CREATION OF GEODATABASE OF EEDC FACILITIES WITHIN OWERRI

A PROPOSAL

WRITTEN BY

EMEKA EBUBE PROMISE

20171042714

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING

AND GEOINFORMATICS

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH) IN SURVEYING AND
GEOINFORMATICS.

SUPERVISOR

MRS. C.N. BAYWOOD

MAY 2023

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 Certification
I, EMEKA EBUBE PROMISE with registration number 20171042714, hereby certify that I
am responsible for the work submitted in this project and that this is an original work which
has not been submitted to this university or any other institution for the award of a degree.

………………………………. ……………………………….
Signature of Candidate Date

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 Approval
This proposal written by EMEKA EBUBE PROMISE has been examined and approved for
the award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Surveying and Geo-informatics, Federal
University of Technology, Owerri

…………………………….. ……………………...

Mr. C.N Baywood Date

Supervisor

…………………………….. ……………………...

Date

External Examiner

…………………………….. ……………………...

Ven. Dr. A.C. Chukwuocha Date

Head of Department

…………………………….. ……………………...

Prof. J.D. Njoku Date

Dean of SOES

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 Dedication
I dedicate this report first of all to the almighty God for giving me the grace to work
on this topic and to my parents.

iv
 Acknowledgement
Firstly, I want to acknowledge God Almighty who is the author and the finisher of my
faith for his mercies upon my life and his grace for me from the beginning to the end of his
project. I want to acknowledge my supervisor, Mrs. C.N. Baywood, for her motherly love and
continuous guidance during the course of this project

I also want to thank the Head of Department of the Department of Surveying and
Geoinformatics, Ven. Dr. A.C. Chukwuocha for his leadership and guidance during my stay
in this school. My gratitude also goes to my ever-hardworking course adviser Sir Onyeagoro
Frank for his continuous motivation and all the lecturers and staffs of the department of
Surveying and Geoinformatics, for their contributions and support.

Finally, I want to express my gratitude to my parents, Mr. Emeka Umeh and Mrs. Umeh
Ogonna for their prayers, general support towards my program and always showing up for
me in my toughest times and my siblings Kenechukwu, Chioma, Chiche, Somto and Mmasi
because family is everything.

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 ABSTRACT
From time to time GIS has proven to be very efficient in, planning, analysis and decision
making for mapping and geographic purposes. For this project we were asked to create a
geodatabase for EEDC facilities in Owerri municipal. However, the importance of having an
up to date database showing the positions of these facilities might be underestimated but it
helps the EEDC to be able to provide adequate supply of electricity. This project helps to
provide a comprehensive and accurate spatial database that can be used for planning and
decision making for electricity purposes around the area. This project aims to create a
geodatabase for EEDC facilities in owerri for electricity purposes. We have to firstly define
the kind of facilities we want to identify in this project, the geodatabase will include EEDC
facilities such as transformers, power lines, substations and distribution points. The processes
to achieve this would involve going to the field to collect data through field surveys i.e.
obtaining the coordinates of the facilities to know their positions then getting an aerial
photograph of the area and the digitization of the maps and other spatial data. The data
collected from the field will be organized and integrated in the geodatabase that will be
created using a GIS software (ArcGIS). The methodology for creating the geodatabase will
involve defining the scope and purposes of the geodatabase, collecting the data, organizing
data, creating, populating, validating and maintaining the geodatabase. The geodatabase will
include feature classes and tables for each EEDC facility type, with appropriate attribute
fields. The accuracy of the data will be validated through control checks and the geodatabase
will be maintained overtime through regular updates and maintenance. This project has a lot
of importance of which I can only mention a few, a comprehensive geodatabase of the EEDC
facilities in owerri municipal will provide a vital resource for a wide range of stakeholders,
including electricity providers, government agencies, researchers and the public. It will
enable effective planning, analysis and decision-making lading to improved management of
the facilities and the general power Supply.

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Table of Contents
Certification........................................................................................................i

Approval..............................................................................................................iii

Dedication........................................................................................................iv

Acknowledgement.............................................................................................v

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER 1......................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY...............................................................1

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.......................................................................2

1.3 AIM OF STUDY............................................................................................3

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...........................................................................3

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY.......................................................................................3

1.6 Limitations of the study..................................................................................3

1.7 Significance of the study................................................................................4

1.8 Study area.......................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2......................................................................................................6

LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................6

2.1 Conceptual framework....................................................................................6

2.1.1. Fundamental datasets in the geodatabase...................................................7

2.1.1.1. Geodatabase storage in tables and files............................................7

2.1.1.2 Advanced geographic datasets extend feature classes, rasters, and

attribute tables.................................................................................................8

2.1.1.3 Geodatabase elements.........................................................................9

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 2.1.1.4. Geodatabase transactions and versioning......................................10

2.1.1.5 Types of geodatabase..............................................................................10

2.1.1.6 Comparing types of geodatabases..........................................................11

a. File geodatabases.....................................................................................12

b. Mobile geodatabases...............................................................................13

c. Enterprise geodatabases...............................................................................14

d. Workgroup geodatabases....................................................................14

2.1.2 Geospatial data...........................................................................................15

2.1.2.3 What technologies are used to collect geospatial data?.................16

2.1.3.1 Data Capture...........................................................................................18

2.1.3.2 GIS Maps................................................................................................19

2.1.3.3 GIS Jobs..................................................................................................20

2.2 Review of important literatures....................................................................21

CHAPTER 3....................................................................................................23

METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................23

3.1 Flow chart.....................................................................................................23

3.1.1 Methods used.............................................................................................23

3.2 Data acquisition............................................................................................24

3.3 Data processing.............................................................................................24

3.3.1 Hardware requirement...............................................................................24

3.3.2 Software requirements...............................................................................25

3.4 Analysis and Result Presentation..................................................................25

REFRENCES..................................................................................................27

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The need to reform the Electricity industry necessitated the transformation of NEPA into
Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) in 2004. The Electricity Reform Act of 2005,
unbundled PHCN into 11 Distribution companies, 1 Transmission Company and 6
Generation companies. This Reform Act gave birth to Enugu Electricity Distribution
Company (EEDC). The Enugu Electrical Distribution Company (EEDC) is responsible for
the distribution of electricity in several states in Nigeria, including Imo state where Owerri is
located. (EEDC 2020). Owerri Municipal Local Government Area (LGA) is one of the 27
LGAs in Imo State, Nigeria. The LGA is situated in the heart of Owerri, the capital city of
Imo State, and covers an area of approximately 73 square kilometers. According to the 2006
census, Owerri Municipal LGA had a population of 125,337. However, the population is
expected to have increased significantly since then due to urbanization and migration. Owerri
Municipal LGA is situated in the heart of Owerri city, which is the capital of Imo State. The
poor state of electricity supply system in Nigeria is threatening the welfare and security of
life and properties of millions of individuals with adverse economic consequences for the
country (JO Dada 2014).

A geodatabase is a relational database that stores geographic data. At its most basic level, the
geodatabase is a container for storing spatial and attribute data and the relationships that exist
among them. In a geodatabase, which is a vector data format, features and their associated
attributes can be structured to work together as an integrated system using rules,
relationships, and topological associations. In other words, the geodatabase allows you to
model the real world as simply or complexly as your needs dictate. The creation of a
geodatabase of EEDC facilities in this area is a very important project that will help proper
distribution of electricity in this region. According to a study by Nwosu et al. (2020), the
EEDC faces several challenges in the distribution of electricity, including inadequate
infrastructure and poor data management systems. These challenges have caused poor power
supply levels and low customer satisfaction. To tackle these challenges, the creation of a
geodatabase of EED facilities is deemed necessary, with a geodatabase the EEDC can easily
visualize and analyze the distribution network, identify areas with high demand, and plan for
the expansion of the network to meet the growing electricity needs of the region. This will

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help to improve the reliability and efficiency of the electricity distribution system (Jain &
Gupta, 2014).

Furthermore, a geodatabase can improve data management systems and enhance the accuracy
of data on EEDC facilities in Owerri. As noted by Adegoke, Adeyemi, and oluwadare (2019),
data management is a critical aspect of electricity distribution systems, as it enables utilities
to monitor and track the performance of their assets, identify areas of inefficiency and
optimize operations. With a geodatabase, the EEDC can easily capture and store data on the
performance of its facilities, such as the frequency of power outages and the duration of
downtime, and use this data to improve the reliability and efficiency of its operations.

In conclusion, the creation of a geodatabase of EEDC facilities in Owerri municipal is a

necessary step towards enhancing the management and distribution of electricity in the
region. A geodatabase can enable the EEDC to improve the efficiency, reliability, and safety
of the electricity distribution network in the region. It will provide the EEDC with accurate
and up to date information on the network infrastructure, enabling them to plan maintenance
schedules, prioritize investments, and optimize their operations and it can enhance the
accuracy of data on the performance of its facilities. By capitalizing on the power of spatial
data, the EEDC can optimize its operations and provide reliable and efficient electricity
services to its customers in Owerri municipal.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
According to Onyebuchi and Chijioke (2021), the EEDC facilities in owerri municipal are
currently not up to date or well documented or mapped and this makes it very difficult for
planning and the management of the distribution of electricity in the area effectively and also
the lack of centralized and organised geodatabase for the EEDC facilities in the area also
makes it very challenging to identify areas that require infrastructure upgrades and
maintenance. It is possible that there is lack of readily available information on the location,
type, and condition of EEDC facilities in OWERRI. This can also make it very challenging
for utility companies, town planners, emergency responders, and other stakeholders to
effectively manage the distribution network and ensure timely response to issues. Therefore,
the creation of the geodatabase would provide an up to date and comprehensive inventory of
the electrical distribution infrastructure. This would help the electricity supply to be managed
and monitored properly and also enhance planning for future development, and also make
response from the EEDC faster.

1.3 AIM OF STUDY

The aim of this study is to create a geodatabase of EEDC facilities within Owerri municipal.

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the different EEDC facilities within the study area.
2. To map out the different EEDC facilities identified from the (1) above.
3. To develop and query the attributes information about the EEDC facilities of the
study area.
4. To produce a spatial distribution map of the EEDC facilities of the study area.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study would include:

1. Identifying and locating all the EEDC facilities within Owerri municipal.
2. To gather the data on the type, size and condition of each of the facilities.
3. Creating a geodatabase for each of the facilities using ArcGIS.
4. Including information on the position, type and conditions of the facilities in the
geodatabase.

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 5. Mapping of the electricity network using the geodatabase to produce a comprehensive
overview of the electricity facilities.
6. Checking the geodatabase to ensure accurate and reliable data.
7. To provide a user guide for the geodatabase to ensure accessibility and easy use for
the general public.

1.6 Limitations of the study

The limitations to this project would include:

1. Mobility: the large area we are working with can make moving around to get the
positions of the facilities very stressful which can reduce the reliability of the data.
2. Access to data: Some of the EEDC facilities can be located in inaccessible areas due
to restriction or other reasons and it can impact the accuracy of the geodatabase.
3. Some of the EEDC facilities may contain incomplete or missing data, which can also
affect the accuracy of the geodatabase
4. In the process of creating a comprehensive geodatabase, it can take a lot of time and
can be resource intensive and it can limit the scope otf the study.
5. The whole process especially acquiring the instruments for the projects can be cost
effective.

1.7 Significance of the study.

1. The geodatabase would help the EEDC provide an accurate and up to date map for better
decision-making regarding maintenance and upgrading.

2. Accurate information on the location and type of the facilities would help to give faster
response to issues concerning electricity.

3. The creation of the geodatabase would help to save cost for the EEDC by ensuring
effective management of the facilities.

4. Accurate information of the facilities would help to ensure better planning for future
development and expansion.

5. A comprehensive geodatabase would provide a central source of information for the EEDC
facilities, and it can improve the management of the distribution network.

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1.8 Study area
Owerri Municipal, also known as Owerri Urban is a local government area in Imo State with
administrative headquarters in the city of Owerri. Owerri Municipal Local Government Area,
Imo State, Nigeria lies between latitudes 5°27'0''N - 5°30'45''N and longitudes 7°0'45''E -
7°3'45''E. It has an area of 58 km² and a population of 127,213(National Population
Commission, 2006). The average temperature is 26.4 °C (Nigerian Meteorological Agency,
2005).

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Figure 1: Map of the study area (Source: Ministry of Lands, Survey and Urban Planning,
Owerri- Imo State) .

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual framework.

A Geodatabase is an alternative way to store GIS information in a large file, which can have
multiple points, polygons or polyline layers. It is also known as a spatial database. Within a
local database, spatial data is considered as another data type. Vector data can be stored as a
point, line or polygon data type, and can have a related spatial reference system. To store the
related attributes of the object, a Geodatabase record can use geometry data types to represent
the location of an object and other standard database data types in geographical position.
Some also support for collecting raster data in Geodatabase. At its most basic level, the
geodatabase is a container for storing spatial and attribute data and the relationships that exist
among them. In a geodatabase, which is a vector data format, features and their associated
attributes can be structured to work together as an integrated system using rules,
relationships, and topological associations. In other words, the geodatabase allows you to
model the real world as simply or complexly as your needs dictate. Geodatabases are created,
edited, and managed using the standard menus and tools in ArcCatalog™ and ArcMap™.

The geodatabase provides a medium to help organize and manage the spatial data related to
EEDC facilities in owerri municipal. The creation of the geodatabase is a very important step
towards proper management, analysis and utilization of spatial data because it allows
efficient storage and retrieval of data and supports different tools for data management.

The creation of the geodatabase would help us get a detailed and up to date informations of
the EEDC facilities in Owerri municipal, the geodatabase will also help the EEDC identify
areas with high energy demand or frequent power outages and this can help improve
efficiency of their operations. The geodatabase can be used to anticipate and respond to
changes in demand and plan for future growth. This geodatabase can also help to improve
customer satisfaction. This geodatabase can also help to support EEDC’s effort toward
environmental sustainability. By analyzing energy consumption patterns, EEDC can identify
areas where energy efficiency measures can be implemented, reducing energy wastage and
greenhouse gas emissions.

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2.1.1. Fundamental datasets in the geodatabase

A key geodatabase concept is the dataset. It is the primary mechanism used to organize and
use geographic information in ArcGIS. The geodatabase contains three primary dataset types:

 Feature classes
 Raster datasets
 Table

Creating a collection of these dataset types is the first step in designing and building a
geodatabase. Users typically start by building a number of these fundamental dataset types.
Then they add to or extend their geodatabases with more advanced capabilities (such as by
adding topologies, networks, or subtypes) to model GIS behavior, maintain data integrity, and
work with an important set of spatial relationships.

2.1.1.1. Geodatabase storage in tables and files

Geodatabase storage includes both the schema and rule base for each geographic dataset plus
simple tabular storage of the spatial and attribute data. All three primary datasets in the
geodatabase (feature classes, attribute tables, and raster datasets), as well as other
geodatabase elements, are stored using tables. The spatial representations in geographic
datasets are stored as either vector features or rasters. These geometries are stored and
managed in fields along with traditional attributes.

A feature class is stored as a table. Each row represents one feature. In the following polygon
feature class table, the Shape field holds the polygon geometry for each feature. The Polygon
value is used to specify that the field contains the coordinates and geometry that define one
polygon in each row.

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Fig 2 A feature class is stored as a table. Each row represents one feature. In the following
polygon feature class table, the Shape field holds the polygon geometry for each feature. The
Polygon value is used to specify that the field contains the coordinates and geometry that
define one polygon in each row.
https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/data/geodatabases/overview/fundamentals-of-the-
geodatabase.htm

A key geodatabase strategy is to use the database management system (DBMS) to scale GIS
datasets to extremely large sizes and numbers of users, for example, to support simple small
databases for one or a few users up to instances with hundreds of millions of features and
thousands of simultaneous users. Tables provide the primary storage mechanism for
geographic datasets. Structured Query Language (SQL) is strong at querying and processing
the rows in tables, and the geodatabase strategy is designed to use these capabilities.

2.1.1.2 Advanced geographic datasets extend feature classes, rasters, and attribute
tables

Various geodatabase elements are used to extend simple tables, features, and rasters to model
spatial relationships, add rich behavior, improve data integrity, and extend the geodatabase's
capabilities for data management.

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The geodatabase schema includes the definitions, integrity rules, and behavior for each of
these extended capabilities. These include properties for coordinate systems, coordinate
resolution, feature classes, topologies, networks, relationships, and domains. This schema
information persists in a collection of geodatabases meta tables in the DBMS. These tables
define the integrity and behavior of the geographic information.

2.1.1.3 Geodatabase elements

All GIS users will work with three fundamental dataset types regardless of the system they
use. They'll have a set of feature classes, a number of attribute tables, and most of the time,
they'll also have a large set of imagery and raster datasets to work with.

Fig 3: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/data/geodatabases/overview/fundamentals-of-
the-geodatabase.htm

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Fundamentally, all geodatabases will contain this same kind of content. This collection of
datasets can be thought of as the universal starting point for your GIS database design.

As necessary, users can extend their data models to support certain essential capabilities. The
geodatabase has a number of additional data elements and dataset types that can be used to
extend this fundamental collection of datasets.

2.1.1.4. Geodatabase transactions and versioning

Enterprise geodatabases use capabilities in the underlying DBMS to provide versions that
offer scalable support for multiuser editing on large databases. With versioning, each editor
can work in their own personal version of the geodatabase, make edits without impacting
other editors or the production database, and incorporate their changes back into the system
upon completion of their work. This long transaction framework accommodates a wide
variety of data management strategies suitable for individual users, teams of people, all the
way up to massive international organizations and full WebGIS deployments.

2.1.1.5 Types of geodatabase

geodatabase is a container used to hold a collection of datasets. There are different types of
geodatabases:

 File geodatabase: A file geodatabase is stored as multiple files in a folder with a .gdb
extension. Each dataset is contained in a single file. By default, files can grow to 1
TB, but this can be changed to 4 or 256 TB using a configuration keyword.
 Mobile geodatabase: A mobile geodatabase is stored in an SQLite database that is
entirely contained in a single file and has a .geodatabase extension.
 Enterprise geodatabase: Also known as multiuser geodatabases, enterprise
geodatabases are stored in relational databases. They can be virtually unlimited in size
and number of users; the limits differ depending on the database management system
(DBMS) vendor.

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Table 1: Comparing types of geodatabases
A comparison of the types of geodatabases
Key Enterprise Mobile File geodatabase
characteristics geodatabase geodatabase
Description A collection of various A collection of A collection of various
types of GIS datasets various types of types of GIS datasets
held as tables in a GIS datasets held in a file system
relational database. contained within a folder.
relational database.
Number of Multiple editors and Single editor and Single editor and can
users can support multiple can support support multiple readers.
readers. multiple readers.
Storage format  Oracle All the datasets Each dataset is a
 Microsoft SQL that belong to one separate file on disk. All
Server mobile the datasets that belong
 IBM Db2 geodatabase are to one geodatabase are
 PostgreSQL contained in an contained in a single
 SAP HANA SQLite database folder.
that is stored in a
single file.
Size limits Size is controlled by The size limit for a By default, each dataset
the DBMS. mobile can grow to 1 TB. The 1
geodatabase is 2 TB limit can be raised to
TB. 4 or 256 TB for
extremely large image
datasets. Each feature
class can scale up to
hundreds of millions of
vector features per
dataset.
Versioning Supported across all Does not support Does not support
support database management versioning versioning workflows.
systems. workflows.

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 Note:

Geodatabases in SAP
HANA do not support
the traditional
versioning type.
SQL support Yes. Yes. Limited.
ArcGIS Supported only with Yes. No.
Runtime SDK ArcGIS Runtime SDK
support Local Server.
Platforms Cross-platform. Cross-platform. Cross-platform.
Security and Managed through the Managed through Managed through the
permissions DBMS. the operating operating system.
system.

a. File geodatabases

File geodatabases are freely available to all users of ArcGIS Pro and are designed to support
the full information model of the geodatabase, which comprises network datasets, terrain
datasets, relationship classes, and so on. File geodatabases are designed to be edited by a
single user and do not support geodatabase versioning. With a file geodatabase, it is possible
to have more than one editor editing at the same time provided they are editing in different
feature datasets, stand-alone feature classes, or tables.

The file geodatabase provides the following:

 A widely available, simple, and scalable geodatabase solution for all users.
 A portable geodatabase that works across operating systems.
 Scales up to handle large datasets.
 High performance and scalability, for example, to support individual datasets
containing more than 300 million features and datasets that can scale up to 1 TB, and
if needed, can further scale up to 4 and 256 TB per file.
 Uses an efficient data structure that is optimized for performance and storage. File
geodatabases use about one-third of the feature geometry storage required by

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 shapefiles and personal geodatabases. File geodatabases also allow users to compress
vector data to a read-only format to further reduce storage requirements.
 Out performs shapefiles for operations involving attributes and scales the data size
limits beyond shapefile limits.

The file geodatabase is ideal for GIS projects, personal use, and in small organizations. It has
strong performance and scales well to hold extremely large data volumes without requiring
the use of a DBMS. Additionally, it is portable across operating systems.

You can employ multiple file geodatabases for your data collections and access these
simultaneously for your GIS work.

b. Mobile geodatabases

Mobile geodatabases are automatically available to all users of ArcGIS Pro and expose the
geodatabase functionality required to work with simple data using domains, subtypes, and
relationship classes. Functionality available within a mobile geodatabase includes contingent
values, relationship classes, editor tracking and use of attachments. Mobile geodatabases are
designed to be edited by a single user and do not support geodatabase versioning.

The mobile geodatabase provides the following:

 A widely available and simple geodatabase solution for all users.

 Ability to create, display, and query GIS data.
 Ability to edit simple data such as point, multipoint, line geometries, polygons, and
true curves.
 A portable geodatabase that works across operating systems.
 Uses an efficient data structure that is optimized for performance and reduced cost,
complexity, and administration.

A mobile geodatabase (. geodatabase) is built on top of SQLite. SQLite is a self-contained

relational database that stores the entire database in a single file on disk. This single file can
hold up to 2 TB of data, is easily portable, is supported across platforms, and can be emailed
or written to a USB device to facilitate a more efficient data exchange.

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 c. Enterprise geodatabases

When you need a large, multiuser geodatabase that can be edited and used simultaneously by
many users, the enterprise geodatabase provides a good solution. It adds the ability to manage
a shared, multiuser geodatabase as well as support for a number of critical version-based GIS
workflows. The ability to leverage your organization's enterprise relational databases is a key
advantage of the enterprise geodatabase.

Enterprise geodatabases work with a variety of DBMS storage models. They take full
advantage of underlying DBMS architectures to support the following:

 Extremely large, continuous GIS datasets

 Many simultaneous users
 Long transactions and versioned workflows
 Relational database support for GIS data management, providing the benefits of a
relational database for scalability, reliability, security, backup, and data integrity
 Native SQL spatial types for all supported database management systems
 High performance that can scale to accommodate a large number of users

d. Workgroup geodatabases

The workgroup geodatabase is a variant of enterprise geodatabase that uses SQL Server
Express and is designed for small teams. ArcGIS Pro is able to connect to workgroup
geodatabases in order to create and edit datasets similarly to how enterprise geodatabases are
used

There are some limitations to working with workgroup geodatabases from ArcGIS Pro:

 A workgroup geodatabase can only be created and fully managed using ArcGIS
Desktop.
 Branch versioning and datasets that rely on it for version management in web feature
services are not supported in workgroup geodatabases. Datasets that require branch
versioning in a web feature service include utility networks, trace networks, parcel
fabrics, data with batch calculation or validation attribute rules, and topologies when
you publish them as part of a web feature layer. To use branch versioning and version
management in feature services, you must use an enterprise geodatabase instead.

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 Learn more about sharing data as a feature service with the version management
capability.

2.1.2 Geospatial data.

Geospatial data, or geodata, is data that includes information related to locations on the
Earth’s surface. You can map objects, events, and other real-world phenomena to a specific
geographical area identified by latitude and longitude coordinates. Geospatial data combines
location information with characteristics or attributes of other business datasets over a given
period. For example, geospatial data can represent where a car is parked and also track its
location when it starts moving.

2.1.2.1 Types of geospatial data.

There are two basic geospatial data types—vector data and raster data.

Vector data

Vector data is geospatial information that uses digital elements like points, lines, and
polygons to represent geographic features. Vector data often represents physical features such
as roads, rivers, and city boundaries. Vector data is widely used in geospatial information
applications such as mapping, location information, and navigation.

Raster data

Rasters are geospatial data models that define space as a grid of equally sized cells. Each grid
cell represents location information like temperature or soil quality. The raster is overlaid on
a map image. For example, map images are sourced from satellite imagery, digital aerial
photographs, and scanned maps. You can use raster data to create digital elevation models.

2.1.2.2 Benefits of using geospatial data

Improved accuracy

To collect information, geospatial data systems use complex technology such as the Global
Positioning System (GPS), lasers, and remote sensing. This data is the basis for digital maps
and 3D models of geographic locations. The increased accuracy yielded from geospatial data

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is beneficial for a variety of applications such as navigation, asset management, and risk
assessment.

Reduced costs

Geospatial technologies can help you save costs in many ways. For example, they can assist
you in automating data collection and can reduce the cost of mapping and surveying projects.
Additionally, the technology helps streamline processes such as asset management and
resource allocation, which results in greater efficiency and cost savings.

Increased safety

You can use geospatial data to improve safety, as it provides a comprehensive understanding
of surrounding environments. For example, you can build 3D maps of areas that highlight
risks and hazards. The maps will change and send alerts if new issues emerge due to weather,
traffic congestion, or natural disasters.

Efficient resource management

You can use geospatial data to identify and analyze resource availability, prioritize resources,
and track usage. It helps you make better-informed choices about resource allocation and
utilization. Additionally, you can use geospatial data to monitor and manage natural
resources, such as water, forests, and wildlife.

2.1.2.3 What technologies are used to collect geospatial data?

Several technologies are used to create and store geographic information. We outline some of
the most popular methods below.

Geographic information systems

Geographic information systems (GIS) are software systems that create, manage, analyze,
and map all data types. They combine location data with information about how things are in
that location. GIS applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration.
For example, you can use GIS technology to collect and present data on an area's population,
incomes, and other demographics. Additionally, GIS can analyze changes in regions over
time, such as population density or changes to land use.

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Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) collects exact location data required for geospatial
systems. GPS receivers pick up radio signals from a satellite network to calculate precise
positions on the Earth's surface. You can use GPS data to improve the location accuracy of
geospatial applications and track changes in real time.

Drone technology

Drones collect geospatial data in various ways, including aerial photography, videos, and
other imagery. You can create 3D models of geographical areas and derive locational
information such as land use and environmental conditions. Additionally, you can use drones
to measure distances and elevations as well as identify potential risks.

2.1.3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing,

checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating seemingly
unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns
and relationships.

GIS technology is a crucial part of spatial data infrastructure, which the White House defines
as “the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to
acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data.”

GIS can use any information that includes location. The location can be expressed in many
different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code.

Many different types of information can be compared and contrasted using GIS. The system
can include data about people, such as population, income, or education level. It can include
information about the landscape, such as the location of streams, different kinds of
vegetation, and different kinds of soil. It can include information about the sites of factories,
farms, and schools, or storm drains, roads, and electric power lines.

With GIS technology, people can compare the locations of different things in order to
discover how they relate to each other. For example, using GIS, a single map could include
sites that produce pollution, such as factories, and sites that are sensitive to pollution, such as

18
wetlands and rivers. Such a map would help people determine where water supplies are most
at risk.

2.1.3.1 Data Capture

Data Formats

GIS applications include both hardware and software systems. These applications may
include cartographic data, photographic data, digital data, or data in spreadsheets.

Cartographic data are already in map form, and may include such information as the location
of rivers, roads, hills, and valleys. Cartographic data may also include survey data and
mapping information that can be directly entered into a GIS.

Photographic interpretation is a major part of GIS. Photo interpretation involves analyzing

aerial photographs and assessing the features that appear.

Digital data can also be entered into GIS. An example of this kind of information is computer
data collected by satellites that show land use—the location of farms, towns, and forests.

Remote sensing provides another tool that can be integrated into a GIS. Remote sensing
includes imagery and other data collected from satellites, balloons, and drones.

Finally, GIS can also include data in table or spreadsheet form, such as population
demographics. Demographics can range from age, income, and ethnicity to recent purchases
and internet browsing preferences.

GIS technology allows all these different types of information, no matter their source or
original format, to be overlaid on top of one another on a single map. GIS uses location as the
key index variable to relate these seemingly unrelated data.

Putting information into GIS is called data capture. Data that are already in digital form, such
as most tables and images taken by satellites, can simply be uploaded into GIS. Maps,
however, must first be scanned, or converted to digital format.

The two major types of GIS file formats are raster and vector. Raster formats are grids of
cells or pixels. Raster formats are useful for storing GIS data that vary, such as elevation or
satellite imagery. Vector formats are polygons that use points (called nodes) and lines. Vector
formats are useful for storing GIS data with firm borders, such as school districts or streets.

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Spatial Relationships

GIS technology can be used to display spatial relationships and linear networks. Spatial
relationships may display topography, such as agricultural fields and streams. They may also
display land-use patterns, such as the location of parks and housing complexes.

Linear networks, sometimes called geometric networks, are often represented by roads,
rivers, and public utility grids in a GIS. A line on a map may indicate a road or highway.
With GIS layers, however, that road may indicate the boundary of a school district, public
park, or other demographic or land-use area. Using diverse data capture, the linear network of
a river may be mapped on a GIS to indicate the stream flow of different tributaries.

GIS must make the information from all the various maps and sources align, so they fit
together on the same scale. A scale is the relationship between the distance on a map and the
actual distance on Earth.

Often, GIS must manipulate data because different maps have different projections. A
projection is the method of transferring information from Earth’s curved surface to a flat
piece of paper or computer screen. Different types of projections accomplish this task in
different ways, but all result in some distortion. To transfer a curved, three-dimensional shape
onto a flat surface inevitably requires stretching some parts and squeezing others.

A world map can show either the correct sizes of countries or their correct shapes, but it can’t
do both. GIS takes data from maps that were made using different projections and combines
them so all the information can be displayed using one common projection.

2.1.3.2 GIS Maps

Once all the desired data have been entered into a GIS system, they can be combined to
produce a wide variety of individual maps, depending on which data layers are included. One
of the most common uses of GIS technology involves comparing natural features with human
activity. For instance, GIS maps can display what man-made features are near certain natural
features, such as which homes and businesses are in areas prone to flooding.

GIS technology also allows users to “dig deep” in a specific area with many kinds of
information. Maps of a single city or neighborhood can relate such information as average
income, book sales, or voting patterns. Any GIS data layer can be added or subtracted to the

20
same map. GIS maps can be used to show information about numbers and density. For
example, GIS can show how many doctors there are in a neighborhood compared with the
area’s population. With GIS technology, researchers can also look at change over time. They
can use satellite data to study topics such as the advance and retreat of ice cover in polar
regions, and how that coverage has changed through time. A police precinct might study
changes in crime data to help determine where to assign officers.

One important use of time-based GIS technology involves creating time-lapse photography
that shows processes occurring over large areas and long periods of time. For example, data
showing the movement of fluid in ocean or air currents help scientists better understand how
moisture and heat energy move around the globe.

GIS technology sometimes allows users to access further information about specific areas on
a map. A person can point to a spot on a digital map to find other information stored in the
GIS about that location. For example, a user might click on a school to find how many
students are enrolled, how many students there are per teacher, or what sports facilities the
school has.

GIS systems are often used to produce three-dimensional images. This is useful, for example,
to geologists studying earthquake faults. GIS technology makes updating maps much easier
than updating maps created manually. Updated data can simply be added to the existing GIS
program. A new map can then be printed or displayed on screen. This skips the traditional
process of drawing a map, which can be time-consuming and expensive.

2.1.3.3 GIS Jobs

People working in many different fields use GIS technology. GIS technology can be used for
scientific investigations, resource management, and development planning. Many retail
businesses use GIS to help them determine where to locate a new store. Marketing companies
use GIS to decide to whom to market stores and restaurants, and where that marketing should
be. Scientists use GIS to compare population statistics to resources such as drinking water.
Biologists use GIS to track animal-migration patterns. City, state, or federal officials use GIS
to help plan their response in the case of a natural disaster such as an earthquake or hurricane.
GIS maps can show these officials what neighborhoods are most in danger, where to locate
emergency shelters, and what routes people should take to reach safety.

21
Engineers use GIS technology to support the design, implementation, and management of
communication networks for the phones we use, as well as the infrastructure necessary for
internet connectivity. Other engineers may use GIS to develop road networks and
transportation infrastructure. There is no limit to the kind of information that can be analyzed
using GIS technology.

2.2 Review of important literatures related to the research work.

“Geospatial mapping of public electricity distribution network systems in Owerri Municipal

Local Government Area, Imo State Nigeria” by J. I. Ewurum and J. C. Ojiakor (2022).

In this the authors mapped out the Owerri municipal showing the electricity distribution
network systems using ArcGIS 10.5. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS tools
in the Geospatial mapping of public electricity distribution network systems in Owerri
municipal L.G.A. Imo State. The capabilities of Information System in GIS to conduct spatial
search and provide answers to some generic question were established. The database created
was carefully accessed and tested with various queries and the information generated can
assist in decision making.
“Geospatial documentation and geodatabase development for health facilities in birnin kebbi
metropolis, kebbi state, Nigeria” by Safyanu G.Y. et al (2018).
This study investigates the spatial pattern, distribution, and concentration of health facilities
in Birnin Kebbi metropolis by creating a geospatial database using high order technology
equivalent of the map in the field of Geography for visual representation. This study shows
the location of public and private health facilities is within World Health Organization
Specification and planning standard in terms of spread and standards in relation to population
density locational efficiency and needs of both the rural and urban population. However,
more studies are required to facilitate the process of planning monitoring and the deliverance
of proper and efficient health facilities over broader spatial and temporal scales.
“Crime mapping in Nigeria using GIS” by T. F. Balogun, (et al 2020).
In this study the authors first inspect the crime situation in Benin metropolis using a
questionnaire and then they confirmed the possibility of using GIS to solve crimes, they used
ArcGIS to map out areas in Benin metropolis and the rate of crime in those areas. It is
concluded that for effective crime control and management in Nigeria, the security operatives
should engage in the modern standard of policing by adopting and integrating GIS
methodology as this will help the force to be proactive in their operations. Based on the

22
response from the police and the result of the study, the following recommendations are
proposed. There should be provision of GIS laboratory for data handling within the police
information system, regular capacity building of police personnel based on the use of this
geospatial technology should be considered seriously, provision of navigation vehicles and
GPS facilities for effective tracking and acquisition of digital map for every city in different
coverages and layers of crime in a locality. The use of GIS technology will be of great
significance to the law enforcement agency, as it will serve as a tool for decision support
system for policy makers by providing a frame work for improving quality of service
delivery, and efficient policing, thus making the police react quickly and proactively. This
will enhance safety of lives and properties as well as provide a favorable business
environment within the nation.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Flow chart

identify the EEDC

facilities to work
with

locate all the EEDC

facilities

gather information
on type, size and
condition of each

create a
geodatabase of the
EEDC facilities using
ArcGIS

provide accurate
information about
each facility to help
decision making.

Fig 4: Flow chart diagram of the research work

3.1.1 Methods used

i. Identify the EEDC facilities to work with.
Before going to the site we have to know the kind of facilities we are going to work with, so
this process involves listing them out to know the range to work with, facilities like

24
substations, power lines, transformers and other related facilities. This process helps to give a
comprehensive list of the facilities in Owerri municipal.
ii. Locate all the EEDC facilities
After having a list of facilities to work with the next step is determining the exact location of
each and every one of them. This would be done by taking a GPS to the location of all the
facilities and taking and recording their coordinates. This would ensure that the locations are
precise and accurate which is very important.
iii. Gather information on size, type and condition of each.
This process would involve visiting the facilities physically to have an idea of what they look
like e.g. their size, type and condition, in some situations a picture would be needed. This
would help to provide an in-depth information about the facilities.
iv. Create a geodatabase for the facilities.
This geodatabase would include spatial and non-spatial data, and will be organized in a way
to help easy access and analysis. ArcMap 10.5 ensures that the geodatabase is compatible
with other GIS tools.
v. Provision of accurate information about the facilities.
This process involves analyzing and visualizing the data gotten to explore patterns and
relationships for the data.

3.2 Data acquisition

Primary data will be collected on the field using a Global positioning System (GPS)
instrument, this GPS would be taken to all positions of each of the EEDC facility to get their
actual position (coordinates) on the earth surface. Observations should be done avoiding
errors to ensure accurate results.

3.3 Data processing

The data gotten from the field would be taken to the office for processing. The data
processing comprises of the hardware and software that will be used to carry out this
research.

3.3.1 Hardware requirement

The hardware that would be used in this thesis will include:

25
 i. A GPS for picking the positions of the facilities
ii. A laptop for processing the data gotten from the field.

3.3.2 Software requirements

The software that will be used in this thesis will include:

i. ArcGIS 10.5 processing software.
ii. Microsoft office (word) and excel for typing the process and presenting results.

3.4 Analysis and Result Presentation

3.4.1 Data analysis
In the data analysis phase, we will use the data collected on the field and the ArcMap
software to create a geodatabase to store all the information gotten during the field process.
The geodatabase will be organized by facility type and all the attributes collected for each of
the facilities will be stored in different feature classes. ArcMap will be used to perform
spatial analysis and create maps while Microsoft office (word & excel) will be used to type in
our results, and create graphs and charts.
The data analysis phase will give us proper and up-to-date information about the distribution
and characteristics of the EEDC facilities within Owerri, which will be used for future
development and making decisions regarding the management and expansion of the electrical
infrastructure in the area.

3.4.2 Result presentation

The results would be presented using:
i. Maps: the maps would be created using ArcMap. The maps will show the spatial
distribution of EEDC facilities within Owerri ranging from powerlines,
substations, transformers etc. likewise any other relevant geospatial data that have
been collected would be created. The use of different symbols and different colour
lines will be used to represent different kinds of facilities and other features like
roads, water bodies and administrative boundaries would be shown.
ii. Texts: texts written with Microsoft word will be used to make explanations on the
result.

26
iii. Tables: tables will be used to show summary on different findings. The table will
present data on the number of facilities, capacity and other relevant attributes of
the facilities.
iv. Charts and graphs: they are done using Microsoft excel and they are used to
graphically display quantitative data.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ELCTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES

Figure 5 below shows the coordination and mapping of electrical distribution facilities such

as transformer, electric pole, services wire, consumer points and roads network in the study

area. Handheld Global position system was used to obtain the coordinate of precise location.

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Figure 5: Electricity distribution facilities map of the study Area.

29
Figure 6: Overlay of electricity distribution facilities on satellite imagery map of the study
Area.

4.2 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF TRANSFORMER

Table 2 below present the relevant non spatial information relating to the identification,

capacity and functioning or condition of the transformers in the study area. These information

were gathered with the support of EEDC officials and ground trothing using handheld GPS.

Also attribute information shows the list of transformers present in Douglas as 34 of varying

strata and different location while figure 7 presents the spatial distribution pattern map of the

transformers of the study area.

30
Figure 7: Spatial distribution pattern map of Transformers of the study area.

31
4.4 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONDUCTION POLES AND ATTRIBUTE

Attribute data regarding conduction poles are gathered, information about the identity,

materials used for the poles, location of poles and those houses conducting electricity from

each pole called consumer points represented as blue colour on figure 8 below. Information

about the transformers upon which each pole is connected, the type of material from which

each pole is made and the stability status of the poles are gathered from mapping of those

facilities mention above. Table 3 shows the detail of electric poles, such as the geographic

coordinate showing the spatial location, number of electric pole attached to the consumer

points, number of cables and the condition of the poles. Such updated information is required

to improve planning, monitoring, maintenance and upgrading of the facilities when

necessary. This shows that GIS technique can be used for proper asset management.

32
Figure 8: Spatial distribution pattern map of electric pole of the study area.

33
4.5 ELECTRICITY FLOW

Figure 9 mapped the flow of electricity from the transformer to the poles and from the poles

to the consumers (buildings). This shows the customer’s connectivity to the distribution

network. The total number of buildings served by the transformer can be determined from the

attribute table of these building (table 2) in the database.

34
Figure 9: Map showing customer’s connectivity to distribution network

35
4.6 ROAD NETWORK WITHIN THE STUDY AREA.

Figure 10 below shows the road network in the study area. The roads were delineated from

high resolution imagery with the aids of ArcGIS 10.8 software. The roads helped in easy

navigation and aids the movement of personnel in the fields during the data acquisition.

Figure 10: Road network of the study Area.

36
Table 2 Statistical Histogram of Energy consume Non-spatial data

Table 2 above shows that 508 customers are attached to the transformer with a minimum

energy consumption of 1.3KW and maximum of 4KW with average consumption rate of

2.4KW of a total consumption of 1237.3KW.With the above statistic, it showing the reason

why the study area are haven frequent power supply because by comparing the total energy

consumed with the available capacity of different transformer in the study area showing in

table 3,it can be seen that, there is no overloading. This result can be use to make decision on

the number of customer to be connected and likewise the distribution of the power in the

study area.

4.2 SPATIAL DATABASE OF ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN DOUGLAS

The attribute of the transformers and electric poles were populated to generate a spatial

database as shown in table 3 and 4 respectively using ArcGIS 10.8 software.

37
Table 3: Transformers table (Spatial Database of Electrical Infrastructure in the study area)

38
Table 4 : Electric poles table (Spatial Database of Electrical Infrastructure in the study area)

39
4.5 RESULTS OF QUERIES PERFORMED AND ANALYSIS (SPATIAL QUERIES
GENERATION)

Database query can be describe as the selection of various combinations of different tables

for assessment; it includes the retrieval of information stored in the database using structured

query language (SQL). However, the queries generated are basically through database

extraction in ArcMap 10.8. Some other queries can also be generated based on the user’s

need or user demand. In the course of the project, the results obtained have assisted in the

several areas. It helps to determine the electric poles status either bad or good. Figure shows

the total number of electric poles that are still in good condition, which is 277 poles while 30

are bad. Likewise, figure shows that 262 electric poles are made of concrete and 45 poles are

made of wood in the study area.

40
41
Figure 11: Query showing the electric poles types made of concrete.

42
Figure 12: Query showing the electric poles status.

43
Figure 13: Query showing the Transformer status of the study area.

44
Figure 14: Query showing Transformer with 150KVA

45
Fig 15: Query showing Transformer with 500KVA.

46
Figure 16: Query showing Transformer with 300KVA to 200KVA.

47
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The study has demonstrated the important of geographic information system and satellite

imagery as a driven tools for proper planning and management to power sector and it ability

to improve the status of power supply in Douglas and our nation at large. The project has also

shows that large volume of data can be handled and query. Electricity proves to be one of the

most important utilities to a community at large, as such it processes right from the source to

consumption point is very important to all. Through the aids of geodatabase using this

technology, it can enhance updating, processing of data, retrieval of data, analyses and

presentation of information in form of chart, map and tables which can serve as a decision

support in the planning and management of electricity distribution sector. Since the creation

of geodatabase of a power utility have a geographical reference, it is beneficial to create the

network on GIS map and constantly update the same as per field parameters. With periodic

updating and monitoring, GIS mapping of the Electrical facilities and Consumer database can

helps in improved planning, load management, loss reduction, better revenue realization,

asset and management standard of the distribution network and possibly better consumer

relationship. GIS technology helps in fast, accurate and reliable data management, provides

timely, accurate and easier way of acquiring information, which are very vital in taking

prompt and accurate decisions necessary in electricity distribution network. It has been

proved from the project that this geospatial technology has emerged as a powerful and

imperative system when applied into electricity facilities distribution planning and

monitoring. A digital method of data inventory and documentation of electric infrastructural

facilities were achieved and corresponding maps were produced. Information pertaining the

48
state of infrastructural facilities (for example transformers were generated from queries

performed from the spatial database, such is very useful in planning and management of the

power distribution. The application of a geodatabase creation into electricity distribution

reveals that it can greatly improve the efficiency in that utility sector, thus improving the

reliability of both distribution network and the authority that manages it.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Planning and management has to be continuously done in order to provide a quality,

sustainable and uninterrupted power supply to the consumer especially by reducing the power
loss. For this research, we recommend the following;

Due to the important of geodatabase creation to power sector, there is a need for greater
awareness to be created at all level of government of the need and what is required to
establish GIS in different EEDC offices.

The study recommended that a GIS database is required for the monitoring and management
of electrical facilities distribution with the growing tendency of Douglas and Imo state at
large.

Establishment of a robust geomatics section in the electricity industry and puttings enterprise
GIS in place cannot be over emphasized starting from local to federal level.

The study also recommends that, distribution transformers should also be based in the utilization
of existing geodatabase of electric power facilities for even distribution of power supply so as to
boost electricity supply and to encourage commercial and industrial activities in the study area.

49