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Token Bus (Ieee 802.4) : Token Bus (Ieee 802.4) Is A Popular Standard For Token Passing Lans. in A Token

Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a token passing local area network standard where a logical ring is created using coaxial cable to form a bus or tree topology. A token is passed sequentially between stations, allowing only the station holding the token to transmit data. The frame format includes fields for preamble, start/end delimiters, frame control, source/destination addresses, data, and checksum.

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13 views

Token Bus (Ieee 802.4) : Token Bus (Ieee 802.4) Is A Popular Standard For Token Passing Lans. in A Token

Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a token passing local area network standard where a logical ring is created using coaxial cable to form a bus or tree topology. A token is passed sequentially between stations, allowing only the station holding the token to transmit data. The frame format includes fields for preamble, start/end delimiters, frame control, source/destination addresses, data, and checksum.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Token Bus (IEEE 802.

4)
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a popular standard for token passing LANs. In a token
bus LAN, the physical media is a bus or a tree, and a logical ring is created using
coaxial cable. The token is passed from one user to another in a sequence (clockwise
or anticlockwise). Each station knows the address of the station to its “left” and
“right” as per the sequence in the logical ring. A station can only transmit data when it
has the token. The working of a token bus is somewhat similar to Token Ring.

The above diagram shows a logical ring formed in a bus-based token-passing LAN.
The logical ring is shown with the arrows.

Frame Format:
The various fields of the frame format are:
1. Preamble – It is used for bit synchronization. It is 1-byte field.

2. Start Delimiter – These bits mark the beginning of the frame. It is 1-byte
field.

3. Frame Control – This field specifies the type of frame – data frame and
control frames. It is 1-byte field.

4. Destination Address – This field contains the destination address. It is a 2 to


6 bytes field.

5. Source Address – This field contains the source address. It is a 2 to 6 bytes


field.

6. Data – If 2-byte addresses are used then the field may be up to 8182 bytes
and 8174 bytes in case of 6-byte addresses.

7. Checksum – This field contains the checksum bits which are used to detect
errors in the transmitted data. It is 4 bytes field.

8. End Delimiter – This field marks the end of a frame. It is 1-byte field.

IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring):


Token Ring protocol is a communication protocol used in Local Area Network
(LAN). In a token ring protocol, the topology of the network is used to define the
order in which stations send. The stations are connected to one another in a single
ring. It uses a special three-byte frame called a “token” that travels around a ring. It
makes use of Token Passing controlled access mechanism. Frames are also
transmitted in the direction of the token. This way they will circulate around the ring
and reach the station which is the destination.
Ring Latency –
The time taken by a single bit to travel around the ring is known as ring latency.

Cycle Time –
The time taken by the token to complete one revolution of the ring is known as cycle
time.

Token Holding Time (THT) –


The maximum time a token frame can be held by a station is known as THT, by
default it is set to 10msec. No station can hold the token beyond THT.

Digital to Analog Conversion


Digital Signal – A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a sequence of
discrete values; at any given time it can only take on one of a finite number of values.

Analog Signal – An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying
feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity i.e.,
analogous to another time varying signal.

The following techniques can be used for Digital to Analog Conversion:

1. Amplitude Shift keying – Amplitude Shift Keying is a technique in which carrier


signal is analog and data to be modulated is digital. The amplitude of analog carrier
signal is modified to reflect binary data.
The binary signal when modulated gives a zero value when the binary data represents
0 while gives the carrier output when data is 1. The frequency and phase of the carrier
signal remain constant.

2. Frequency Shift keying – In this modulation the frequency of analog carrier signal
is modified to reflect binary data.

The output of a frequency shift keying modulated wave is high in frequency for a
binary high input and is low in frequency for a binary low input. The amplitude and
phase of the carrier signal remain constant.
3. Phase Shift keying – In this modulation the phase of the analog carrier signal is
modified to reflect binary data. The amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remains constant.

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