FINAL EXAM

UNIT 2. FRIENDS FOR LIFE?

Grammar. Defining and non-defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses

★ Essential information about the noun.

Who People

Whose Possession

Which Things

When Times

Where Place

That replaces who and whose

Non-Defining relative clauses

★ Extra information but not essential about the noun.
★ We always use commas with non-defining relative clauses

Niamh, whose story fascinated people around the world, set up a website to help
others.
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UNIT 5. Environment

Grammar. Passive voice

Passive
TO BE + Past participle + by + subject

Peter gave Sally a very nice present → Do: a very nice present was given to Sally by Peter
→ IO: Sally was given a very nice present by Peter.
*BY is only for proper nouns. If it’s obvious it’s not necessary but you can put it.
EX: She will visit her in July. → She will be visited in JUly → NOT BY HER
EX: The firefighters have put out the fire → The fire has been put out (by the firefighters)

- We often use the passive when the focus is on the action.

- It isn’t important who/what did the action.
Clothes are sold more often now.
This T-shirt was made in Asia.
How many clothes will be thrown away next week?
Are endangered species going to be protected?

a) 15,000 litres of water were used by farmers to grow the cotton for the jeans: Past
simple Passive
b) 100 billion new pieces of clothing are produced every year: Present simple passive
c) Nothing is going to be done about the problem unless we all take action: Future
passive with be going to (PLANS)
d) In the UK, 680 million items of clothing will be thrown away next spring: Future
passive with will (predictions)
PASSIVE INFINITIVE:
- The passive infinitive can be with or without to, depending on the verb it follows.
- It is used after modal verbs and can be used after other verbs.
EX: Even worn-out clothes can be recycled.
EX: The number of clothes we buy needs to be reduced.
EX: Many teenagers expect to be given new clothes.
EX: The new clothes aren’t going to be designed today.
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UNIT 6. Crimes and consequences

Grammar. Conditionals
Zero conditional: a situation that is always true
First conditional: The probable future result of a real situation in the present
Second conditional: The possible consequences of an imaginary situation in the present or
future.
Third conditional: The imaginary consequences of past events that never happened, so
are now impossible.

0. IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, + PRESENT SIMPLE -> LOGICAL SITUATION

Ex: If it gets cold, it gets wet

1. IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + INFINITIVE -> POSSIBLE - FUTURE

Ex: If he eats good food, they will come happily

2. IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + INFINITIVE -> NOT POSSIBLE AT THE MOMENT- PRESENT

Ex: If they had a car, we would go on holiday

3. IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE -> IMPOSSIBLE - PAST

Ex: If we had spoken Catalan, we would have seen my favorite movie

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UNIT 7. Time flies!

Vocabulary. Reporting verbs

afegir → add / admetre → admit / aconsellar → advise / estar d’acord → agree /
anunciar → announce / discutir → argue / preguntar→ ask / reclamar → claim /
queixar-se → complain / confirmar → confirm / negar → deny / explicar → explain /
insistir → insist / invitar → invite / oferir → offer / remarcar → point out /
prometre → promise / recomanar → recommend / refusar → refuse / contestar → reply /
informar → report / dir → say / proposar → suggest / dir-explicar → tell

reply → to say something as an answer.

complain → to say that you are not satisfied.
recommend → to say that something is good or suitable.
announce → to make a public or official statement.
argue → to give reasons why you believe something.
point out → a phrasal verb that means “to tell someone something”.

➔ Expressions and idioms about time

● Better late than never! → It’s better to arrive late than not to arrive.
● There’s no time like the present. → You should do something now rather than
waiting until later.
● You can’t turn back the clock. →We can’t change things that have already
happened, even if we regret them.
● Time will tell! → We will learn the result of an action or decision in the future.
● Time flies when you’re having fun! → Time passes fast.
● (be) on time → Arrive early enough so you don’t miss something.
● Just in time → Arriving a few minutes before the meeting time.
● Run out of time → You don’t have enough time to finish something.
● Make time for (someone / something) → To find the time for something/someone
despite being busy.
● Manage your time → Organise yo ur time.
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● Break a leg → to wish good luck.

● A cat got your tongue? →when someone is at a loss of words or being unusually
quiet.
● A piece of cake →something easily achieved.
● No pain, no gain → it is necessary to suffer or work hard in order to succeed or
make progress.
● See eye to eye → be in full agreement.

Reading (vocabulary). A timeline

Craze → something that gets popular quickly.
Video arcade → is a place where people used to play computer games.
A must-have gadget → is something that lots of people want.
Millennium → period of a thousand years.
Makes a comeback → something that becomes popular again.

Grammar. Reported speech

REPORTED SPEECH → to say again what a person has said
Enric SAID / Enric SAID TO US

Enric TOLD US / Enric TOLD → TELL + direct object

We change
- subject
- Verbal tenses
- Pronouns
- Time expressions

1. STATEMENTS (affirmative and negative sentences)

said / said to me / told me
2. QUESTIONS
asked me
3. ORDERS
told me

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

present simple past simple

present continuous past continuous

past simple past perfect

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present perfect past perfect

future conditional

must / have to had to

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REPORTED QUESTIONS
SOMEONE ASKED ME + QW + SENTENCE (Subject + Verb + Complements)
Clara asked me: “what did you study?”
- Clara asked me what I had studied.
Eloi asked me: “ How long have you been married?”
- Eloi asked me how long I had been married.
Edgar asked me: “When did you start working here?”
- Edgar asked me when I started working here.
Pau asked me: “How old are you?”
- Pau asked me how old I was.
Èric asked me: “Do you like bananas?
- Èric asked me IF I liked bananas.

REPORTED ORDERS
The teacher said: The teacher told us / asked:

“Be quiet” TO be quiet

“Speak in English” TO speak English
“Don’t speak Spanish” NOT TO speak Spanish
NOT TO do other things
“Don’t do other things”
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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:
IN ON AT

- Months (in April) - days of the week (on - Time (at 9:30)
Tuesday)

- Seasons (in - Concrete day (on - At the moment

summer) 11th April)

- Parts of the day (in - Group of days (at

the morning) Easter, at Christmas,
* At night. at the weekend)
(at night at midday)

Vocabulary. Idioms
Organise your time → manage your time
Arrive at the correct time → (be) on time
Arrive early enough so you don’t miss something → be just in time
You don’t have enough time to finish something → run out of time
To find the time for something/someone despite being busy → make time for
(someone/something)

Break a leg → give luck

A cat got your tongue? → don’t speak
A piece of cake → very easy to do
No pain, no gain → without effort there is no reward
See eye to eye → be in full agreement.
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UNIT 8. Sports
Vocabulary. Sports

Support a team
Hold an event
Beat a champion / another athlete / a team
Score a goal
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Break / hold / set a record

Compete in a sports events / a competition

Have you ever won a medal for a sport? What for?

Has your team beaten another team recently and won a match?
Does your school ever hold any sports event? What?
Would you like to compete in the Olympics? Why?
Do you support a football, basketball or volleyball team? Which one?

Serena Williams is a great tennis player. She usually beats the other player.
Brazil’s football team are brilliant. They’re going to win the next World Cup.
Tennis is the best game in the world.
I’d like to play in an international volleyball match with lots of fans watching.
If I trained hard, I could be in an Olympic sports team.
I’m fit because I play a lot of different sports.

Reading. An article
Draw attention to → Make people notice something
Facing → Dealing with (problems or difficulties)
Flee → Escape from a dangerous situation or place very quickly
Crisis → An urgent, difficult or dangerous situation.
Forced → Made someone do something they didn’t want to
Promote → Support or encourage something.
Refugee → Someone who leaves their country, especially during a war or other threatening
event.

Vocabulary. Benefits of sports.

Individual sport Summer sport Winter sport

Indoor sport Team sport Year-round sport
Outdoor sport Water sport

Accuracy - Accurate Skill - skilful

Balance Speed
Confidence - confident Stamina
Coordination - Strength - strong
coordinated confidence → confident
Fitness - fit
Flexibility - flexible

Focus - focused