Scribd
Upload
55 views

IAM Notes First Chapter

Uploaded by

Pravin Gauda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
55 views

IAM Notes First Chapter

Uploaded by

Pravin Gauda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 60
9B —todustriaL AC Machine | 2 Taduchon motor ) 1 $ Ynduchon matoxs 3 db Alternators 4 | Synchyanous motor: 5) Frochonal UP Motors | # | Course Outcomes [Co's] i) se the ‘elevent ach Taduchion malay fax different applicahion 7 5) Use Suilable~ EracHonal wpe mators Fox cliffereak applications Scanned with CamScanner ES thas action ne i Given = oe ie -Ns_= #09 ypm = 1 = “ ___| 6 = 4Y = 0.04 ae | Te find ~_£ eeecee Le 2 Not Fs Gove a ns 7 pep & not € = G0 H. 7 ou 2 = 7 ___i) calculating Pat © = 6oH2)____ a | Reeeetioig eeeuerr _ aa e 1 Ps |2¥x60 2 10228 ionilo | ow : ——fcalauating ing Pot f. « So He __| NEE et, 4 tag t eee eres a lise coil ‘Scanned with CamScanner We = 20 sem. “Ns Ns Ci-s) whoo C= .00) Ne at f= 50 He _ Na: (20f . Roxso z P 8 No = %50 ¥em Noe Ne (1-6) ZSo (1-294) Ps. 4 t jn 9 tol I Pever—F At £602, P= lo p Scanned with CamScanner 214 ca e of an i ind. Motor the up| Fro or ll was So He & Shaft peed Was F355 xpin equ Peace x [ay is ii) Slip speed ti) Pes unit Slip Ws =| | Given = | e= 2 £ = 50He Ny = 735 pm Mo Sind = iS N iid Slip speed. | vii) per units iv) 25 Soludion = ) Ee Caleulateng Ns | Ne= wot e Ne = [20x50 g | Bi #50 Tem 5| lip Speecl 2 Ne = KJ _____=——— ; = é = 750 - 735 Slip speed = 15 ¥pro : “sh Scanned with CamScanner = #50 x735 x10 0 aso 2 “slip 2 ay T Ans - i) N = 450 1pm ii) 6Up Speed = -'5 19m I ii) per unit slip = 0-02 | w) Slip = 2 vy zo ad ind. L | | i f F250 H | TA Given - Pe Gq may : N= (000 %pms nn GS: 47. = 0.04 , To find - 1) N iS Nat dy Blip iii) f+ ot 21000 Ypm ————_— —- Scanned with CamScanner LS To Find N I £oNa= 2of | 7 | e agmoie | Ne = 120xK5° j 7 iN ees il eee = 0-04 N= nis (1-5) = _1so0 (1-004) | [= 1440 xpm/ tw) To find fy. at IN = 1000 rpm S at N=l000 rpm S= Ne-N = )S00-/09Q0 = 9:34 Ns \soo S = 0.33 fy = 6F = 0.33 x50 Fr = 16.5. He [dos - iS Na = [500 Ypm y nad uw) pets 20.04 N= 1440 pm i + Ne 9 fy sé. Scanned with CamScanner aS |W 3b, sone pole ind» motor _haso—shpoe ~ key. Calculate - s\.N of motos i1) © of Yotoy emf 2 Tf the Vo as Yesistance of I| The Loxquest quwen by = | TX SEER: | BP xB)” 4/Ta stable tegion values of Sliplig. Smalls Hence -f I algo. called 1a ow siip tegion 2 * al As "sis malt ,(SXa)" be comes. reer neigligible as ae to fo. Hence. toxque Can be modified | piDix Se" pe f je | orld «REY ; “aT S4. tou (Ex Ra iConstank dione —— Scanned with CamScanner Wp Unstable Teqion ei unstable aegion..\he value. of ‘slip -is.-taage “alia called as. High ship ayfons sa pu heace ib is al aAs— sis large, xa) becomes. much quealer 2 >: ON: eagle. PD," othan R22 Go oe GUN, neglect Re Heace torque-.equation...can be. machied cto \ Rab ko are constant | cleos Anat. in unstable Anverslyproparbiondl.to. se EVO. toxqu as Slip He + = ———— A Bence terque_deerea. —coith increase in. slip eduction_in_toique—is_non slineay As. Showa ih Above Fig tf i) iP wgging_ male. ($21). ——-+—Thdilchen_motor_operak’s —cument:—_eaking —mode__ForNalues of Slip |_greoiey than 4. "(52 1) Ao : . le-knou_S_=_Ne=N_.Thesefoxe_ get value_af“Sspeater__NS\_than_4_y N_ must be Hegdhven ie "Ns -E TN must have opposite direcho 7 a A= Rotor should Towle ince ppogite + __t This is achiev i nana 7 B ichieved by interchanging ny two_phases.ol— Stator _supply-sis_Shawn_in_the Big. below Scanned with CamScanner aeverse ber brelsing do 4 which motor suddenly Sto Ue. __ | Yhe motor chy. nq—mod¢ motor Cuitent becomes. “high But ia _pluga __mobot Hea bing 4akes place. iti)_Gencraking made - = «| when — gpd of motor NL became _greater than Synthtope ——f speek a then Se si lh ed ctor Acts as _4 Ne_Slip_seqion Me ee the pniwer back to “the Ac source + : = The toxque produced 10 generating made —i¢—in———— appa cite disechoo to that _of mata’ nang rma est mecca 2. 7 2 &3 Be L Te, 2 Rt ae KEE ef 2xe Ta = Kf Re x 2X2 Tm Rot txet KE? ‘Scanned with CamScanner 1 [Pogo No erwene | eer 1 2 2X2 — i Tet. 2 ~~ Tim. Re Hee % Xz ian | ~ H a 2 Pe : = Xa —— Te Tr Lx Ret X2> — we Know as Rept: Gin _ Xe Tap os 29m — ais Es _ Full load torque be maximum YorqueraHes0 0 | Te. 25m5¢ Tn Ge + Sat l Se = Full load Slip. = Scanned with CamScanner i . wis [3 stators of ap induckon Motor ‘need of _Slartor. Yolo Cusnent “under.. uno ing Cand Hon_is quien by Tox 6 “Sea es Z Brezico- i iL AL storhing N20 ,5 9 24 —— —____—_ . Sn) Dae sTg2= oa Fe . + | Nat xo% 26ig 15 Ver astant 50 clepends on State epends on upPly ae TE a Seed Stator tg te | ot the Hime af Ghar | rating Current which lL overheatn oa of the Motor: 2) So thi nearly toxting _Curtent Can damage | motor winding = | Ore used » * | Starter 1S a Current of motor hears Matar can Graried Sorel H Ih Scanned with CamScanner 2 Pe 5. clear-—-tbat—tolime” win Following dechoigues a | by educing jae Stator voltage —————~ se i\iiey increasing Te oka. rea aban Ce _ Y J ~~ = z- bee = oye techniques of luniking yartiog Cuxten the following Are the dib ferent bypes of a Gtaxtors = L a} | States tesistance. Gide T bi) | Star - delta starter : _ | Auto-twansformen— Startoo _ dg) |_ DOL Startor : Z .e) || Rotor resistance Staton Applicable” for only Slip ting 1 £) | Sokt Gtaxtor Jee ws: _ fl — l | a — ae a Scanned with CamScanner Stator stance 3 Drv. The cliagram for stator Tesistance Startor 1S Shawn in the alave Fig. B variable Stator Teristance is Connected In Cach line In Sexies With each phase ineing— of Stator. Aikally all the Stator ~resietances ave Ikept in Start pasion - S56 that_. th ey of fer maximum Tes tstance » Then the cre is Switched oN te give the supply te ator winding Due to Gtatoy sesistance in Series each p | winding coll get a_ seduced Mp whic U current 1s limited to a Safe value Once. the mator = accelerates the “Stato is wu by moving Vasia a Scanned with CamScanner | Dis aduanta ge8— $$ tuced diy, ced dus $ tor 16 H—Clve | simhing 4orque. of an ; : 4 1 — accelerate — ome power | WASH. - r xe ‘ + | ptokor takes long hime + | Due +o Sintox res ishance | wasted» B3\) Budo - Transformer Stent { gle igus eT | sqm) fer Bae eon ea ¢ utes Te Switch ‘Stator toot espindi ;— | ding - Tae aeictts i * So eens lene ee Eee = | When the motor Speed xearheg tHe lia) level |! a hy 2 Scanned with CamScanner | ) . . [ely las) The 5: eee \g_Connected Yhtough : TT double three Switch. hile _staxting : | ile stashing the —Suoitch is keep in gone 2 W/O4 | stator Which keep athe Blaatiog fume £_usithin Sate Limits + __ =| Once moboy takes up the speed_.4 “the switch ig | te tun side -6o that, eyil Wolicige 16 applied to | Skatoy. on - | Te this Startox neduchon in yaltage can be done {do any desived level Sa ~ |Ddvantag es = = + |_Srenple & cheaper in_cea_coSt - 7 siLNo Power 4 los. =| limitations = - | Not Suitable for a HP oker: feel ‘cakons. = . _ Machine « trols * MM ntot. generator Set *_|_ Pumps Scanned with CamScanner - This is the Cheapest hye of Statbor henc moGt Commonly sed Fox induchoa mator._ =_ Tk Conaist of S-pale Gway itech Cannectee ee teiminals of stator ainding ud _ Tete used for Switch of power ¢ ply: = : L c Ss 1 = €G=Weay sete riatie tanal ——fenrected ip the stast mode. —So_the stator coinding gel. Connectecl in SO prac hence per phase Valing a - [Due to seduced Voltage the Stage Current 19 limited . 3 | a ee — ‘Scanned with CamScanner “the _ maker accelerates it 4a sated speed | a 3 pole 6 way suitch 16. thtown $e un i nectecl in mode staked _vtoltag 1s ~xeceivecl to Ok notucthion cheaper in Cast * ee Volt reduced: by ct factor ea) of 9.47. Only Suit ig.iinot possible ta xecluce bu | eis ota pplicab other. Factor « ‘ an to. ator Connected inducth'on mh be Scanned with CamScanner External Lorot — — VSO ME - | This tipe of stovtoy ig Suitable for only olp | xing induthion motor i > {Th e Se Seip for row Kesistunce Gtaytoy __ Lis Shown in the above frig + i =| Sandor te Canmeciel to the 3b Ae: Supply | a variable vesistince Is Cannected acroas > — | zee 4 Slip haptics the Yotoy -sim™ side - xeEnve if f call x y te yOarroy - L - | d iHon He variable ¢ ch ne yesiatance ig Kept at Start po > position - whee if etovides max” yesistance:- Que ts this etechive yotor wesistance F Lincreases which Limits the Stor bing i | Curvent wrth lecyease In goeed + T _ =) Ta tunning Conditica {ohen motor achieves 7 | Yate £0 of speed, the variable contact ‘G6 fpov naa a et = ad I 1 I 7 Scanned with CamScanner | and Mok torque - ‘ wer facto __ | ienproove the pi «| con be used to Control the Speed of mator-____ = (LD. oduantoge S 1 [Dor Stavtor [direct on-line Stastox | Thermal overlord @pntotor C me TeIay cA contact Ty iy] sz Coma got Cot | aha] : | = Th Consist of fuses links connected ia each — | line» along uoith Hata Exftond ac Scanned with CamScanner Start -push_buttan 1s presséat rm gs Connected __arross. the —_"" N eer ee eee TT enit 2 he nnemaily lapan Lua) contacts ay fo Ca bdCy will be closed. — = eo. AC supply is yeceived to the induchon Motor £ Motor Starts + = The ddelHonal contact Ca is Connected Acyvoss the Start Snitch. —= i seees the taotatinr coil_enesgise oxen after —ielissing the staxt Switch . Ph we want to Stop the matar then press Pate aaltch this will disconnect cantacer Coil Fram Supply d._all the cantacts © toCy — ax fanaey b i : a ——frem_Ac_supply # mainr_s =| Same thing will aie ie the Ac Spey | Fails = Ling protecks the motor Cigain sk. over Cutren~ ——+. 4 ’ 4 1 sh oO: in x ‘Te: / ‘Scanned with CamScanner 7 _eelala tig) | Disadvan: et | Do. darstartor does not limit the stoxhng current : b eal epee applicable to only mall HE motors $ pat a . S itab £ for h ah xa. Ld motors» =| Gott Stastny 16 another form of Yeduced vig — | See sca These Solid state cleuicee .Conaiap of teverse —___-paxalle Connected ScRe ‘in each places : = === lc Scanned with CamScanner “oF hich con —be_easily ini glenk 5¢Ro whi ch ig = — ae —! controlling the Eizing an __|| achieved bs pj —Co.nt voll eleceton be -| r_can_he Connected in semes— with" {SoH Statto line_or _ngide loop of delta _connecteol motor ~ I Advantages = = + || Tmptoved 2FPiciency _ see Steck ny inant cnkaing the =| Sra Hag Corpeat + 7 a || dow: Coat £.cize i _ «lL Controlled - accelexahon _ Disadvantages = + | TE 16 a seclucect vig skoxtor + | Cost of salted fale device with electvonic | Control Ckt 19 mare + Scanned with CamScanner _ Speed Contral.of: Induchon..mator- The speed! 5F_incluchon rnotot 19 given bu, | Nz Ns (1-5) tndh wont sae = fyom ahove equation. itis clear__that speed o€ _incluchion matoy_Can_be— changed -by. Chang in Synchronous peed — ox ‘by chan gig —_— oe gqiven—by = ily boxe equation of This = fox_low slic lon, pavameler Ulke E>» which iaipropartion a to Supply tg, ‘Ni Can be changed tothe Control apeed - | Thus ithe Sx ced of ‘incluchon. wmatar Can be _Coatralled by Collowing no metrods — By contvolliag the Oto paxamerers & Tau the possible: methods of speed control of [Thduction Mator are — d)_Gupely, ntg Control. : E \ ee iPnle ¢ ‘ 2 Techni ques — 47 eatar a “ Scanned with CamScanner | Stoto™ Voltage Contral - | Supp yp why -Contes|_metbeel =0& seek _= {we know that an al Tex 6h a | aetlsxey a | — = We tenow that, © pvopaxhional to -_ H Exx Vv a i] ‘ . | Lalo fox_low slip Yeginn of induchon mater is Small -|| Hence Gx2 2¢ Ro Go, tavque eq® is modified as | TA SN* ! = ow if Gupply vig is reduced. -horque ‘also E reduced butinwke Supply Eke sameiload i Vb 1S Necegsan to i cleve ape Same 4 — tsvgue = jd yt ; - > antoue \ | produced yemains Game ~ = | Ship ‘ncredises _meang motor Yeacts hy Gunning aks lower Speed with clecyease vip ; I Supol . Pree ies torque speed: channctrickics ia: chat — Gpecd ttann . } A I; tot with naval | Se pag, [ | } with-veduced vr FS 7 +. Torque serene | Scanned with CamScanner yom. the. chaxaceniatics. who te clear tha gased | F Nok Spee de ceases _unith decrease ‘i. Guppl 1 Vege speed f + ‘lacieases. orth crease in Sup he main che Ybacls of Stolox Mg Conmbol Scheme ig thatthe _Speecl__contol 19. oblained. with teduchion ip molorteyque- — sua Sia cant — with high slip in Stator Contyol Scheme na | Heakiog. ees therein Ahe method 4 -adelt odd | additional vis Changing equipment is neces = Appl cabions - : 2 TRS: method is used in applicahon had equs te | tow stoning torque Uke fans blowers ast Cenk fuga) Pumps — ® | Pale changing method = | We know tha? Syn chYonoums speed n i en by. = Ne = ul2OF P So, skh possible to change the Rechamacsir Speed by Changing the no. of polec. by. changing inducthon ef mater Lirectty Scanned with CamScanner = Disadvantages = — ait The peed takes place in__gtep mooth Contin isnot pass « There ar. nly _o_| Umithed ~ ~of el Sho ax ts ee by tneth, al | Yesigtance methed - i = e setup for Speed Cantral using edernal “roto%: | esigtance 16 Shown in fig . ! - |The variable rotor Tesistance 1s Connected Yo | xnko through the slip ing 2 brushes - =| Wwe know) i ! Teg SESRe Ro t6Ko\> ! Tx ¢po ¢ 1 bear Constant 6 fa} | pr. Re La glip - + So, if fotor resistance 6 in creasecl is same So -motsx_has to Supply Same ——~ ————||__4 a3. load demands. ins - Scanned with CamScanner So, motot_i¥eorts by increasing it glip to ——_Compensate _decreo st in torque due to Ro 7 : _50.. 5} Speed decreaSes With increase in speed by — —adding exlesnal totox nesistance Rav Thus by rekon _wsistance 2 Speeds below — _xared ~ Nalue can be obtained ; | flso the Start e_imnpaoves __ em os _increoses _ proporhonal bo ‘ator _tesigtance - oom tan Canereased} - 7 r i i ts ANS Scanned with CamScanner ie ie ge a TT : = Capacitos 7 bank hve Know thal N=2NsCi-s) & No = bot P I so, actual pesel N_can be changecl by |_chang he Synchronous speed! Sy nchtonalts ___ Speed Can he Changed by Changing the | erequency of okakoe supply» ____— J = To hy u the IL Speed but only cl ange in_Frequency keeping — ! Sup ak a adverse etteck on— (iy-vig constant asa Gx gap Blux which 4 gen by L_ dag ¥ 2 2 hog—1s_propartianal ta —xatin_of by 6 r | then there 16 ca cee eee of Coxe Splat i : r Scanned with CamScanner — | Mence this method is Called a4 constant _Cvle) Control. ox 4 16 qigo called ae Neniable Frequencs | Dyive Soicamy Y | Used a6 show iq S - t _——_|_Fixed N,€ 4 Ac input vtg to_Oc d this D —————————e | banks - j Laverton Converts ‘Exed Dc Supely ta Variable Cietacliga mata ter Sheed’ tantaal>—¢ z | 1 ized [Ee with | Yaduchon motor asa generaliz | Ll Vector d tagrar =| When pxicnony of tle \s connected to Ac Supply , emel get ‘inducec| into the Secanclamy — Winding as per the principle of induction - a The wnduck on Mobor algo operate on the induchan a | \n | the yobor = | Therefore eran Motor_ic called as nyo tating — TLE - | Mence, Similay to TIlE ie con define the — i byans formation taboo? K! ag | fall Scanned with CamScanner Fe ee - if iphone : —o: “Ghator_—emt per phase: A Eas Shand still tojot_eml per phose- Ab = No.of rotor. turin apex phere - “Ne = No. of Shatoy_hains per phase 2 — ~—BiMlectaa. diagno. of 111. a P= Ta above Nactor di / 1 + Gieitor Alta _per phase Ey ie! Sele. inducect ————,8ms_in Stator winding a sf ; : ‘Scanned with CamScanner —Ta_is_equivolentloeel—Cust.ent—Flaiag mer gh ox imary winding : he ki, £ pial primary ca cursenl | given by 7. vol pane mech oP P shart powey = 2 ea Robar a | friekion nt cu Lsnclage los. poss qi 1 R Mech: 1055, | | =| The Polucy Flow) dagram: OF SbTM 13 shown to_H 2 above vg. __=+ Selhot opal £ ‘Scanned with CamScanner eee iVoral ‘input Cowes —os Lt he _tota a pled de aici ng 7 |. n&_moter ate t= BAT Cosh | {here . hy is “angle hetweensk 2 Eudi | The input power Ys Some oF power selivere) bo paoter Yotor CP2), Gre lo. Cp.) 4 l_ Staboy icu loss fPeudi | } + = |e Cr = Pt Pot Peo: EL i opy \ 7 The electrical power clelivedal bo volar (s iso ik nown ag Oi gap power Cobich js H quvent by. - , = = Pag = 2Wa T. T d ,_ - | Gross mechanical power olp (Pm) * ! C2 = Pm + P +The past of Powey From Ps is Converted — Aste seb Cus ae fe yemaini 13 power is a avatlable as | TRE patt of power is ____| windage loss mechani : | Pm5 Lamoning pair iS avaliable as ‘Scanned with CamScanner Page Ne {Pemre| ___] (os j2017 Lig J cu_lo5s Pic =19-Po Raton efficiency ss jzt-5 Cc afm (1-5) Po Telickom F103 Sout eee slot alge (Sexword enatari at Quadyant TE Queckion TT ceunce ss —_—— || Regenerative breaking : NSN5 {| =a NPG 7 NV R-Fr y) i ‘~ \ Lave A sor : et OO = , N\ 6 PT x ~ Speed | ny 9 : \ | ia \ \ é \ T YN on } = x “Quadrant I i - XX i : He Quachact SF everse matoting ft N=N ee : | | = Sauce eS Pata PRO) SO) T4 | | Sy VV pwer A ' A Seen: £25 Clctoy pL» pegnoting t iL Bycalsi T [- + Bralsing | ‘Scanned with CamScanner (vere| |_|) ‘nduchan motor in ot _ choractensh cs ae Lie is poadine te operat | four quadiand of toxoue- speed | is Chan — the phase sequence of Suppl c tae Paik he gt sae ee Ra v ° [ can opera 10 qwodvont - erate the machine in uth i “be changed ba R=B- | Xn_ordes to 09% tl quadxant phase sepuence of the Supply is to tt Due —bo this Change _RME Start: rotating Q op e_clirechion ~ / _TA segenevolive modes N>Ns soho 1S H negate & @ motor operales in_eegenevatve — _ made ence , power Glow 16 From motos to Source Ta Seat tv) quadrant: motor rll operate. ‘in forcvard motoring & yeyerse motoring | pode xespechvels . go. the pawer Flow Is from Sourte to Piotor.— the Sumi of 4 qudchant operahan 1G |_giwen \a_£o owing table. ‘Scanned with CamScanner ; 9g Fee motr_f50 J Fiscecenk applica a the Elwin fede eee yochensiie Should The _motos__torque —Speecl_chos match. “With load torque —Speed_—ch d_thaunclenshics 50 X20 high i) Generally. matot__Should have | torque © than the load _darque demand - applicaon iii) | esbile selecting the motor for day. the different bechnigcal fa, 4ors— Natuse oF Inad , Type of Like Yabo, 2. emisonmentul Lloads can generally be Claggified in following | a types a Low Stark'ng torque ¢& Congtont borque gt all ¢ | Condition % Cast Ose tn be considered - ED) | Gpeed - Press machine machine toals drilling 1 mache, punches etc: b) Medium stontor ace & Tent t Fan blowers, — Centyi 1 near = .) High Starting i 4A. Constant ul | at all Speeds t $ conleyoxs “Horst 4 Ps— paling isle Fe [Dien High Slaning. Hoque Constat fou load ~ | toxqtie atoll speeds + Comers . Hoist, LiPt $4 | Cranes —T | So clepen wing pan the dLeiel pen a” SS : Scanned with CamScanner ee Ni Fox niga toed _ppli cahions. (motors ated above 30 kw) _ “wera is a G andaxd_vihich_15_Compuleony used fox selection. of matory: sit be EMA iso. S4ondard that has.c (Bhevendclesigns like de: CP Die Bridger po 8 ——____— Tw) NEMA S.design 228 meonS motors With Jou __| medium Starting boygie k oe of generally + 241 - : Ic : : tt motors high € hea hgh aka ahng borque i : Scanned with CamScanner =) Mosatenance means, Gn Ochivity sCoxrted! aut — bo tecluce: be nce ure tot increg. — lan pmaching | Wee of mochine & tn iene rnove tHe performance Log mochineg~ | ges of maintensin Ce po lacre dees ithe lee oF machine: A _ | Te xechuce the break clawa Type of marmmtenance = a | Tackease the ox duchon | Ens yes Whe Comotn Ley of o percrtio n | Lraproove the _petfolenan ce oF machine - - Roulne maintenance = | is the maintenance which can he carried —_- out clouly » g 5 i acase_of machines, Cleaning oF dust by t power, EFC chec | blowers Recarcling af oad Curent, voltage ; ng Of + mop. 5 Jibya bons 4 Vi cl +4 A ore Scanned with CamScanner Tt is c_plooned £ well organized Schedule < oF maintenance Whith (6 Caiied out to_p¥event matatenance - Prevenhve maintenance Can be Carried out q yee y a yestily 5. Lyecrs ss =: : Th Consist of i napecton oe eae Xeplacement oF dlacigged pas etc» itl Breakdown malatenance - This the mainlengnce which is Carried oud — Lene liatel y after the byeokelouln of _emeteh __ paachine . +i Machine om Circuit, earthy Put & due to Failure of ! ete. __+ | TF tnclucles vepal rk lacement of d Winding yeplacem ent oF damaged patts arc + a Scanned with CamScanner

You might also like