Module # 4 Nano World, Stem Cell Therapy and

Climate Change

Lesson 1: Nano World

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the topic, the student will,

1. Describe Nano Science clearly.

2. Considered the contributions of societies to Nano world.

3. Appreciate the uses of Nano Science and Nano Technology.

Introduction:

Thinking of our nation today is just like as rapid development of technology that
modernized societies understanding of the natural world and has countless application in
almost everything that we do, Technologies that can reveal and alter individual atoms are
once again exposing us to the whole new world which is now called the Nano world. It
takes only about 20 years of research and development in the creation of
Nanotechnologies and Nano devices in assisting and transforming many different aspects
of Science and Technology including energy similar to batteries and fuel, transportation
similar to a car we drive, food safety similar to the food that we eat, information technology
similar to different devices that we have, and medicine similar to advance and optimal
treatment just like using Gene Therapy for those patients that do not have any cure. As
with any new development in Nano world study today, it is very important first to scrutinize
the potential unintentional consequences that will exaggerate societies existing most
especially related to our environmental health.
Content:

DEFINING THE TERMS:

1. NANO means the prefix “Nano” denotes sizes of the order of one billionth (10-9) of
a meter use in structure of tremendously small machines.
2. Nanoparticles will reach to a stage of very tiny particles containing 100 to 10,000
atoms with a diameter of 1-150nm denotes divided matter and will end up with an
atom of the substance and can exhibit more or less strength, flexibility, reactivity,
reflectivity, or conductivity
3. Nano Science denotes scientific study of materials of Nanometer size in which it
manipulates matter on atomic and molecular ultra-small scale.
4. Nano technology denotes various technologies to produce materials of extra high
precision and dimensions on the scale of a Nano.
5. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses gene insertions instead of
using drugs or surgery to treat ailments.

History Nano Science and Nano Technology in the Nano World

Nano science was discussed in 1959 by the renowned Richard Feynman

(American physicist) in his talked entitled “There’s a Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an
annual meeting of the American Physical Society (APS) at Caltech in which he described
the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms when he imagined a day when
things could be reduced, when gigantic amounts of information could be encoded onto
gradually small spaces, and when machinery could be made considerably smaller and
more compact.

In 1960, Mohamed Atalla (Egyptian Engineer) and Dawon Kahng (Korean

Engineer) at Bell Laboratory invented the first MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor-field
effect transistor) transistor with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm along with a gate length
of 20 um in which it is a semiconductor device that is widely used for switching purposes
and for the amplification of electronic signals in electronic devices and to be able to control
the voltage and current flow between the source and drain terminals. And also they

2
invented a Nano layer base metal semiconductor junction transistors that used gold thin
films with a thickness of 10 nm in 1962.

In 1974, Norio Taniguchi (Japanese physicist), who was the first to proposed the
term “nano-technology” in which he described the processes of creating semi-conductor
structures with nanometer precision using the focused ion beam technique to reveal site-
specific substructure or microstructure, and Atomic layer deposition to provide thin film
coatings and materials features and can be achieved in a very minimal cost.
Nanotechnology mainly consist of the processes of parting, association, and distortion of
material by one atom or one molecule.

In 1986, Kim Eric Drexler (American Engineer and Promoter), who was the first
started in developing the ideas of molecular nanotechnologies in which he Published his
book entitled “Engines of Creation: The coming Era of Nano Technology” in which he
emphasized that the laws of nature leave plenty of room for progress and the pressures
of world competition are even now pushing us forward, for better or for worse, and the
greatest technological breakthrough in history is still to come. He also co-founded The
Foresight Institute (non-profit organization on a vision of coming revolutions in technology
that will bring extraordinary opportunities and challenges and with a mission to pilot those
revolutions thru a common knowledge to catalyze cooperation towards beautiful futures)
to help increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and
implications. In 1991, he defended his thesis then and he reworked in his book entitled
“Nanosystem, Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation” at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and received an award for Best Computer Science Book of 1992
from Association of American Publishers.

3
Well Known Discovered and Used Apparatuses made-up of Nano Technologies for
the Societies to Grasp and embrace Nano World

1. Electron Microscope - it uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of

illumination and was founded and built in 1930 by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll both
(German engineers).

2. Scanning probe microscope – are a family of apparatuses used with the invention
of the scanning tunnelling microscope to make images of Nano scale surfaces and
structures, including atoms. They use a physical probe to scan back and forth over
the surface of a sample with a very sharp tip. During this scanning process, a
computer gathers data that are used to generate an image of the surface in
visualizing nano scale structure, some kinds of SPMs can be used to manipulate
individual atoms, and move them to make specific patterns. It features simple
design, Low cost, Easy to handle, and automatically resolves images founded in
1981 by joint invention of Gerd Binning (German Physicist) and Heinrich Rohrer
(Swiss Physicist) and earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.

4
3. Atomic Force Microscope - It is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with
demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000
times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by
"sensitivity" or "touching" the surface with a mechanical probe.

4. Fullerenes (buckminsterfullerene the “buckyball”) - it is an allotrope of carbon

whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds
so as to form a closed or partially closed web, with fused rings of five to seven
atoms to make them an appealing subject in medicinal application like
antioxidants, photosensitizer, drug delivery, diagnostics, and have a potential to
be therapeutic agent similar to HIV founded in 1985 by three scientist namely
Richard E. Smalley (American Chemist and Physicist), Robert F. Curl Jr.
(American Chemist), and Harold W. Kroto (British Chemist) in which they earned
the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1996.

5
Initial Commercial Application of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics and some
food products.
2. Silver nanoparticles in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household
appliances such as silver nano.
3. Carbon nanotubes for stain resistant textiles and cerium oxide as fuel catalyst.

Other Potential uses of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Screening and diagnosing diseases (Health Monitoring)

2. Treatment and remediation of water (Controlling water pollution and even air
pollution)
3. Enhancement of agricultural productivity (Detecting and Controlling Pest)
4. Processing and storing food (food safety)
5. Maintenance & storage (construction)
6. Energy Production (Power supply)

Potential uses of Nano technology in Gene Therapy

1. To deliver genetic materials such as DNA, RNA, or small inferring RNA into target
tissues for gene expression.
2. To deliver therapeutic genes without virus using Nano particles at both
extracellular and intracellular levels
3. To easily interact with biomolecules on the cell surface or inside cells
4. To sustain and controlled release of drugs locally
5. To penetrate into deep tissue at the proper site due to Nano scale size

Advantages of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Compromises the potential for new and faster types of computers (computer
upgrade)
2. Added Efficient Power Sources (Electric Post and Transformers)
3. Lifetime Saving Medical Treatments (improved medicines and accessible to all)

6
Disadvantages of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Economic disruption (from Physical to virtual)

2. Potential threats to security (loss or corruption of data)
3. Potential threats to privacy (hacker to gain unauthorized access to a computer)
4. Potential threats to health (Inhaled Nano particles within the body)

7
 Activity (24 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Discuss (at
least four) the impact of Nano technology in various aspects of the society given in the
table. Put your BEST ANSWER in the spaces provided for and use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violate
the directions.

Heath

Environment

Economy

Ethics

Privacy

Security

8
Assessment:

A. Multiple Choice (10 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Put your
BEST ANSWER in capital letter before the number and use black ball pen only. Strictly
NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the
directions.
1. What is Nano Science?
B. It is a broad interdisciplinary area of research and development activity
C. Manipulation and engineering of matter
D. It has been a potential for revolutionizing
E. Nota

1. The following below are not the features of Nano particles except.
A. Divided matter
B. Addition matter
C. Multiplication matter
D. Subtraction matter

2. How many years by assessment would it takes for research and development in
the creation of Nano technologies and Nano Devices?
A. 4 years
B. 5 years
C. 10 years
D. 20 years

3. What is the prefix “nano” denotes?

A. Sizes of the order of one billionth of a meter
B. (10-9) of a meter use in structure
C. 0.000000000 of a meter in structure
D. Aota

4. The main goals of Nano technology are _______ except.

A. It uses Nano size components in useful products
B. To control of matter on the atomic scale
C. To reveal not site-specific substructure
D. To used focused ion beam technique

9
5. Which of the following is not all about Richard Feynman?
A. He discussed Nano science in 1959
B. He is an American Physicist
C. He imagined a day that thing could be reduced
D. He imagined machinery could be made considerably bigger and compact

6. Who among the following is an American Engineer and promoter that publish a
book entitled “Engines of Creation: The coming Era of Nano Technology” and
earned for Best Computer Book?
A. Richard Feynman
B. Kim Drexler
C. Norio Taniguchi
D. Mohamed Atalla

7. It is the initial commercial application of Silver Nano particles except.

A. Clothing
B. Household Appliances
C. Cosmetics
D. Disinfectants

8. Who founded the Electron microscope in 1930?

A. Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer
B. Richard E. Smalley and Robert F. Curl Jr.
C. Peter and Marie
D. Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll

9. What is Science and Technology?

A. Counterfeit and Liability
B. False and Untruth
C. Same and Opposite
D. None of the above (NOTA)

10
I. Matching type (10 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Match
Column A with Column B with your corresponding answer and Use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those
violate the directions.

Column A Column B
1. Atomic Force Microscope A. Demonstrated resolution on the
2. Fullerenes order of fractions of a nanometer
3. Screening and diagnosing B. Controlling water pollution and
diseases even air pollution
4. Treatment and remediation of C. Detecting and Controlling Pest
water D. Health Monitoring
5. Enhancement of agricultural E. From Physical to Virtual
F. Gadgets
productivity
G. Batteries and fuel
6. Processing and storing food
H. To deliver therapeutic genes
7. Gene therapy without virus
8. Energy Production I. Food safety
9. Information Technology
10. Economic disruption
11. Potential therapeutic agent to HIV

11
 II. Essay (20 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Explain
the following questions below in your own understanding and site substances in this
particular module topic only to support your answer about 45-50 words answer
requirement. Choose only two (2) question to answer base in your capability. Ten (10)
points each only regardless of answering all five (5) questions.

1. Explain the connection of Gene therapy and Nano technology in Nano world and
site at least four (4) examples?
2. How can Nano technology address difficulties in the environment?
3. How can Nano Technology be used in the management and avoidance of
ailments?
4. What is another example of Nano technology that you have right now or in your
house or in your school and how does it work to you now? Explain.
5. As of this time, what is your realization of life about Nano technology that you have
right now as you compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages lessons
that you have learned from this particular module topic amidst covid-19 pandemic?

References:

https://eng.thesaurus.rusnano.com/wiki/article24441
https://www.slideshare.net/adryanval/science-technology-society-the-nano-world-w10-
236550540?qid=6ca23fcd-d777-4572-9955-621b4554d8e0&v=&b=&from_search=38
https://www.slideshare.net/liwaycruz/the-nano-world-177413019
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/21691401.2014.971805
http://www.emm-nano.org/what-is-nanoscience- nanotechnology/ •
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/0 90610192431.htm •
https://www.ntnu.edu/nano/nanostructured- materials •
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672766 •
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages- disadvantages-nanotechnology-37398.html •
https://en.unesco.org/news/eighth-unesco- medals-contributions-development-nanoscience-
and-nanotechnologies

12
Lesson 2: Gene Therapy (Stem Cells)

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Differentiate various forms of gene therapy and describe how each process works.
2. Identify some diseases that could be possibly cured with gene therapy.
3. Discuss the ethical considerations involved in gene therapy and how humans
needed to carefully look into and reflect on its impact to human health.

Introduction:

Slowing or stopping the effects of any disease in the body could be the next holy
grail of our present society. People keeps on searching ways on how to prevent future
diseases before it could take place. Gregor Mendel discovery of the basic hereditary
processes on his pea experiments in 1866 paved way to more revolutionary researches
on genetic material including the very building block that shaped each and one of us—
the DNA, the double helical biomolecule as proposed by Watson and Crick’s model in
1953 through the x-rays of diffraction images taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1951.

Now, our present age promises a lot of science-based medicine that cure even
those incurable and inherited diseases with the use of stem cells and harmless viruses
as vectors for the delivery of gene copies to target cells of our body.

Content:

Gene Therapy Action

Science depends on experimentations. It is a process in the scientific method that
tests the hypothesis of an identified problem. Human experimentations served well
science-based medicine as various clinical trials provided numerous results and
interpretations whether a particular research is feasible and possible for wider
applications to improve human lives. For this reason, gene therapy become a very
essential pillar in science-based medicine. A foundation of the present endeavor to

13
empower and strengthen the human body from its natural limitations such as diseases
that can be inherited throughout the generations.
Gene therapy is established to treat or prevent diseases. It is the genes of the body
that are mainly targeted where the process of cure could be possibly made. Genes carry
information about our internal and external attributes. Made up of DNA, genes provide
clues regarding enzymes and proteins that are processed and built. For humans, we have
genes between 20,000 and 25,000 that usually comes from our parents, two copies for
each gene. Anything that adjusts our genes can actually change the entire attributes we
have as a person because the processes that maintain our characteristics depend on
nature of how proteins work in our bodies. Diseases work similarly in that fashion. The
nature of a disease is dependent on how the genes processes the genetic information
when it comes to protein functions. Changes in a gene could be due to mutation caused
by chemical, radiation exposure, or biological such as bacterial or viral infections. Any
faulty nature caused by the change results to a particular disease that can be inherited
because these defective genes have chances of being passed throughout the generation.

Scientists work very hard on finding out successes behind replacing a mutated
gene causing the disease with a healthy one, or by inactivating it, or introducing another
gene into the body. It is usually diseases that have no cure are the only ones where this
therapy is applied and being tested at present. It needs a series of experiments until
proven having full potential for future use. Diseases may include certain cancer types,
some inherited forms of disorders, or even those severe combined immune-deficiencies
(SCID), HIV, Parkinson’s disease, hereditary blindness, blood diseases such as beta-
Thalassemia, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, and fat metabolism disorder.

Gene therapy is usually carried out first with a clear understanding the nature of
the identified causative gene. This is done by having a copy of that working gene together
with the determination of the specific cells requiring the treatment. This information is
important in order to establish a link how gene therapy could be performed.

Various Approaches to Gene Therapy

A vector is necessary for gene therapy to work. A vector is a vehicle that delivers
a working copy of the gene to the targeted cells. The vector however must be accustomed

14
to the unique nature of the disorder or disease needing treatment. Characteristics of a
good vector must include: (a) it is capable of targeting the appropriate cells; (b) it can
integrate the genes it deliver in the cells; (c) it can activate the gene by being able to go
to the cell nucleus so that it can start transcribing and translating protein that influences
a certain cell process to function properly; and (d) it can avoid potential harmful impacts
or effects by the immune system that may distinguish it as potential risk to the entire body.

A. Viruses as Vectors. Vectors may include harmless viruses where their own genes
were previously removed and replaced with the copy of a working human gene. Because
viruses are capable inserting this human gene into the genetic material of target cells, it
is possible for the transplanted gene to start or initiate an instruction once activated or
“turned on”. It is expected that the treated cell can now perform normal processes such
as protein synthesis, which were previously faulty or abnormal that causes the disease.

However, due to the small sizes of viruses, they could carry only limited amount
of genetic material. Also, there is possibility of being recognized by the immune system
as foreign material and could be acted upon by it by getting being blocked once it is in
the body or by killing the target cells with transplanted genes.

B. Stem cell and Plasmid Vectors. Other vectors include non-viral vectors like stem
cells or cells, which have not differentiated yet into specific body cells. These cells could
behave in such fashion that they accept new genes by manipulating them in the
laboratory. In the case of cancer treatment, stem cells with inserted genes are
transplanted into patients that undergoing chemotherapy. The inserted genes in stem
cells can withstand the impacts of the chemotherapy process that usually kills even the
healthy cell.

Another non-viral vector are plasmids or a circular DNA molecule common in

bacterial cells. Bacteria naturally share genes through these parts. Using this technique,
a liposome or a membranous pouch is needed to contain the gene therapy plasmids.
Normally any membrane-based material like a vacuole could fuse with the cell membrane.
The gene therapy approach here works similarly by fusing with the cell membrane of
target cells. Plasmids containing the gene to be transplanted are packaged inside the

15
liposomes that will then attach and fuse with the cell membrane, thus delivering the gene
into the cell. Because they are larger than viruses, they can carry larger genes and
unlikely acted upon by the immune system. They are not as efficient though as the viruses
as vectors in delivering the genes into the target cells.

C. Synthetic Vectors or Virosomes. These are liposomes covered with viral surface
proteins. Virosomes are developed as a possible answer to the limiting capabilities of
both viruses and plasmids in gene therapy.

D. In vivo and Ex vivo Techniques. In vivo involves direct injection of the vector so that
it can be aimed directly to the target cells of the patient. It is as if a medication is injected
into an affected part of the patient. Ex vivo is putting back cells which are previously
removed in the body. These cells are grown in culture. The gene will be delivered by
these cultured cells when they are placed back into the patient’s body.

In comparison to both efficiency and drawbacks of in vivo and ex vivo procedures,

ex vivo causes less immune system response because the cells also came from the
patient itself. Most success stories of gene therapy were of ex vivo. It became an option
for bone marrow transplants, which is a usual choice for treating genetic disorders like
sickle cell disease, SCID, and single-gene disorders like ADA (adenosine deaminase)
deficiency damaging the immune system

E. SMaRT™ or “Spliceosome-Mediated RNA Transplicing. This is a technique that

repairs a target mRNA (messenger RNA). mRNAs are essential for the synthesis of
proteins that influence normal cell functions and processes. Instead of replacing a gene,
this technique intends to repair the mRNA that has the mutation.

F. Gene Silencing, Gene Editing, and Oligonucleotide Gene Therapy. In Gene

silencing, the DNA or the mRNA transcripts of the gene is mainly targeted to prevent it
from making proteins. It is as if “silencing” or “turning it off”.

A mutation in the gene may be repaired by introducing another mutation through

gene editing. This halts the DNA from normally producing protein influence the
manifestation of a disease.

16
 A series of technical processes such as triple-helix-forming oligonucleotide gene
therapy delivers oligonucleotide, which is a short single strand DNA. The triple helix
formed when these DNA strands bind in the channel between a gene’s two DNA strands
prevents the transcription of DNA into mRNA in making proteins.

G. RNA Interference and Ribozyme Gene Therapy. In RNA interference, a nucleotide

sequence that comes from an RNA short strand, which is also complimentary to the target
gene’s mRNA transcript is brought together with its complimentary sequence. This forms
a double-stranded RNA that the cell usually destroys. It is likened to a cell’s tendency to
eliminate a double-stranded RNA common among viruses.

The ribozyme gene therapy prevents production of proteins from a mutated gene.
The ribozymes are also RNA molecules act as enzyme that could “cut” the RNA. It begins
by locating the mRNA from the faulty gene and then it somewhat “cuts and destroy” the
mRNA causing the malfunction in the gene that manifests the disease.

H. Genetically-modified Immune System Cells. This involves isolation and genetic

engineering of the immune system cells in the laboratory. Because immune system cells
can recognize a potential threat in the body such as an antigen or certain foreign
molecule, scientists took advantage of this property to fashion the same ability to their
genetically engineered cultured cells. These cells will be reintroduced to the patient’s
body and expected to locate, recognize, and destroy target cells that usually carry the
antigen.

Ethical Considerations on Gene Therapy

Science and technology will always have positive and negative impacts to human
health. We ca not avoid this idea that humans needed to work hand in hand in order to
become responsible individuals that can assess and evaluate the real significance of
technologies we introduce and utilize for ourselves. Nikola Tesla, a famous physicist that
even Albert Einstein deemed genius more than him once said, “The scientists of today
think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply
and be quite insane…. Our virtues and our failings are inseparable, like force and matter.
When they separate, man is no more.” These words from Tesla himself is a gentle

17
reminder to all of us who are living at the present time. Values and virtues when lost leads
the entire humanity to nothing.
This is where you will have to contribute as a student. How do you react on the
matter of human-based experimentations where gene therapy is involved to? It may
sound good to each of us wherein this process intends to treat various human diseases
that debilitates normal functioning. Gene therapy can only target somatic or body cells for
the treatment. Because it works only to that level, the treated gene cannot be passed on
to the next generation. Similar diseases can still appear in the future. This limitation
become always a pretense in the conduct of deeper and maybe furious studies that would
require tremendous effort on human experimentation.

What kind of mind does each and one of us need in order to think clearly on the
possible consequences of gene therapy to our humanity? Will it destroy our values as
humans? Are there other alternatives we might not have discovered yet, which are more
conservational in the manner of treating human diseases?

Several studies showed that gene therapy can have detrimental impacts to our
health such as toxicity, inflammation, and even development of forms of cancer because
of this treatment. There are unpredictable impacts and risks to human life since the
technology is just quite new at this time. Although, medical researchers say that they
practice as much as possible the highest form of regulation and careful experimentation,
humans nevertheless needed to have clear understanding of what gene therapy is all
about. There are various forms of laws and regulations being implemented in different
parts of the world such as that of the U.S. that said to ensure protection and safety among
its citizens when it comes to their participation even to experiments and clinical
researches. There is a regulation that requires permission from FDA (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration) even of the gene therapy products before it is to be tried on people)

According to the study of Padilla and Cutiongco-de la Paz on genetics and

genomic medicine in the Philippines in 2016, the country still faces a lot of challenges in
the delivery of services and the conduct of genetic and genomic researches which include
shortage of geneticists and genetic counselors. The limitation of resources allocated for
public health system is a matter of consideration. The geographic nature of our country

18
in this regard you also have to look into because it definitely plays a vital manner in the
introduction and education and enlightenment of our fellow Filipinos of the pros and cons
of genetic studies such as gene therapy.

Filipino-American doctor-lawyer Samuel Beltran cautions Filipinos who engage to

stem cell therapy without clear understanding of how it really works. Most Filipinos are
heightened by the promises they hear from anti-aging rumors on stem cells therapy. He
said that stem cell therapy intends to try the body to heal itself not become a longevity-
anti-aging program. Being a lawyer, he understands cases on medical malpractice,
medical product liability, including the regulations in the testing, approval, advertising, and
marketing of health products. People need clear understanding he said because stem
cell treatment or any gene therapy procedures requires a careful analysis at the molecular
level such as what causes the problem or what can be done to prevent the problem. Many
Filipinos must have been hearing that nowadays, there are services, which offer
embryonic stem cells from aborted fetus, or any genetically-altered animal sources.
These products are not readily available in any ordinary clinics or a mall. Hoaxes spread
in communities making people believe that stem cell therapy can be done without hassle.
These procedures and together with their products are mainly performed in major
hospitals

As a student, you need to have a sound judgment that will enable you to weigh
any possible impacts of genetic technology such as the gene therapy to us as humans. It
is not impossible that this choice of treatment might be introduced to you or to your family
in treating certain diseases which are inherited over time. But you also have to consider
the possible risks that may be also brought about during the treatment process. What is
the responsibility that we humans need to reflect upon? These are just few of the
perplexing questions that will always keep us vigilant and abreast of the future impacts
that gene therapy may inflict to us as humans at present and in future years to come.

19
Activity:

The Client Advocate (A Role Play)

The objective of this activity is to allow the students to synthesize information about
genetic technology such as gene therapy that have changed the way humans behave on
it.

Work with groups to plan and design the role play that will be portrayed. It is
preferable to make the role play medically-inclined and hospital-based in order to portray
medical practitioners such as doctors and nurses develop a conversation with a patient
and their families that shows proper understanding of the benefits and consequences of
gene therapy in treating diseases and the appropriate responsibilities that each need to
consider so that people becomes accountable to every decision made on the practice,
performance, and acceptance of gene therapy to one’s self.

Rubrics for Actual Presentation:

CRITERIA 5 POINTS 4 POINTS 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT TOTAL/
REMARKS
Topic mastery Complete A lot mastery of Good mastery Little mastery of No mastery of
(This reflects the mastery of topic. A lot of the of topic. topic. Little topic. No
clarity and how the topic. All concerns of the Concerns of the concerns of the concerns of the
assigned topic is concerns of the topic is topic is topic topic is
communicated) topic is communicated communicated communicated communicated
thoroughly
communicated
Posture and tone Excellent Very good Good posture Posture and tone Posture and tone
posture and posture and tone and tone could be better need to improve
tone
Creativity Unique Very creative Creative Somewhat creative Needs to be
more creative
Organization Excellent Very good Good Organization could Organization
organization organization organization be better needs
improvement
Behavior Excellent Very good Good behavior Behavior could be Behavior needs
(This is the over-all behavior behavior better improvement
confidence and
cooperation among
members)

20
Assessment:

Check your knowledge and understanding by answering the questions below. Encircle
the letter of your choice.
1. Who is the Austrian monk who discovered the basic processes of hereditary?
A. James Watson B. Rosalind Franklin C. Gregor Mendel D. Nikola Tesla

2. The double helix model is attributed to

A. Rosalind Franklin B. Nikola Tesla C. Watson & Crick D. Gregor Mendel

3. The DNA comprises which part that contains the external and internal attributes of a
person?
A. Cell B. Nucleus C. RNA D. Gene

4. What biological factor may cause mutation to a gene?

A. Chemical B. Bacteria C. Radioactive substance D. Water

5. In order for gene therapy to work what does it need to deliver the gene to be
transplanted?
A. Bacteria B. Vector C. Chemical D. Cells

6. Which property makes viruses good vectors of choice for gene therapy?
A. Viruses have small sizes C. Viruses move faster in the body
B. Viruses can integrate the gene to a cell D. Viruses are not easily attacked

7. Which approach in gene therapy requires a liposome?

A. SMaRT™ B. Stem cell C. RNA Interference D. Plasmid vectors

8. In this gene therapy approach, it works as if it is a “molecular scissors” that “cuts” the
mRNA.
A. Genetically-modified Immune System Cells C. Oligonucleotide GT
B. Ribozyme GT D. Ex vivo

9. This approach works by repairing the mRNA of faulty gene.

A. Oligonucleotide GT C. SMaRT™
B. In vivo D. Gene editing

10. Which has to be considered if ever gene therapy will be introduced to people?
A. People need to have clear understanding about how gene therapy works.
B. People need to know the health benefits and risks and carefully reflect on them.
C. People need to be responsible if ever they would decide on gene therapy.
D. All of the choices.

11. Which is not a blood-based disease?

21
A. Hemophilia B. Sickle cell disease C. beta-Thalassemia D. HIV

12. Which is not a good characteristic of a vector for gene therapy?

A. It must be capable delivering the gene fast.
B. It can avoid potential damage from the immune system.
C. It can deliver genes efficiently to the target cells.
D. It can activate the gene that it delivers.

13. Which is considered challenge on the conduct of genetic studies in the Philippines?
A. People have hard understanding of what gene therapy is and they are not aware of it.
B. There are few geneticists and genetic counselors’ expert for this field.
C. It is very difficult to introduce the research in the country since it is a difficult field.
D. There are limited talents and skills that could have interest on genetic research.

14. Who is the scientist reminding us that we needed to be have clearer understanding
of scientific procedures or one must be sane to understand clearly?
A. Albert Einstein B. Gregor Mendel C. Samuel Beltran D. Nikola Tesla

15. A federal agency in the U.S. that issues the permission on the use of gene therapy
products.
A. Bureau of Food and Drugs C. Food and Drug Administration
B. Department of Science and Technology D. Center for Disease Control

22
References:

Centre for Genetic Education. (30 September 2015). Fact Sheet 23/Gene Therapy.
[PDF file] Retrieved April 20, 2019 on https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/

De Jesus T.V. (2013). What we should know about stem cell treatment in the PH.
Retrieved April 22, 2019 on https://business-inquirer-
net.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/business.inquirer.net/105075/what-we-should-know-
about-stem-cell-treatment-in-the-
ph/amp?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCCAA%3D#referrer=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https
%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F105075%2Fwhat-we-should-know-about-
stem-cell-treatment-in-the-ph

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Approaches to Gene Therapy.
Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/appraoches/

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Challenges in Gene Therapy.
Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/challenges/

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Gene Delivery: Tools of the
Trade. Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/tools/

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Gene Therapy Successes.
Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/success/

Goodreads. (2019).Nikola Tesla Quotes. Retrieved April 22, 2019 from

https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/278.Nikola_Tesla

Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. (16 April 2019). Genetics
Home Reference Help Me Understand Genetics Gene Therapy. [PDF file]
Retrieved from https://ghr/nlm/gov/primer/therapy.pdf

Padilla, C.D. and Cutiongco-de la Paz, E.M. (2016). Genetics and genomic medicine in
the Philippines. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine 4(5). Retrieved
from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mgg3.247

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2018, December 21). Genes and Gene Therapy.
Retrieved April 22, 2019 from https://medlineplus.gov/genesandgenetherapy.html

23
Lesson 3: Climate Change

Intended learning outcomes:

At the end of the topic, the student will,

1. Understanding climate change and Its Effect to the Society/Environment.

2. Analyze how Nano technology and its nanomaterial are being used to fight climate

change.

3. Apply the awareness to protect the Society/Environment in the future from global

warming.

Introduction:

Thinking of our environment today, global warming is the major ecological alarm
by each and every society must address seriously because this will most likely to continue
for a long period of time. This is usually caused by carbon emission coming from
combustion of fossil fuel such as automobiles and other transportation vehicles, industrial
facilities, coal, oil, and gas in power plants resulting to vast ecological alarm. Along with
this ecological alarm, Nano technology and its products will give a positive impact on
global warming because it will possibly decrease the need for fossil fuel in the application
of renewable energies similar to solar and hydrogen fuel cells which may result in nearly
zero carbon emission. Society must decrease the consumption of current fuels and at the
same time Increasing the use and efficiency of Nano technology to slow down and
eventually stop global warming. But the society must be responsible enough in enabling
the use of Nano Technology because it may also have a negative impact on global
warming.

24
Content:

Defining the terms:

1. Climate is measured over a long period of time.

2. Weather can change from day to day or even from year to year.

3. Greenhouse Gases (Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Nitrous

Oxide, and Chlorofluorocarbons) are burned materials that traps heat from the

sun’s rays inside the earth’s atmosphere.

4. Climate change is a gradual change in all the connected weather elements.

5. Global Warming is the rise of temperature worldwide.

6. Atmosphere is a layer of gases which surrounds the Earth.

7. Fossil fuels are formed over a long time from material containing carbon.

8. Industrial Revolution is the rapid growth of industry which started in the late

18th century.

We should know at first that weather and climate are not of the same meaning.

Weather can change rapidly, difficult to predict, and literally what is happening to your

doorsteps or window right now, whereas Climate is a long term, Seasonal changes,

dominating a wide area, and the average of many years of weather observation. Climate

is affected by many factors around the globe and these includes Distance from the sea

(Continentality) similar to coastal areas are cooler, wetter than central areas, and

Temperature in summer can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates.

Ocean Currents similar to increase or reduce temperature. Direction of Prevailing winds

similar to winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to

25
central areas. The shape of the land similar to Mountains received more rainfall than low

lying areas because as air is forced over the higher grounds it cools causing moist air to

condense and fall out as rainfall and this happens as altitude increases. Distant from the

equator similar to climate is much cooler further from the equator, Day length varies, the

poles also experience difference between summer and winter day lengths (In the summer

there is a period when the sun does not set at the poles, nevertheless the poles also

experience a period of total darkness during winter). El Niño similar to irregular warming

of the pacific in which the warmer water pumps energy and moisture into the atmosphere,

altering global winds, and rainfall patterns. All of this phenomenon causes tornadoes in

Florida, smog in Indonesia, and forest fires in Brazil. The cold counterpart of El Niño is

known as La Niña and this also affect climate.

With all of this mentioned factors above that affect the climate indeed, we must not

forget the impact of the society on our climate as human population increased (in 1750,

there were fewer than 800 million people on Earth, whereas now we are over 7.5 billion),

increasing energy demand and production (mainly from fossil fuels), and trees are cut

down in large numbers (Trees utilized carbon dioxide and produce oxygen that

human/animals utilized to breath. A reduction in trees will therefore have increased the

amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) then this will eventually lead to climate

change in the surroundings.

Climate change is a gradual change in all the connected weather elements on our

globe over about 30 years. The evidences show Worldwide Temperatures (from the mid-

20th century to present) and Aquatic Levels (melting of glaciers) are rising, Smog, Fires,

Drought, Appearance of more violent weather occurrences, Dead of humans/animals and

26
plants, and Destruction of the food chain and economic resources. We cannot be avoided

this climate change but to mitigate its effects and adapt to its consequences.

Many environmental specialists agree that the Industrial Revolution starting at the end

of the 19th century was the turning point of emission of greenhouse gases entering the

atmosphere began to rise. The invention of motor engine and the increased burning of

fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The main

impact was the increased in the worldwide temperature of the globe which has risen 1.1

degree Celsius since this period and about 2.7 degree Celsius will rise by the end of the

present century. This rise in the globe temperature is called global warming which have

a great impact to local and regional climates.

Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect allowing the earth to continue the

essential condition to host life. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature

of the earth would be down to -18 degree Celsius. But Human Activities maximizes the

greenhouse effect resulting to earth temperature to increase even more at a much faster

rate now.

10 facts about climate change today (2020):

1. NASA data show that average global temperatures in 2019 (second warmest year

on record) were 1.8 degrees F (0.98 degrees C) warmer than the 20th century

average. In fact, the five warmest years in the 1880–2019 record have all occurred

since 2015.

2. Eleven percent (11%) of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans

are due to deforestation (creates about 6 billion tons of CO 2 per year) comparable

to the emissions from all of the passenger vehicles on the globe.

27
3. Nature is an available solution (Tropical forests are incredibly effective at storing

carbon, providing at least a third of the mitigation action needed to prevent the

worst climate change scenarios. Yet nature-based solutions receive only 3% of all

climate funding).

4. Fight climate change (improve livelihoods naturally) such as restoring degraded

forest could create as many as 39 jobs per million dollar spent. This job creation

rate is more than six times higher than the oil and gas industry.

5. About 800 million people (Eleven percent) of the world’s population is currently

vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves,

extreme weather events, and sea-level rise.

6. About 800,000 hectares of mangroves lost every year, if we continue to lose

mangroves at this rate, they may disappear within the next century. This loss,

removes an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and

releases immense amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

7. Save nature (It’s cheaper). Conserving ecosystems is often more cost-effective

than human-made interventions. In the Maldives, preserving the natural coral reef

is four times cheaper than building a sea wall for coastal protection, even after 10

years of maintenance costs.

8. One hundred eighty-nine (189) countries have ratified the 2015 Paris Agreement,

agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting

nature.

28
 9. Heat waves caused by global warming present greater risk of heat related illness

and death, most frequently among people who have diabetes who are elderly or

are very young.

10. Since 1870, global sea levels have risen by about 8 inches.

Many researchers worldwide are developing nanomaterial (Efficient Catalyst and

Mostly Recyclable) that resourcefully convert too much greenhouse gases similar to

carbon dioxide from air, capture toxic pollutants from water, and degrade solid waste into

more valuable products. Nanotechnology and its nanoparticles have a big potential to

resolve ecological alarm but we have to be strictly cautious in using it, especially about

society’s health and its negative impacts to the environment because long term effect of

using its nanomaterials have not been evaluated yet. The following below are list of

Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles that can help to fight and probably end climate change.

1. Lightweight nano-composite materials – it reduces carbon emission in vehicles

by reducing their weight in order to decrease fuel consumption. It is estimated

that a 10% reduction in weight of the vehicle corresponds to a 10% reduction

in fuel consumption, leading to a proportionate fall in emissions.

2. Nano-coatings – It can be applied to aircraft to make it smoother, reducing drag

and also protect the materials from the special conditions of the environment

where they are used (instead of the conventional bulk metals such as steel).

Carbon Dioxide can be reduced by making the airplane lighter and maximizing

29
 clean energy production. Hydrophobic Nano-coatings can also improve the

energy produced from solar panels.

3. Nano catalysts – It uses oxygen storing cerium oxide nanoparticles to promote

complete fuel combustion resulting in reducing fuel consumption.

4. Nano-structured Materials – Nano structured materials like silica aerogel

(lightest solid material known with excellent thermal insulating properties, high

temperature stability, and high surface area) are used for tires of cars in which

it consume approximately 7.5 % less fuel than those with tires of minimum

standard, Nanostructured materials such as aerogels (nanoporous super-

insulating material with extremely low density) have the potential to greatly

reduce heat transfer through building elements and assist in reducing heating

loads placed on air-conditioning systems. Residential and commercial

buildings contribute to 11% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Space heating

and cooling of residential buildings account for 40% of the total residential

energy use.

5. Improved Renewables – Applying Nano-materials like graphene (Nano-

engineered one-atom thick layer of mineral graphite that is 100 times stronger

than steel) similar to Refining photovoltaic (solar panels) and Wind turbines

that will enable light and stiff wind blades that spin at lower wind speeds than

regular blades.

6. Batteries – Nanotechnology improvement in batteries may increase battery

power, allowing intermittent sources such as solar and wind to provide a larger

share of overall electricity supply without sacrificing stability, and also increase

30
 the efficiency of hybrid vehicles (electric car) by significantly reducing the

weight of the batteries.

7. Nanotechnology Sensors – This could be used for the Smart Grid to detect

possibly degrading of underground cables and which already available for

transformers to combat climate change in the easiest and most cost-effective

ways.

8. NanoCO2 harvester- It is to use to suck atmospheric carbon dioxide and deploying

it for industrial purposes similar to converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into

products like alcohol, engine fuel, solvent, and an antifreeze agent.

9. Magnetic Nanomaterial (Cleansing water) – It is used for removing heavy metals

(arsenic, lead, chromium and mercury) and dyes from wastewater. This could get

to natural source of water similar to groundwater or deep wells if left untreated.

31
 Activity: (32 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. The
following given in the table below are the factors that affect climate. Fill-up the possible
kind of environment present. Answers may vary. Put your BEST ANSWER in the spaces
provided for and use black ball pen only. Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO
superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the directions.

Distance
from the sea

Ocean
Currents

Direction of
Prevailing
winds

Shape of the
land

Distant from
the equator

El Niño

La Niña

Society

32
Assessment:

I. Multiple Choice (10 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Put your
BEST ANSWER in capital letter before the number and use black ball pen only. Strictly
NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the
directions.
1. What is weather?
A. Measured over a long period of time
B. Rise of temperature worldwide
C. Can change from time to time
D. Layer of gases which surrounds the Earth

2. The following below are the characteristics of weather except.

A. Change rapidly
B. Seasonal changes
C. Difficult to predict
D. Literally what is happening to your doorsteps or window right now

3. What is climate change?

A. Decreasing of worldwide temperature
B. Decreasing sea level
C. Increasing polar ice caps or Glacier
D. Destruction of economic resources

4. If possible, at least, how can we avoid climate change?

A. Alleviate its effect and Adjust to its concerns
B. Mitigate its effects and Adapt to its consequences
C. Lessen its belongings and familiarize to its consequences
D. Aota

5. The main impact of global warming are ____ except.

A. Rising of 2.1 degree Celsius during this period
B. increase of about 2.9 degree Celsius at the end of this present century
C. Has no controls to local and regional climates
D. Nota

6. Which of the following are beneficial effect of greenhouse gases?

A. It prevents the earth temperature down to -18 degree Celsius
B. Not allowing the earth to continue the essential condition to host life
C. It can be utilized by Animals and Plants only.
D. It will not cause harm to human

33
7. In what year was the warmest year recorded?
A. 1880-2019
B. 2015
C. 2019
D. 2020

8. Human Activity that causes about 11% of all greenhouse gas emission.
A. Increased of Population
B. Mining
C. Deforestation
D. Fishing

9. What is the only available solution needed to prevent the worst climate change
scenarios?
A. Planting lot of trees.
B. Planting lot of mangroves
C. Forest conservation
D. All of the Above (AOTA)

10. It is caused by global warming at present resulting to heat related illness.

A. Southwest Monsoon
B. Heat waves
C. North east monsoon
D. East West Rembo

34
II. Matching type (10 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Match
Column A with Column B with your corresponding answer and Use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those
violate the directions.

Column A Column B
1. Lightweight nano-composite A. Improved the energy produce
materials from solar panels
2. Nano coatings B. Used for removing heavy metals
3. Nano catalysts from waste water.
4. Nano-structured Materials (silica C. Converting atmospheric CO2 into
aerogel) industrial product.
D. To detect possibly degrading of
5. Improved Renewables
underground cables
6. Batteries
E. Increase the efficiency of hybrid
7. Nanotechnology Sensors vehicles
8. NanoCO2 harvester F. Refining photovoltaic (solar
9. Magnetic Nanomaterial panels) and Wind turbines
(Cleansing water) G. Used for tires of cars
10. Hydrophobic Nano-coatings H. To promote complete fuel
combustion
I. Making the airplane lighter and
maximizing clean energy
production
J. it reduces carbon emission in
vehicles

35
III. Essay (20 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Explain
the following questions below in your own understanding and site substances in this
particular module topic only to support your answer about 45-50 words answer
requirement. Choose only two (2) question to answer base in your capability. Use
black ball pen only. Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring
points to those violate the directions. Ten (10) points each only regardless of
answering all five (5) questions.

1. What would happen to Earth's temperature if the energy absorbed from the sun

was less than the emitted energy leaving the Earth?

2. In your own practical way to probably avoid climate change, kindly list down ways

(at least 5) how to mitigate in its effect and adapt to its consequences. Support your

answer by integrating Nano technology.

3. What factors influence the circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, thus producing

our weather?

4. What are greenhouse gases? And what would the theoretical global average

temperature be without the greenhouse effect? Answer scientifically.

5. Will clouds improve or reduce the warming due to future increases in greenhouse

gases? Explain systematically.

Reference:

1. C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann,

and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial
biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference
Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 88 pages,
2001.
https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2/primary_mlo_co2_record.html
. Accessed: 2020-06-09.
2. Willeit, M., Ganopolski, A., Calov, R., & Brovkin, V. (2019). Mid-Pleistocene
transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO2 and regolith
removal. Science Advances, 5(4), eaav7337.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7337
3. NASA. (2020, January 15). NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal 2019 Second Warmest
Year on Record. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-analyses-reveal-
2019-second-warmest-year-on-record. Accessed: 2020-06-09.
4. NOAA. Global Climate Report -
2019. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201913. Accessed: 2020-06-09.
5. Goodman, R.C., Herold, M. (2014). Why Maintaining Tropical Forests Is Essential
and Urgent for a Stable Climate - Working Paper 385. Center for Global
Development. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/why-maintaining-tropical-
forests-essential-and-urgent-stable-climate-working-paper-385
6. DeCicco, J., Fung, F., An, F. (2006). Global Warming on the Road: The climate
impact of America’s automobiles. Environmental Defense.
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/5301_Globalwarmingontheroad_0.pdf
7. Correction to Supporting Information for Griscom et al., Natural climate
solutions. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(7),
2776–2776. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900868116
8. Buchner, B., Clark, A., Falconer, A., Macquarie, R., Meattle, C., Wetherbee, C.
(2019). Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019. Climate Policy Initiative.
https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-
2019/
9. Garrett-Peltier, H., Pollin, R. (2010). Job Creation per $1 Million
Investment. University of Massachusetts Political Economy and Research
Institute. https://grist.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/job_creation_for_investment_-
_garrett-peltier.pdf

10. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Services, I. (2018). The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and
restoration. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3237392

37
11. DARA. (2012). Climate Vulnerability Report - 2nd Edition. https://daraint.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/09/CVM2ndEd-FrontMatter.pdf.
12. Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L. L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., … Duke, N.
(2010). Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth
observation satellite data. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(1), 154–159.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x
13. Fourqurean, J. W., Duarte, C. M., Kennedy, H., Marbà, N., Holmer, M., Mateo, M.
A., … Serrano, O. (2012). Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon
stock. Nature Geoscience, 5(7), 505–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477
14. Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips,
O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Pacala,
S. W., McGuire, A. D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., & Hayes, D. (2011). A
Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests. Science, 333(6045),
988–993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609
15. Pendleton, L., Donato, D. C., Murray, B. C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W. A., Sifleet, S.,
Craft, C., Fourqurean, J. W., Kauffman, J. B., Marbà, N., Megonigal, P., Pidgeon,
E., Herr, D., Gordon, D., & Baldera, A. (2012). Estimating Global “Blue Carbon”
Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal
Ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e43542.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
16. Jones, H. P., Hole, D. G., & Zavaleta, E. S. (2012). Harnessing nature to help
people adapt to climate change. Nature Climate Change, 2(7), 504–509.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1463
17. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paris Agreement -
Status of Ratification. https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-
ratification. Accessed: 2020-06-09.
18. Puig, D., Olhoff, A., Bee, S., Dickson, B., & Alverson, K. (Eds.) (2016). The
Adaptation Finance Gap Report. United Nations Environment Programme.
https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/198610751/Adaptation_Finance_Gap_Repor
t_2016.pdf
19. Worldometer. Global GDP this year. https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/.
Accessed: 2020-06-09.

38