑥𝑥2 term on one side of the
root property states that: equal sign.
±
2
If 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘, then 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘 2. Take the square root of both sides of
Where k is a nonzero real number. the equation, putting ± sign before
the expression on the side opposite
the square term.
3. Simplify the numbers on the side
with the ± sign.

Finished illustration
Example: Extracting the Square Root

x2 − 49 = 0 (x + 2)2 = 18 𝑥𝑥 2 + 8 = 0
x2 = 20
(3x – 1)2 = –4
5x2 + 55 = 0

Finished illustration
 Completing the
Squares
Review:
( x + 3)2 x2 – 14x
x2 + 2(3x) + 9 − 14 − 7 (− 7 )2 = 49
=
x2 + 6x + 9 2
x2 – 14x + 49
x2 + 6x ( x – 7) ( x – 7)
6 32 = 9
= 3 ( x – 7)2
2
x2 + 6x + 9
( x + 3) ( x + 3)
( x + 3)2
 Completing the
Squares
x2 + 9x x2 – 5x
9  9 81
2 5  5
2
25
  =   =
2  2 4 2  2 4
81 25
x + 9x +
2
x + 5x +
2

4 4

 x + 9 
 x + 9   x + 5  x + 5 
  
 2  2  2  2
2
 x + 9 
2
5
 x + 
 2  2
 Completing the
Squares
x2 + 8x = 1
8= 4
42 = 16
2
x2 + 8x = 1
x2 + 8x + 16 = 1+ 16
(x + 4)2 = 17
(x + 4)2 = ± 17
x + 4 = ± 17
x = −4 ± 17
Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the
Squares
2 5 3 5
5x2 – 10x + 2 = 0 (x − 1) = − +
2
x = 1± ⋅
5 5 5 5
5x2 – 10x = –2
3
5x 2 10x 2 (x − 1) =
2
15
− =− 5
5 5 5 x = 1±
3 5
x − 2x = −
2 2 (x − 1) = ±
2
or
5
5
3 5 ± 15
−2 x −1 = ± x=
= − 1 (− 1)2 = 1 5 5
2
3
2 x = 1±
x − 2x + 1 = − + 1
2
5
5
 Completing the
Squares
2x2 – 2x + 7 = 0 1 7 1 1 − 13
x −x+ =− +
2
x= ±
2x2 – 2x = –7 4 2 4 2 2
2
 1 14 1
2x 2 2x
− =−
7 x−  = − +
 2 4 4 1 i 13
2 2 2 x= ±
 1 
2
13 2 2
7 x−  = −
x − x =−
2
or
2  2 4
−1 1  1 
2
13
=− x−  = ± − 1± i 13
2 2 2 4 x=
 2
2
1
 −  = 1 1 − 13
x− =±
 2 4 2 4
 Formula

−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
2
ax + bx + c = 0
2
b 1 b  b  b2
⋅ =   =
a 2 2a 2a
  4a 2
ax 2 + bx = −c
a 2 b b b 2
b 2
− c
x + x= −c x + x + =
2

a a a a 4a 2 4a 2 a

b b 2
b 2
c 4a
x2 + b x = − c x + x+ 2 = 2 − ⋅
2
a
a a 4a 4a a 4a
Solving by Quadratic
x=
−b ± Formula
b − 4ac 2

2a
b b 2
b
4ac 2
b b 2 − 4ac
x2 + x+ 2 = 2 − 2 x+ =±
a 4a 4a 4a 2a 4a 2

b b 2
b − 4ac
2 b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±
x + x+ 2 =
2
2a 2a
a 4a 4a 2
b b 2
b 2
− 4ac b b 2 − 4ac
x2 + x + 2 = ± x=− ±
a 4a 4a 2 2a 2a
2
 x + b 
 =±
b 2
− 4ac − b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
 2a  4a 2 2a
Solving by Quadratic
The quadratic formula is used toFormula
solve any quadratic equation.
Standard form of a quadratic equation is: ax2 + bx + c = 0

The quadratic formula is: −b ± b2 − 4ac

x=
2a
x2 + 4x + 8 = 0 2x2 + x = 0
a= 1 b=4 c= 8 a= 2 b=1 c= 0

3x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 x2 = −10 x2 +10 = 0

a= 3 b = −5 c = 6 a = 1 b = 0 c = 10
 Formula

−b ± b2 − 4ac
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 x=
2a

x2 − 3x + 2 = 0
(x −1) (x − 2) = 0
x −1 = 0 x−2 = 0
x =1 x=2
Solving by Quadratic Formula
x=
−b ± b − 4ac 2
ax2 + bx + c = 0
2a
x2 − 3x + 2 = 0
3 ±1
a = 1 b = −3 c = 2 x=
2
−(−3) ± (−3) − 4 (1)(2)
2
3 +1 3 −1
x= x= x=
2(1) 2 2
3± 9 −8 3± 1 4 2
x= x= x= x=
2 2 2 2
3 ±1 x =2 x =1
x=
2
Solving by Quadratic Formula
x=
−b ± b − 4ac 2
ax2 + bx + c = 0
2a
2x2 − x − 5 = 0
a= 2 b =−1 c = −5

−(−1) ± (−1) − 4 (2)(−5)

2

x=
2(2)
1± 1+ 40 1± 41
x= x=
4 4
Solving by Quadratic
x=
−b ± Formula
b − 4ac 2

2a
x = −4x 2 − 4 − 1± − 63
x=
8
4x 2 + x + 4 = 0
− 1± i 63
x=
x=
− 1± (1)2 − 4(4)(4) 8
2(4 ) − 1± i 9 ⋅ 3
x=
− 1± 1− 64 8
x=
8
x=
− 1± 3i 7 x=−1±3 7 i
8 8 8