THERAPEUTIC

MODALITIES
LYEN CAREL T. GARCIA, RCRIM
TOP 1
CLE JUNE 2022
 THE UNITED NATIONS STANDARD MINIMUM
RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS
(THE NELSON MANDELA RULES)

It provide states with detailed guidelines for protecting

the rights of persons deprived of their liberty.
The rules are based on an obligation to treat all
prisoners with respect for their inherent dignity and value of
human beings, and to prohibit torture and other forms of ill-
treatment.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE NELSON
MANDELA RULES
RULE 1
All prisoners shall be treated with the respect due to the
inherent dignity and value as human beings. No prisoner shall
be subjected to, and all prisoners shall be protected from,
torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or
punishment, for which no circumstances whatsoever may be
invoked as a justification. The safety and security of prisoners,
staff, service providers and visitors shall be ensured at all
times.
RULE 2
The present rules shall be applied impartially. There
shall be no discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or any other status.

RULE 3
Imprisonment and other measures that result in cutting off
persons from outside world are afflictive by the very fact of taking
from these persons the right of self- determination by depriving
them of their liberty. Therefore the prison system shall not,
except as incidental to justifiable separation or the
maintenance of discipline, aggravate suffering inherent in
such a situation
RULE 4
The purposes of a sentence of imprisonment or similar
measures deprivative of person's liberty are primarily to protect
society against crime and to reduce recidivism.

RULE 5
The prison regime should seek to minimize any
differences between prison life and life at liberty that tend to
lessen the responsibility of the prisoners or the respect due to
their dignity as human beings.
 GOALS OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING
1. RETRIBUTION – act of setting a punishment for someone that fits the crime.
Based on lex talionis or the law of retaliation
2. INCAPACITATION – It refers to the act of making an individual incapable of
committing a crime by execution or banishment and in more modern times by
execution or lengthy periods of incarceration.
3. DETERRENCE – It is the use of punishment to stop potential criminals from
committing crimes.
4. REHABILITATION – It is the process of helping inmates grow and change,
allowing them to separate themselves from the environmental factors that made
them commit a crime in the first place.
5. RESTORATION – the process where victims, offenders and communities
affected by a particular offense meet to find a way to restore or make amends for the
harm resulting from an offense.
REHABILITATION AND REFORMATION OF
PDL
REHABILITATION
is a program of activity directed to restore a PDL self respect
and sense of responsibility to the community, there making him/her a
law-abiding citizen after serving his/her sentence

REFORMATION
is a means of amending or improving by changing an inmate’s
behavior or removing his or her faults or abuse and removing or
correcting an abuse of a wrong or error.
It refers to the acts which ensures the public that released
national inmates are no longer harmful to the community by
becoming reformed individuals prepared to live a normal and
productive life upon reintegration to the mainstream of society.
 HISTORY OF REHABILITATIVE AND
REFORMATIVE APPROACH

During the Medieval period till the 18th century, the

punishments were cruel and retributive in nature.
Punishments were designed not only just to cause pain
but also to humiliate offenders in front of the whole society.
The development of the reformative and rehabilitative
approach in criminal justice started during the
ENLIGHTENMENT AGE.
 BJMP
MANDATES AND FUNCTIONS
Mandates
BJMP is mandated to direct, supervise and control the administration and
operation of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide with pronged tasks of
safekeeping and development of PDL.
Functions
In line with it's mission, the Jail Bureau endeavors to perform the following functions:
• Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city, and
municipal jails nationwide;
• Implement strong security measures for the control of PDL;
• Provide for the basic needs of PDL;
• Conduct activities for the development of PDL;
• Improve jail facilities; and,
• Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.
 PROGRAMS
Major Programs
There are four (4) major programs under the mandate
of BJMP and they are the following:
• PDL custody, security and control program
• PDL welfare and development program
• Decongestion program
• Good governance
 CORE PROGRAMS
A. Provisions of Basic Needs
All PDL under custody are provided with three (3) meals
(breakfast, lunch and supper). Adequate supply of potable
water is made available to them at all times. Likewise, upon
admission, each PDL is issued his or her PDL uniform
consisting of the yellow shirt and brown jogging
pants. Hygiene kits are also distributed to the PDL on monthly or
quarterly basis. Occasionally, the provision of basic needs for
the PDL is supplemented by the food and non-food donations
from local government units, non-government organizations,
business sector and private individuals.
.
B. Health Services
Health services for PDL consist of interventions towards the
prevention, promotion, treatment of illnesses and
rehabilitation. All PDL undergo medical assessment upon
admission. During confinement, PDL are provided with health
education and counseling, medical consultations, regular health
monitoring, and provided medicines subject to availability. To
maintain the physical health of PDL, they are allowed daily
sunning and physical exercises
C. Educational Program
The educational program aims to provide opportunities
for PDL to achieve mandatory education. For this reason,
BJMP adopted the Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the
Department of Education for the PDL to earn their elementary
and high school diplomas. Teachers in the jail-based ALS
are BJMP Personnel who are professional teachers and
trained on the Instructional Method for ALS. In jails where there
are no personnel trained to handle ALS classes, the ALS
teachers would be coming from the Department of
Education. All PDL enrolled in the ALS earn their respective
Time Allowance for Teaching, Studying and Mentoring
(TASTM) pursuant to RA 10592.
D. Skills Training/ Enhancement Program
The objective of the skills training program is to equip the
PDL with technical/vocational skills which they can use in
seeking employment or starting their own business after release
from confinement. To make the PDL as competitive as other
potential job seekers, the skills trainings preferred are those
accredited by the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) so that the PDL will be able to
earn National Certifications. Thus, only the PDL who meet the
eligibility requirements of the specific skills training program
being offered can participate.
E. Livelihood Program
The livelihood program presents income-generating
activities to PDL during their confinement where they are
able to earn for their personal upkeep and for financial
support to their families. The capital for the livelihood project
are either from BJMP for BJMP-funded projects or from the
common fund of a group of PDL for non-BJMP funded
projects. Examples of continuing and most popular livelihood
projects of PDL are bags and purses, bonsai made of beads,
pastries, rugs, paper crafts, and wood crafts. To help the PDL
earn from these livelihood projects, the jail Unit Welfare and
Development Officer (UWDO) facilitates the sale of the
products in display centers or livelihood caravans organized
by the local government units and other service providers.
In addition, online or e-marketing of PDL products is
also run by the jail unit Welfare and Development Office.
F. Behavioral Management/ Modification Program
BJMP implements the Therapeutic Community Modality
Program (TCMP) to manage and modify behaviors of PDL
with the goal of positively changing their thinking and behavior
through structured group processes. The program endeavors to
teach and model positive thinking, pro-social values, good
decision-making, and positive coping. Through the program,
PDL are trained on socially acceptable ways of behaving and
relating with their fellow PDL and with personnel and visitors
thereby fostering a therapeutic jail environment and maintaining a
peaceful communal atmosphere.
G. Interfaith Program
PDL are provided with the opportunity to practice their
faith while under custody without discrimination, subject only
to usual safety and security measures. The BJMP chaplains
and imams provide different religious services such as but
not limited to mass celebrations, communal prayers, spiritual
counseling, catechism, and others. Religious organizations
and their respective ministers/pastors and leaders are
accredited by BJMP to facilitate their regular contact with PDL
for the provision of religious services.
H. Cultural and Sports Program
The cultural program aims to promote camaraderie
among PDL, encourage the development of self-confidence and
sharing of cultural talents as form of positive entertainment.
Cultural activities allowed in jails include dance, singing,
theatre/drama, and art workshops. Also, through this program,
PDL experience some sense of social normalcy through the
communal celebrations of socio-cultural events like
birthdays, Valentine’s Day, Mothers’ and Fathers’ Day,
Christmas, Lent and Easter, Ramadan, local festivals and
other similar activities.
I. Paralegal Program
The main objective of the Paralegal Program is to address
the overcrowding in jail facilities. Through the paralegal
program, PDL are assisted in availing of the different early
modes of release.
Regional and jail paralegal officers conduct continuous
informative seminars/orientations to PDL on their rights,
modes of early release, and other paralegal/legal remedies
which can be availed of by them. Other paralegal services
include paralegal counseling and case follow-up in the courts by
the jail paralegal officers.
J. E-Dalaw
The E-DALAW service is an alternative to the traditional
face-to-face visitation between PDL and respective
families. This service enables the PDL to connect with his/her
family through a supervised video call and chat. The program
is conceptualized specifically to cater to PDL whose family
members cannot go to the jail for actual visit because of the
long distance to the jail from the residence or workplace of
the family members. However, in case of jail lockdown by
reason of public health emergency where visitation is suspended,
all PDL are allowed to use the e-dalaw to communicate with their
families on equitable rotation basis
 THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
The Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment
that helps people get help while helping others.
It is a treatment environment: the interactions of its
members are designed to be therapeutic within the context of the
norms that require for each to play the dual role of client-
therapist.
At a given moment, one may be in a client role when
receiving help or support from others because of a problem
behavior or when experiencing distress. At another time, the
same person assumes a therapist role when assisting or
supporting another person in trouble.
WHAT IS THE TC MISSION?
To promote human and social transformation among
our clients and among ourselves.

WHAT IS THE TC VISION?

By the end of this decade, TC shall have become the
corporate culture of the Parole and Probation Administration
permeating its plans, programs, and practices, and confirming its
status as a model component of the Philippine Correctional
System.
 DEVELOPMENT OF BJMP THERAPEUTIC
COMMUNITY PROGRAM
1. THE AMERICAN DRUG-FREE HEIRARCHICAL CONCEPT-
BASED TC
Concept based TC has the following principles:
COMMUNITY – living together in a group and showing responsible
concern and belonging is the main agent for therapeutic change and
social learning.
HIERARCHY – daily activities take place in a structured setting
CONFRONTATION – negative behaviors, which interferes with the
community concepts values and philosophy is confronted and put
into limit.
SEL HELP- the resident is the protagonist of his own treatment
process. Other group members can only act as facilitators
2. THE BRITISH DEMOCRATIC MAXWELL JONES-TYPE TC
Democratic TC has 4 central principles:
PERMISSIVENESS – residents can freely express their
thoughts and emotions without any negative repercussions
DEMOCRACY – all residents and staff members have equal
chance and opportunities to participate in the organization of
TC
COMMUNALISM – face to face communication and free
interaction to create a feeling of sharing and belonging
REALITY TESTING – residents can be, and should be,
continually confronted with their own image as perceived by
other clients and staff members.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY
PROGRAM (TCMP)
Is a self help social learning treatment model which utilizes
the community as the primary therapeutic vehicle to foster
behavioral and attitudinal change. In this modality, the person
learns and practices skills and responsibilities through structured
activities that they can transfer to the society upon their release.
Each participant is expected to be a contributing member of the
community and develops the impetus to change by being a member
of the community.

At present, TCMP is recognized as the backbone program

of the BJMP for inmate development and is being implemented in
majority of the jails nationwide.
 OBJECTIVES
1. To introduce and institutionalize TCMP as the backbone
program of the BJMP for inmate development
2. To provide the jail TCMP implementers with a manual that
will serve as a guide in the proper implementation of the
program
3. To attain uniformity and standardization in the
implementation of TCMP and ensure its fidelity to the core
essence of the program
 CARDINAL RULES IN TC
*No sex or sexual acting out
*No drugs/ Alcohol
*No violence or threat of violence
*No stealing
 PHASES OF TREATMENT
Phase I- Entry/Orientation Phase
Phase II- Primary Treatment
Phase III- Pre Re-entry
Phase IV- Re-entry
Phase IV- Aftercare
 PHASE I- ENTRY/ORIENTATION
PHASE
Once an inmate is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of
examination to determine his physical, social and psychological status.
Upon his commitment, a resident is placed on orientation at the
Reception and Diagnostic room/ Orientation Room.
He is then assigned a static group and a big brother who will
provide him with support and will walk him through the orientation phase.
At this phase, the resident is handled gently and is expected to
commit mistakes in the process of learning the program. Sanctions on
negative behavior are usually light with emphasis on teaching.

THE STATIC GROUP is a permanent group of peers and leaders that meet
regularly while the residents are in treatment. It is a sort of “home” group
who provides support for one another and to the new members of the
community.
BIG BROTHER an older member of the community tasked to provide
guidance to the newly committed residents
 PHASE II- PRIMARY TREATMENT

After proper orientation on the different TC concepts and

tools, the norms and rules of the community and the staff
members, the resident is now ready to undergo the treatment
proper. He becomes a part of the community starting as a
crew member of the Housekeeping department until he
gradually ascends in the hierarchy.
He must be knowledgeable on the following:
Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and
concerns and shape behavior
Managing own feelings and learning how to express self
appropriately
Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community
Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the
resident’s need for growth
Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the
community and develop insight in the process
Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life
situations
Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him
productive
Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other
people’s help in shaping behavior
 PHASE III- PRE RE-ENTRY
Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at
this stage to have internalized the TC values and concept to
start life afresh.
However, in the jail setting where entry and release are not
within the jail control, residents may not have reached this
phase of treatment before they even leave the jail facility.
Regardless of the resident’s length of stay, he is expected
to undergo this phase prior to release into society. At this phase,
the resident is expected to have proven his ability to take on
more responsibility hence needs lesser supervision. He is
considered a role model in the TC community.
 PHASE IV- RE-ENTRY
In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be
released back to society as he has demonstrated adequate self-
control and discipline. The inmate is now preparing for his life
outside of jail and is focused on making himself a productive
citizen.
He may start planning for job hunting and rebuilding family
ties and relationships.
The resident must focus on the following:
Transition to life outside of jail.
Creating a new lifestyle applying the tools and concept of TC.
Learning positive coping skills to deal with day to day situations.
Re-establishing and strengthening family ties and support
group.
Reintegration into the mainstream of society.
Developing realistic and attainable goals in life.
 PHASE IV- AFTERCARE
Aftercare is an outpatient program that requires clients
to report twice a week to an outreach center. They are
required to attend group sessions to ensure their adjustment to
life outside jail to reduce recidivism. For clients released from
jail, they are referred to the Parole and Probation
Administration and Local Government
Units for follow up and aftercare. The clients are focused on
the following:
Maintaining positive behavior and prevent recidivism
Strengthening coping mechanism
Maintaining relationships and support mechanism
Sustaining interest in job or vocation to maintain livelihood
Integration into society
 The Therapeutic Community Modality Program and the
Four Interconnected Development Aspects:

• Behavior Management;
• Emotional and Psychological;
• Intellectual and Spiritual; and
• Vocational and Survival Skills.
BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT
 BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT
The Behavior Management is a component of Therapeutic
Community Modality Program (TCMP) that introduces the
concept and mechanics of the various shaping tools to
include Morning Meeting in order to facilitate the management
of and shape the behavior of the residents.
 TOOLS
*Pre Morning Meeting
*Morning Meeting

*Talk To
*Pull Up
*Dealt With
*Haircut
*Learning Experience/ Bans
*General Meeting
*Expulsion
 PRE MORNING MEETING
Duration/ Frequency: Fifteen minutes daily
Participants: Senior residents, Counselor

Pre-Morning Meeting is done early in the morning prior to the Morning

Meeting. Senior members of the community will meet for about fifteen (15)
minutes to discuss the attitude of the house the previous day.

The attendees will also discuss the activities to be engaged in the

Morning Meeting and make sure that all participants are ready with their
corresponding parts and determine the amount of time to be allotted for
each part

The group will agree on the theme or concept of the day.

THEME/CONCEPT OF THE DAY

It refers to a word or saying that will serve as a guide for the community to
ponder upon in relation to their day to day interactions and behaviors.
 MORNING MEETING
Duration/ frequency: One hour daily
Participants: All residents, Counselor

Morning Meeting is a daily ritual that starts the day in a

TC facility. It is attended by the whole community and lasts for
an hour.
It commences with the Opening Prayer, Singing of the
Philippine National Anthem and the recitation of the TC
Philosophy.

It is divided into two (2) parts namely:

(1) public announcements and community concerns and
(2) community-spirit building or up rituals
 PARTS OF THE MORNING MEETING
I. COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT/CONCERNS
a. Opening Prayer (Ecumenical)
b. Singing of the Philippine National Anthem (Flag must be
displayed)
c. TC Philosophy (Adopted translation)
d. Announcements Staff (Director, Asst. Director, Counselor &
other personnel) Residents (Coordinators, Dep’t Heads,
Expediters) Report on Dorm Inspection by Chief Expediter
e. Community Concerns Pull-ups/ elaboration Affirmations
f. Concept of the Day
g. Verse of the Day
II. UP – RITUALS
h. News casting (Local, Nat’l, International, Sports and Weather
News)
i. Entertainment (Choose either Song, Dance, Skit, Humorous
Story)
j. Community Singing (Any song that has relation to the Concept
of the Day)
k. Greetings
HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR SHAPING
TOOLS
Behavior Shaping Tools (BST) is employed to strengthen
the learning process and the practice of more adaptive
behaviors within the social learning environment.

The major tools of the BST, such as the Talk To, Pull–up,
Dealt With, Haircut, Learning Experience, General Meeting
and Expulsion were developed as a means to correct
behaviors of the residents that violated the TC norms.
 TALK TO
A “Talk To” is an outright correction done by any
member of the TC community to another member who has
done a minor infraction but is not aware of it. It is a friendly
reminder/advice about an unacceptable behavior and must be
done privately.
During a “Talk To”, the resident is made aware of his/her
negative behavior and the results it may have on others and
the environment.
The feedback given to the resident who committed
mistake is done in a positive way.
This is to evoke awareness on the part of the violators
to avoid committing the same mistake and be given heavier
sanctions if done in the future.
 PULL-UP
A Pull-up is done as a result of lack, missed or lapses in
awareness in a resident.
All the members of the community are responsible to
pull-up minor infractions done by peers. It encourages
honesty, demeanor awareness and owning up to one’s
mistakes.
This is done when the violator is unknown and must be
validated first prior to bringing up in the Morning Meeting
 DEALT WITH
Dealt With is done when negative behaviors or infractions to
the House Rules/Norms are done for the second time of same
offense by a resident.
A panel of three (3) composed of a senior resident, peer and
a friend are tasked to deliver a serious and stern reprimand to the
subjected resident.

Although the tool does not strictly require the presence of a

staff, to attain its purpose, the staff should monitor its conduct to
ensure that the panel assigned to the task really acted
appropriately.

It is done privately in a room or an area with no other else

hearing the conversation.
 HAIRCUT
Haircut is done when negative behaviors or infractions
to the House Rules/Norms in same offense are done for the
third time or more or for first time grave offenses.
The tone is more serious and can be loud, more harsh
and exaggerated.
This is done to induce anxiety and eventually change
the person’s behavior.
The haircut gives emphasis on the behavior of the resident
and the severity of the haircut should be appropriate to the
gravity of the offense.
Each member of panel is given ample time to express
himself without interruption from the other members.
 LEARNING EXPERIENCE
A Learning Experience (LE) is an action or activity given
to a resident who was subjected to Haircut or General
Meeting who did an infraction to correct or modify a behavior.
Since TCMP is educational rather than punitive in its
approach to behavioral change, the LE should be done in a
way that would remind the person of the negative attitude he
has done without compromising his human dignity.
 CATEGORIES OF LEARNING
EXPERIENCES:

a. Task-Oriented LE
Pots and Pans
Grounds and Landscaping
Cleaning and Maintenance
Time keeping (wake up calls, lights out calls)
b. Written tasks
Composition or Essay
Reproduction of TCMP Materials

c. Peer Interaction
Reading and reporting of topic
Announcements (Morning Meeting or House Meeting)
Bans

BANS
Bans are sanctions to members who commit repeatedly infractions or
violation to the Cardinal Rules by prohibiting, disallowing or limiting
an activity or affiliation to a group.
 GENERAL MEETING
A repeated breach to the Cardinal Rules necessitates a
General Meeting. Such issue should be discussed with the
community to point out to the violator the negative effect the
behavior had on the Community

Such offense includes sexual acting-out with a fellow

resident, taking drugs and engaging in physical fight with another
resident. Other facilities include stealing or even smoking as part of
the Cardinal Rules.

These behaviors pose a threat to the community because

they violate the established order and safety of the facility.
 EXPULSION
In extreme cases, when a resident is incorrigible and
becomes a threat to the community (Instigator, initiator of jail
disturbances), the Director with the recommendation of the
Disciplinary Board may transfer him/her to the nearest jail
facility with an appropriate Court Order.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL
ASPECT
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL
ASPECT
BJMP residents who are detained are basically
psychologically and emotionally challenged.
They share one thing in common, that is being
incarcerated with uncertainties as to the outcome of their
individual cases.

They feel isolated, helpless and at times hopeless

brought about by separation from their loved ones and
society in general and all other issues that confront them while
incarcerated.

Such emotional turmoil needs to be addressed to help

them bounce back and experience a life of normalcy despite their
unique situation.
 COUNSELING
Counseling is defined as a professional activity of helping
individuals, groups or communities enhance or restore their
capacity for psychological, emotional and social functioning
and creating an environment favorable for the attainment of these
goals.
 COUNSELING THEORIES AND
APPROACHES
1. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
It holds that people have within themselves all the
resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and
that problems occur as a result of restricted or unavailable
problem-solving resources. Humanistic therapists care most
about the present and helping their clients achieve their
highest potential. Instead of energy spent on the past or on
negative behaviors, humanists believe in the goodness of all
people and emphasize a person’s self-growth and self-
actualization
2. COGNITIVE APPROACH
-This counseling theory focuses on how people’s
thinking can change feeling and behaviors. It holds that
people experience psychological and emotional difficulties when
their thinking in out of sync with reality. Cognitive counselors
work to challenge their clients’ faulty thinking patterns so
clients are able to derive solutions that accurately address the
problems they are experiencing.
3. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
It is also known as the historical perspective and has its
roots with Sigmund Freud, who believed there were
unconscious forces that drive behavior.

4. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH
While actual events in the world can trigger people’s
meaning-making processes, it is those meaning-making
processes, rather than the events themselves, that determine
how people think, feel and behave.
 PSYCHOSOCIAL SKILLS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING:

*Empathy
is the ability to perceive the client’s feelings and to
demonstrate accurate perception of the client. It is merely
“putting oneself in the client’s shoes”. When the client feels
understood, a sense of trust or “rapport” is developed.
Rapport paves the way to a more meaningful communication
and may enable the client to understand and accept more of his
or her complexity of feelings.
*Warmth
is also called “unconditional positive regard”. It involves
accepting and caring about the client as a person, regardless
of any evaluation or prejudices on the client’s behavior or
thoughts. It is most often conveyed through our non-verbal
behavior or bodily gestures.
*Respect
is our belief in the client’s ability to make appropriate
decisions and deal appropriately with his or her life
situation, when given a safe and supportive environment in
which to do so. It is often showed best by not offering advice
or cheap comfort.
The counselor shows his utmost respect to the client by
listening in silence and giving him the opportunity to design
his own solutions to the problem. A similar term for this is
“empowerment” as the counselor likewise demonstrates that he
values the integrity of the client.
*Congruence or genuineness
is being honest and authentic in dealing with the client. It is
showing real concern rather than focusing on techniques
during sessions. It is also being aware of the counselor’s own
unmet needs and how it may affect his relationship with the
client.

*Confidentiality
means that anything discussed during counseling sessions is
held absolutely private and not to be discussed anywhere.
This contract should be held sacred so as to maintain the client’s
trust and enable him to disclose sensitive matters to the
counselor without fear of any breach of confidentiality
INITIAL INTERVIEW/ INTAKE INTERVIEW
INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING/ ONE TO ONE COUNSELING
GROUPS
*Static Group
*Peer Confrontation Group
*Secrets
*Encounter Group
*Extended Group

SPECIALIZED GROUPS
*Women’s Group
*Men’s Group
*Anger Management
*Loss and Bereavement
*Medication Support Group
PATTERN OF COUNSELING SESSION:
1. Introduction: First 10 minutes
Greet the client warmly.
Smile and shake hands.
Escort to the counseling room.
Explain how the session is going to be to alleviate fears.
This is the time to develop rapport.
Assure client on confidentiality.

2. Information gathering: About 20 minutes

Know the reason for consultation.
Client can start anywhere.
Counselor may take notes.
Client needs to do almost all of the talking.
Counselor may ask open questions or use techniques like clarifying,
rephrasing, focusing, reflecting, reality testing, etc.
3. Discussion/ Counselor Input:
Counselor tells the client what he thinks the client is saying.
Counselor develops a list of concerns.
Client would concur or not to the counselor’s understanding.
Prioritize problems and which one to work on first.
Client will provide plans of action to work on specific problem.
Counselor will assist in mapping out plans.

4. Conclusion:
Motivate the client that “he can do it”. If not, he may need to be referred to
a Professional.
Brief client on what to expect the next session (progress based on plan of
action).
End session on a positive note.
Client should be able to list down things that he has to look forward to
over the next few days. If not, this is a red flag for suicide.
WHEN TO BREAK CONFIDENTIALITY?
1. Children are being neglected or abused
2. Appearance in court as a witness
3. Client expressed plan to commit suicide
4. Client expressed plan to harm others
 INITIAL INTERVIEW/ INTAKE
INTERVIEW
The intake interview in the jail setting is done by a Counselor to
newly admitted residents. The main purpose is to elicit
information about the resident and provide information
about the program and what the expectations are on both
parties. Full and honest disclosure is expected on the
resident to elicit adequate and elaborate information and come
up with the proper treatment plan.
ONE TO ONE COUNSELLING/INDIVIDUAL
COUNSELING
Objectives:
1. To promote individual explorations and help surface
complicated and troubled feelings among the residents.
2. To provide a regular source of counseled guidance to
residents.
3. To assist the residents to develop better coping skills and
improve self-esteem.
4. To explore the different psychological tools which
promote the development of insight and increase self-
efficacy among the resident
 GROUP COUNSELING

*Static Group
*Peer Confrontation Group
*Secrets
*Encounter Group
*Extended Group
 STATIC GROUPS
The Static Group is a permanent group of peers and
leaders that meet regularly while the residents are in
treatment.
It is a sort of “home” group who provides support for
one another and to the new members of the community. This is
designed to provide a forum for self-expression and
disclosure. It is usually facilitated by senior members of the
group. It focuses on group relationship and patterns of behavior.
 PEER CONFRONTATION GROUP
The group participants in Peer Confrontation group are
selected by the staff and group according to peers like adult
members will go with the same date of entry in the facility and
same goes with the middle and young members.

It is done in a more compassionate way where each

resident try to help one another. Participants confront each
other on what they do for themselves while in the facility and ask
how they are coping with it.
 SECRETS
Secrets are a group activity where participants are given
the opportunity to unload emotional baggage and thus
experience freedom from internal psychological conflicts. It
promotes trust among the participants knowing that each will
reveal his utmost secrets to the group. It also aims to deepen
mutual respect among the participants.
 ENCOUNTER GROUPS
The Encounter Group serves as a “safety valve” within
the community which is usually high pressured and
structured.
It is a forum for members of the community to verbally
express pent-up or negative emotions within a structured and
safe environment without resorting to violence or aggression
and without fear of reprisal.
THE FLOW OF THE ENCOUNTER SHOULD
PASS THROUGH THE FOUR (4) PHASES:
Confrontation: This phase involves verbalization of concerns or
honest disclosure of emotions that has been provoked during
interpersonal interactions with another resident.
The focus should always be about how one feels because of the
behavior of the other

Exploration: In this phase, all the feelings that were expressed are
further examined and explored and find out how it could have
resulted in such way in order to evoke awareness on the connection
of behavior, feelings and attitude.
In this phase, blaming or finger pointing at one party is avoided. It
will only cause resentment form one party.
Resolution and Commitment: After some realizations and attaining
some insights into their behaviors, the residents are now ready to
move to the last phase to practice new behaviors. From the feedbacks
received, the resident involved will now express how he feels
about the whole thing and may own up his behavior which has
caused the conflict. He then goes on to make commitments to
avoid such occurrence in the future. Such commitment made by
the residents will be monitored to make sure that they are being
put to practice to avoid lapses.

Socialization: This is a structured social event where all those

involved in an encounter will have ample time to mend fences
with those they have offended or hurt in the past. The purpose is to
achieve closure, reaffirm relationship and maintain the unity of
the community so that all those involved can move on and leave the
past behind.
 EXTENDED GROUP
The Extended Groups (Probe, Marathon) are usually
composed of 5- 12 residents and is being facilitated by 2
highly trained staff members.
It may last for 8-72 hours. The participants must have at
least 4 months in the program and have shown adequate
stability before he can be included in the activity.
It is a potentially intimate and intense session which
needs a significant amount of preparation. It focuses on the “here
and now” but allows a deeper exploration of issues that
affects new behavior. Special subjects may be the focus such
as sexuality, trauma, etc.
 SPECIALIZED GROUPS

*Women’s Group
*Men’s Group
*Anger Management
*Loss and Bereavement
*Medication Support Group
 LOSS AND BEREAVEMENT
Duration/frequency: one hour once a week
Participants: 10 – 15 residents
Procedure:
1. Facilitator is knowledgeable in conducting the sessions and
managing the time.
2. The group is very supportive and compassionate.
3. Facilitator discusses the process of grieving and the impact of
losses, mad feeling, attitudes and behavior derived from the loss
of a loved one.
4. Counselor gives some suggestions on how they would handle
the situation appropriately when there was another similar situation.
5. At the last sessions, each participant was required to write a
letter to someone or a buddy to tell about the past and what they
will do in the future regarding losses.
 WOMEN’S GROUP
Duration/ frequency: one hour once a week/ might last for six sessions
Participants: 8-15 residents, Counselor
Procedure:
1. Held once a week and run by TC personnel. It provides an opportunity for
all female residents to share and discuss their feelings on women’s
issues: family, relationship, self-identity, self-image, societal role and
reproductive issues.
2. Issues to be tackled are gender specific problems and aims to help
female residents identify their challenges and needs.
3. Residents are helped to explore and understand the relationship
between women’s issues and their influences on them. It enhances self-
understanding among women.
4. They can also help each other through mutual support and concern.
 MEN’S GROUP
Duration/ frequency: 1 hour once a week
Participants: 8-15 residents, counselor
Procedure:
1. Topics include expression of feeling, reveal of true self, dealing
with feeling and how to avoid abusive relationship, family
conflicts, sexuality and sexual relationships.
2. Group sessions enabled each of them to identify, express the
feeling related to the trauma and lessons learned from those
experiences.
3. The counselor who raised the issue will be the one to conduct
it.
 MEDICATION SUPPORT GROUP
Duration/ frequency: as long as the residents are on medication
Participants: Residents on medications and Jail health personnel
Procedure:
1. Counselor holds the group once a week who are on medical and
psychiatric medication.
2. Group members are educated on different kinds of medical and
psychiatric problems and its effects.
3. Sharing on the intake of medicines and its side effects of taking
it.
4. Cohesiveness is enhanced.
5. Share and discuss how to face their difficulties, coping with the
disease and problems encountered while they are on medications
 ANGER MANAGEMENT
Duration/ frequency: 1 ½ hour for 6 weeks/as needed/curriculum-
based
Participants: 10-15 residents
Procedure:
1. Facilitated by a counselor.
2. Questionnaires are provided to the residents to answer how
they demonstrated their anger before they came for treatment
and while in the facility and how they go through it.
3. Participants are selected based on interview and attitude
showed while in treatment.
4. The group is an avenue for the residents to know their anger
feelings and acquire new knowledge and information on how to
deal with their feelings on different situation and personalities.
INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL
COMPONENTS
 INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL
COMPONENTS
The Intellectual and Spiritual Component hopes to
enhance the spiritual and intellectual dimensions of the
residents by providing opportunities for them to develop self-
worth and productivity
 SPIRITUALITY IN TC
Spirituality is any action or activity that reflects or
brings out the goodness in a man.
Spirituality in TCMP is designed to respond to the inner
longing of residents to find greater faith where they can
anchor themselves within their struggle to find meaning to their
Existence
It summarizes a man’s relationship with himself, others
and the Supreme Being. The spiritual component provides the
residents with activities that would help them explore the
meaning and purpose of their existence and their particular place
in the world.
 INTELLECTUAL COMPONENT
The intellectual component on the other hand responds to
the natural human characteristics of yearning for knowledge in
order to attain a higher level of understanding.

Providing worthwhile opportunities for learning/

education will facilitate regaining their human quality and
self-respect thereby making self-realization - that being law-
abiding and productive, both during their stay in the facility and
their eventual release in the society’s mainstream is the real
essence and measure of development.
 SPIRITUAL COMPONENT
• *TC Philosophy
• *TC Unwritten Philosophies
• *Theme/Concept of the Day
• *Meditation
• *Religious Activities
 THE TC PHILOSOPHY
The TC Philosophy is recited daily during the Morning
Meeting. It embodies all the challenges and aspirations of most
residents who feel alienated and the desire to overcome the
imposed limitations on their freedom and find their own place
where they could feel safe and welcome.
It acknowledges the importance of fellowship in shaping
one’s behavior and motivating one’s fortitude of helping himself
and others.
1. Surrender
“I am here because there is no refuge, finally from myself”

2. Self-disclosure
“Until I confront myself in the eyes and hearts of others, I am
running. Until I suffer them to share my secrets, I have no
safety from them. Afraid to be known, I can neither know
myself or any other; I will be alone.”
3. Reflection
“Where else but in our common grounds can I find such a
mirror?

4. Self-realization
“Here together, I can appear clearly to myself, not as the
giant of my dreams not the dwarf of my fears, but as a
person, part of the whole with my share in its purpose
5. Growth
“In this ground, I can take root and grow”

6. Self-worth
“Not alone anymore as in death, but alive to myself and to
others”
 TC UNWRITTEN PHILOSOPHIES
The unwritten philosophy of TC consists of slogans or
aphorisms that are verbally given to the residents to impart
the beliefs and values of TC in relation to their day to day living.
These sayings are used to remind the residents as to what
are considered important to them
1. “Honesty”
A lot of residents continue to live in a lie without the fear of its
consequences. This virtue points out the importance of truth and
its relevance to recovery.

2. “Responsible love and concern”

The residents will learn how to give and accept criticisms without
resentment. Bonded by trust and confidence, the residents know
that mistakes need to be corrected if the aim is to bring the other
towards behavioral change.
“To be aware is to be alive”
Residents learn to be conscious of what is going on in the
environment. In TC, minor attitudes are engrossed to prevent
major attitudinal problems to arise.

“Trust in your environment”

There will be no change if there is no honesty and disclosure.
Before doing so, trust must be established. One should believe
that the program can help him. In doing so, he will learn to accept
the program and use its tools to evoke changes in himself.
“Be careful what you ask for, you might just get it”
Man by nature is ambitious. We never get contented with what
we have. We want more, even if having so would lead us to
commit mistakes. We should learn to appreciate what we have
and use it to better ourselves.

6. “No free lunch”

In reality, nothing really comes easy. If we aim for something, we
have to work for it. There is no pride in getting something the
easy way. It is hard to let go of something that we labored for.
Change will not come if we will just wait for it to happen. We have
to make it happen.
“You can’t keep it unless you give it away”
Knowledge or learning is better appreciated if shared with others.
Something becomes valuable if used to help others make
positive changes in their lives. Helping others help us in the
process as we start to feel good about ourselves

“What goes around comes around”

“Whatever you do unto others will be done unto you”. Any good
deed will be rewarded while evil deeds will be punished in the
end. We should always be mindful of our actions as they are the
parameters of how we will be judged in the end.
“Act as if”
Learning and accepting the TC program is not easy. Most residents
feel resistant towards it. This philosophy teaches the residents to go
with the flow as a way of compliance. In the process, they will learn to
embrace it and the behavior will soon become natural.

“Understand rather than be understood”

It is sometimes common for us to be selfish. We find it hard to admit
our mistakes hence we tend to blame everybody but ourselves. We
expect everyone around us to understand our wrongdoings but we
seldom make an effort to understand others. Understanding others is
a virtue because it speaks of humility and patience. If we take the first
step to know where others are coming from, there would be lesser
conflicts in relationships.
“Personal growth before vested status”
Sometimes, we become so wrapped up in our own status or
positions in life that we tend to forget to develop relationships
with the people around us. We should cultivate our personal
abilities before we scale the ladder to success.

“Compensation is valid”
A reward for working hard is well deserved. We get what we put
into.
“Forgiveness”
To accept what has been done, move on and get over the hurt
and anger gives us a feeling of inner peace and happiness.
Failure to get over the pains will pin us down and stunt our
Progress

“Humility”
To humble one’ self before others is a laudable virtue. We are
often enveloped by pride that it is difficult for us to lower
ourselves and admit our inadequacies and limitations. By doing
so, we develop a fair insight about ourselves thus giving us the
challenge to improve ourselves.
“You alone can do it, but you can’t do it alone”
Oftentimes, we feel invincible and indispensable knowing that
certain tasks can only be accomplished by us. We don’t realize
that we have certain limitations that without the help of others,
the burden will be too great for us. We should learn to reach out
for help and admit our weaknesses

“Pride in quality”
Time flies so fast that we tend to hurry in everything we do. We
lose our focus and do things haphazardly just for the sake of
completion. We should always seek for quality in our work. The
product of our labor speaks of our attitude towards life in general.
“Feelings don’t think”
We usually react impulsively to things around us because of our
feelings. Before we can even think, an action has already been
done. Everything starts in the mind. If we think before we act,
chances are, we will behave with contempt as we have analyzed
the process before the action

“Guilt kills”
One of the underlying reasons for depression is guilt. It is a
feeling of shame and self-blame. If a guilt feeling remains
unresolved, it can be turned inwards, thus resulting to self-
inflicted harm
“Hang tough”
Sometimes, we feel that there is no end to our miseries and we
feel helpless and hopeless. No matter how dim life seems to be,
there is always hope. In every problem is a solution. Every
problem is a learning experience that would make us tougher in
dealing with life’s challenge

“You are your brother’s keeper”

In TC, each one is responsible for the other members of the
community. The failure of one is the failure of all. This gives all
the residents a sense of responsibility in shepherding others. The
success of the program is a reflection of how one cares for the
other.
 THEME/ CONCEPT OF THE DAY
It refers to a word or saying that will serve as a guide for
the community to ponder upon in relation to their day to day
interactions and behaviors.
It is elaborated during the Morning Meeting by some
members of the community to emphasize its relevance and how
it can stimulate the residents’ thoughts and help them change
their behavior into something positive.
It can also be taken from the Unwritten Philosophies.
 MEDITATION: DISCOVERING YOUR
INNER SANCTUARY
The visualization meditation is used to help an individual
establish a practice of moving his attention within, finding his
place of relaxation and peace by contacting his inner
wisdom.
INTELLECTUAL COMPONENT
 INTELLECTUAL COMPONENT
*Seminars
*Educational Activities (ALS)
*Debates
*Data Sessions/lectures
*Saturday Night Activities
*Games (Grab Bag, Islands, Charade, Pinoy Henyo)
*Mind games
 SEMINARS
Seminars are activities in TC that provide intellectual
stimulation and seek personal involvement among the
residents. It is a way of providing information, improving the
resident’s speaking and writing abilities and enhancing their
listening ability so as to understand all the information being
presented
 THE DEBATE
The debate is introduced to provide the residents the
opportunity to learn how to reason ably and put together
arguments in a logical manner.
This is also an exercise on how to listen and formulate
ideas and demonstrate a broader understanding of certain
issues. It gives the participants certain insights on other’s
opinions which may be opposite to their own
 GAMES: THE “GRAB BAG”
The “Grab Bag” is a form of seminar which enhances the
residents’ ability to communicate, analyze ideas and develop insights
about themselves with the use of identification with inanimate objects.
Procedure:
1. Divide the group into small groups of 10 members with one facilitator
per group.
2. Each facilitator will have a plastic bag/ container with different items
inside
3. Without peeping, each resident will grab one item inside the bag.
He/she will be given 3-5 minutes to tell something about the item,
describing it as if he/she were the object, what it is made of and its use.
4. Each resident takes turn until everyone member of the group has picked
an item and spoke.
5. The facilitator will process the activity and ask the group how they feel
about the activity and what insights they have gained
 SATURDAY NIGHT ACTIVITIES
This activity is held every Saturday as a recreational
event purposely to instill fun, humor and entertainment after
an intense and hectic week. This gives the residents the
chance to let loose and socialize.
Each static group is assigned a specific task or
presentation to develop talents among the residents.
VOCATIONAL/SURVIVAL SKILLS
 VOCATIONAL/SURVIVAL SKILLS
The development of vocational and survival skills starts at
the beginning of performance in job functions in the TC
Community which has substantial value to the individual. Its aim
is not only to detain or confine residents but also to
challenge them to learn vocational skills for their reentry to
the community.
Vocational rehabilitation helps the individual to become
less dependent, adapt himself and become more
independent by making positive changes.
 REHABILITATION
PROGRAMS OF
BUCOR,DDB, AND PPA
 BUCOR
The Mandates of the Bureau of Corrections

(a) Safekeeping of National Inmates – The safekeeping of inmates shall

include decent provision of quarters, food, water and clothing in compliance
with established United Nations standards. The security of the inmates shall
be undertaken by the Custodial Force consisting of Corrections Officers with
a ranking system and salary grades similar to its counterpart in the BJMP.

(b) Reformation of National Inmates – The reformation programs, which

will be instituted by the BuCor for the inmates, shall be the following:
(1) Moral and Spiritual Program;
(2) Education and Training Program;
(3) Work and Livelihood Program;
(4) Sports and Recreation Program;
(5) Health and Welfare Program; and
(6) Behavior Modification Program, to include Therapeutic Community.
MORAL AND SPIRITUAL PROGRAM. This refers to the moral and
spiritual values-formation of inmates which shall be institutionalized
by the Directorate for Moral and Spiritual Welfare (DMSW), which
include the practice of one’s religion and beliefs. Participating
Religious Volunteer Organizations (RVO) and individuals shall be
regulated and managed by DMSW.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM. This refers to the

administration of formal and non-formal education, and skills
development of inmates which shall be institutionalized by the
Directorate for Education and Training (DET). Participating
volunteer teachers, professors, instructors, and trainers shall be
regulated and managed by DET.

WORK AND LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM. This refers to the

administration of skills development programs on work and
livelihood to achieve self-sufficiency of inmates in the prison
community and for income generation of the agency. This shall be
institutionalized by the Directorate for Work and Livelihood (DWL).
Volunteer participating agencies, Non-Government Organizations and
individuals shall be regulated and managed by DWL.
SPORTS AND RECREATION PROGRAM. This refers to the administration
of physical and recreational engagement to achieve mental alertness
and physical agility in the spirit of sportsmanship. This shall be
institutionalized by the Directorate for Sports and Recreation (DSR).
Volunteer participating agencies, Non-Government Organizations and
individuals shall be regulated and managed by DSR.

HEALTH AND WELFARE PROGRAM. This refers to the administration of

proper nutrition, hygiene, sanitation, cleanliness and promotion of
good health to inmates. This also includes appropriate provision of medical
care or hospitalization of the sick, mentally impaired, old aged, and disabled
inmates. This shall be institutionalized by the Directorate for Health and
Welfare Services (DHWS). Volunteer participating agencies, Non-
Government Organizations and individuals shall be regulated and managed
by DHWS.

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PROGRAM. This refers to the administration of

programs for the character formation of an inmate necessary for
effective interpersonal relationship in the prison community. This
program also includes Therapeutic Community. This shall be
institutionalized by the Directorate for Behavior Modification (DBM).
Volunteer participating agencies, Non-Government Organizations and
individuals shall be regulated and managed by DBM.
 DDB
Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) is the policy-making and
strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of
policies and programs on drug prevention and control
 DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD’S
TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
Treatment and rehabilitation are components under the
drug demand reduction pillar which aims to reintegrate into the
society recovering drug dependents.
Through the use of effective treatment modalities, drug
dependents are being trained to kick out the habit and
become productive citizens of the country once again.
 DRUG TREATMENT MODALITY (DDB)
1. MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH – is a method in the treatment and
rehabilitation of drug dependents which avails of the services and skills of team
composed of psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, occupational
therapist and other related disciplines in collaboration with the family and the drug
dependent.
2. THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY APPROACH - It views addiction as a
symptomatic manifestation of a more complex psychological problem rooted in
an interplay of emotional, social, physical, and spiritual values.
3. HAZELDEN-MINNESOTA MODEL - It views addiction as a disease, an
involuntary condition caused by factors largely outside a person’s control. The
program consists of didactic lectures, cognitive-behavioral psychology, Alcohol
Anonymous principles and biblio-therapy
4. SPIRITUAL APPROACH - Uses the Bible as the primary source of inspiration
to change.
5. ECLECTIC APPROACH - Aims at applying a holistic approach in the
rehabilitation program
 RECOMMENDED THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES
(DDB)
1. PSYCHOTHERAPY – is a form of treatment of problems of an emotional nature
2. COUNSELING – Is a process of assistance extended by a center personnel, in
an individual or group situation to a needy patients.
3. INDIVIDUAL THERAPY – involves one to one relationship between the counselor
and the patient
4. GROUP THERAPY – is a form of therapy where the individual is helped through
a group process
5. FAMILY THERAPY – as a form of intervention is based on the recognition that
the family, as a primary social unit can be a source of problem leading to drug use
6. COMMUNITY WORK PROJECTS – agriculture, tree planting, socio-civic
religious activities
7. SHELTERED WORKSHOP – training for skills development
8. SOCIAL REINTEGRATION – assisting the patient to become socially and
economically self-sustaining
 PPA
MANDATES:

a) to promote the correction and rehabilitation of an offender by

providing him with individualized community based treatment;
b) to provide an opportunity for his reformation and re-integration
into the community; and
c) to prevent the commission of offenses
 OBJECTIVE:
To effect the rehabilitation and reintegration of probationers,
parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders as
productive, law-abiding and socially responsible members of
the community through:
Well-planned supervision programs for probationers,
parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders which
are aligned to national program thrusts of the government, such
as, the Sariling-Sikap, Jail Decongestion, etc.
Establishment of innovative and financially and
technically feasible projects for the moral, spiritual and
economic upliftment of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and
first-time minor drug offenders utilizing available community
resources.
 The Administration has adopted a harmonized and
integrated treatment program for these clients to effect their
rehabilitation. This harmonized and integrated program
involves
(1) The Therapeutic Community Modality
(2) The Restorative Justice Principles and Concepts and
(3) the Use of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs).
 WHAT IS RESTORATIVE JUSTICE?
• Restorative Justice is a process through which remorseful
offenders accept responsibility for their misconduct,
particularly to their victims and to the community.
• It creates obligation to make things right through proactive
involvement of victims, ownership of the offender of the
crime and the community in search for solutions which
promote repair, reconciliation and reassurance.
• Thus, the restorative justice process is actively participated in
by the victim, the offender, and/or any individual or
community member affected by the crime to resolve
conflicts resulting from the criminal offense, often with the help
of a fair and impartial third party.
 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF RESTORATIVE
JUSTICE AS A REHABILITATION PROGRAM OF
PPA?
• Reintegration of the offenders to the social mainstream and
encouraging them to assume active responsibility for the
injuries inflicted to the victims;
• Proactive involvement of the community to support and assist
in the rehabilitation of victims and offenders;
• Attention to the needs of the victims, survivors and other
persons affected by the crime as participating stakeholders in the
criminal justice system, rather than mere objects or passive
recipients of services of intervention that may be unwanted,
inappropriate or ineffective;
• Healing the effects of the crime or wrongdoing suffered by the
respective stakeholders; and
• Prevention of further commission of crime and delinquency.
 VOLUNTEER PROBATION AIDE
WHAT IS VOLUNTEERISM?
Volunteerism is a program of the Parole and Probation
Administration (PPA) aimed at generating maximum, effective
and efficient citizen participation and community
involvement in the process of client rehabilitation, prevention
of crime and the overall administration of criminal justice.
 WHAT ARE ITS ADVANTAGES?
• Probation and parole, as community-based treatment programs,
depend on available resources in the community for the
rehabilitation of offenders. Thus, the Administration, recognizing
the important role of the community as a rehabilitation agent,
involves the community in probation and parole work through
the use of volunteer workers and welfare agencies.
• The use of volunteer workers in probation and parole is worth
adopting because it opens new fields for community involvement
in corrections and for training youth leaders, barangay
organizations, and civic groups in social development work. The
use of volunteers will also make it possible for the correctional
system to exercise supervision of offenders at less cost to the
government.
 WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
VPA?
1. Work in close coordination and cooperation with the
Supervising Officer.
2. Keep all information about the supervisee in strict confidentiality.
3. Maintain an honest recording and monthly reporting of activities
to the Supervising Officer.
4. Devote a substantial and quality time for supervision of clients
and perform the following tasks:
• offer guidance and counseling
• act as job placement facilitator
• implement treatment objectives as provided for in the program of supervision
• refer to corresponding agencies clients with spiritual, mental, social,
emotional, economic, physical or health needs
• act as resource individual
 THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY

The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help social

learning treatment model used for clients with problems of
drug abuse and other behavioral problems such as
alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social tendencies.
As a treatment model, it includes four (4) categories, namely,
• behavior management,
• intellectual/spiritual aspect,
• emotional and social aspects, and
• vocational/survival aspects.
Therapeutic Community Modality provides a well-defined
structure for a synchronized and focused implementation of
the various intervention strategies/activities undertaken by
the Agency such as:
1. Individual and group counseling
This activity intends to assist the clients in trying to sort
out their problems, identify solutions, reconcile conflicts and
help resolve them. This could be done either by individual or
group interaction with the officers of the Agency.
2. Moral, Spiritual, Values Formation
Seminars, lectures or trainings offered or arranged by the
Agency comprise these rehabilitation activities. Active NGOs,
schools, civic and religious organizations are tapped to facilitate
the activities.
3. Work or Job Placement/Referral Categorized
As an informal program wherein a client is referred for
work or job placement through the officer’s own personal effort,
contact or information.
4. Vocational/Livelihood and Skills Training
The program includes the setting up of seminars and
skills training classes like food preservation and processing,
candle making, novelty items and handicrafts making, etc.,
to help the clients earn extra income. Likewise, vocational and
technical trade classes are availed of such as refrigeration,
automotive mechanic, radio/television and electronics repairs,
tailoring, dressmaking, basic computer training, etc. through
coordination with local barangays, parish centers, schools and
civic organizations.
5. Health, Mental and Medical Services
To address some of the basic needs of clients and their
families, medical missions are organized to provide various
forms of medical and health services including physical
examination and treatment, free medicines and vitamins, dental
examination and treatment, drug dependency test and laboratory
examination.
Psychological testing and evaluation as well as psychiatric
treatment are likewise provided for by the Agency’s Clinical Services
Division and if not possible by reason of distance, referrals are made
to other government accredited institutions.
6. Literacy and Education
In coordination with LGU programs, adult education classes
are availed of to help clients learn basic writing, reading and
arithmetic. Likewise, literacy teach-ins during any sessions conducted
for clients become part of the module. This is particularly intended for
clients who are “no read, no write” to help them become functionally
literate.
7. Community Service
This program refers to the services in the community
rendered by clients for the benefit of society. It includes tree
planting, beautification drives, cleaning and greening of
surroundings, maintenance of public parks and places, garbage
collection, blood donation and similar socio-civic activities.

8. Client Self-Help Organization

This program takes the form of cooperatives and client
associations wherein the clients form cooperatives and
associations as an economic group to venture on small-
scale projects. Similarly, client associations serve another
purpose by providing some structure to the lives of clients where
they re-learn the basics of working within a group with hierarchy,
authority and responsibility much like in the bigger society.
9. Payment of Civil Liability
The payment of civil liability or indemnification to
victims of offenders are pursued despite the economic
status of clients. Payment of obligations to the victims instills in
the minds of the clients their responsibility and the consequences
of the harm they inflicted to others.

10. Environment and Ecology

To instill awareness and concern in preserving
ecological balance and environmental health,
seminars/lectures are conducted wherein clients participate.
These seminars/lectures tackle anti-smoke belching campaign,
organic farming, waste management, segregation and disposal
and proper care of the environment.
11. Sports and Physical Fitness
Activities that provide physical exertion like sports,
games and group play are conducted to enhance the
physical well being of clients. Friendly competition of clients
from the various offices of the sectors, together with the officers,
provide an enjoyable and healthful respite.
 THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
LADDERIZED PROGRAM
Th PPA employs Therapeutic Community Ladderize
Program where in it integrates therapeutic community tools,
norms, principles and methods with the probation and parole
requirements implemented in progressive phases (ladders)
within the non residential community based setting of the
PPA’s rehabilitation program of clients (PPA, 2017)
 PHASE I (ORIENTATION)
– this is where the building foundation if the TCLP is done.
Clients are assimilated into the TC culture during this phase.
He/she acquires understanding of the program, philosophy
and beliefs of TC, his/her role in the hierarchical structure,
and rules to be observe as a TC family member.
The phase culminates with drawing up his/her
BEHAVIOR/ATTITUDE/TRAITS/HABITS (BATH) plans
 PHASE II (PRIMARY TREATMENT)
The focus of primary treatment is to effect behavioral
change and develop client initiative and self-discipline.
Through constant application of TC values and with regular
use of TC tools, clients manifest a socially acceptable
behavior and live an addiction – free style.
Equipped with basic literacy and employable skills
Imbibed with TC values and precepts
 PHASE III (IMMERSION)
It is a vital link between Phases II and IV. During this
phase, clients apply their learnings from Phase II and are now
internalizing the TC precepts and beliefs.
In these process, clients become mature and
responsible, endeavoring to fulfill their duties to their
families and community.
 PHASE IV (INTEGRATION)
The client manifests sustained positive changes in the behavior
and the attitudes that makes him/her a TC strength and a role model to
his/her fellow clients. It is also during this phase that the client sustains
lawful means of livelihood, applies adequate literacy skills, deals with others
in positive ways, thus making him/her a productive members and an asset of
the community (PPA, 2017)
The client is expected to consistently behave in a responsible manner
both in the family and in the community without the direct supervision of a
Probation and Parole Officer.
Client sustains lawful means of livelihood, applies adequate literacy
skills, and deals with others in positive ways, thus making him/her a
productive member and an asset of community.
 -END-
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
FUTURE REGISTERED
CRIMINOLOGISTS!