INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION:
 Coulomb
 Coulomb’s Law
 Electric Charge
2.AIM
3.APPARATUS
4.THEORY
5.PROCEDURE
6.OBSERVATIONS
7.CALCULATIONS
8.RESULT
9.PRECAUTION
10.SOURCES OF ERROR
11.BIBILOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

 COULOMB:

Coulomb graduated in November 1761 from Ecole

Royale du genie de Mezieres.
Over the next twenty years he was posted to a variety of
locations where he was involved in engineering –
structural, fortifications, soil mechanics, as well as other
fields of engineering. His first posting was to Brest but in
February 1764 he was sent to Martinique, in the West
Indies, where he was put in charge of building the new
Fort Bourbon and this task occupied him until June
1772.

On his return to France, Coulomb was sent to Bouchain.

However , he noe began to write important works
applied mechanics and he presents his first work in Paris
in 1773. In 177 coulomb was sent to Rochefort.

He discovered an inverse relationship of the force

between electric charges and the square of its distances,
later names after him as coulomb’s law.
  COULOM’S LAW:
Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's
law, is an experimental law of physics that quantifies the
amount of force between two stationary, electrically
charged particles.

The electric force between charged bodies at rest is

conventionally called electrostatic force or Coulomb
force. Although the law was known earlier, it was first
published in 1785 by French physicist Charles-Augustin de
Coulomb, hence the name. Coulomb's law was essential to the
development of the theory of electromagnetism, maybe even its
starting point, as it made it possible to discuss the quantity of
electric charge in a meaningful way.

The law states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of

attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them. Coulomb studied the repulsive force between bodies
having electrical charges of the same sign:
It follows therefore from these three tests, that the repulsive
force that the two balls – [that were] electrified with the same
kind of electricity – exert on each other, follows the inverse
proportion of the square of the distance.

Coulomb also showed that oppositely charged bodies obey an

inverse-square law of attraction:

Here, ke is the Coulomb constant (ke ≈ 8.988×109 N⋅m2⋅C−2),

q1 and q2 are the assigned magnitudes of the charges, and the
scalar r is the distance between the charges.
  ELECTRIC CHARGE:

 In the 20th Century, scientists discovered that the atoms out of

which ordinary matter is composed consist of two components:
a relatively massive, positively charged nucleus, surrounded by
a cloud of relatively light, negatively charged particles
called electrons.
 Electrons and atomic nuclei carry fixed electrical charges, and
are essentially indestructible (provided that we neglect nuclear
reactions). Under normal circumstances, only the electrons are
mobile.
 Thus, when amber is rubbed with fur, electrons are transferred
from the fur to the amber, giving the amber an excess of
electrons, and, hence, a negative charge, and the fur a deficit of
electrons, and, hence, a positive charge. Substances normally
contain neither an excess nor a deficit of electrons, and are,
therefore, electrically neutral.
 The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C).

 AIM
To Estimate the charge induced on each of the two identical styro
foam balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of coulomb’s
law.

 APPARATUS
 Small size identical balls
 Physical balance or electronic balance
 Halfmeter Scale
 Cotton thread
 Stand
 Glass rod or Plastic rod
  Silk cloth or woollen cloth

 THEORY
The fundamental concept in electrostatics is electrical charge.
We are all familiar with the fact that rubbing two materials
together for example
A rubber comb on a cat fur produces a “static” charge. This
process is called charging by friction. Surprisingly,the exact
physics of the process of charging by friction is poorly
understood. However, it is known that the making and breaking
of contact between the two materials transfers the charge.

The charged particles which make up the universe come in

three kinds: positive, negative, and neutral. Neutral particles do
not interact with electrical forces. Charged particles exert
electrical and magnetic forces on one another, but if the
charges are stationary, the mutual force is very simple in form
and is given byCoulomb's Law:

where F is the electrical force between any two stationary

charged particles with charges q1 and q2(measured in
coulombs),
r is the separation between the charges (measured in meters),
9 2 2
and k is a constant of nature (equal to 9×10 Nm /C in SI
units).
The study of the Coulomb forces among arrangements of
stationary charged particles is called electrostatics. Coulomb's
Law describes three properties of the electrical force:
1. The force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the charges, and is directed along the
straight line that connects their centers.
2. The force is proportional to the product of the magnitude of
the charges.
3. Two particles of the same charge exert a repulsive force on
each other, and two particles of opposite charge exert an
attractive force on each other.

They are composed of atoms that consist of negatively

charged electrons moving in quantum motion around a
positively charged nucleus.

The total negative charge of the

electrons is normally exactly equal to the total positive
charge of the nuclei, so the atoms (and therefore the entire
object) have no net electrical charge. When we charge a
material by friction, we are transferring some of the electrons
from one material to another.

Materials such as metals are conductors. Each metal atom

contributes one or two electrons that can move relatively
freely through the material. A conductor will carry an
electrical current. Other materials such as glass are
insulators. Their electrons are bound tightly and cannot
move.

Charge sticks on an insulator, but does not move

freely through it.

A neutral particle is not affected by electrical forces.

Nevertheless,
a charged object will attract a neutral macroscopic object by the
process of electrical polarization. For example, if a negatively
charged rod is brought close to an isolated, neutral insulator,
the electrons in the atoms of the insulator will be pushed
slightly away
from the negative rod, and the positive nuclei will be attracted
slightly toward the negative rod. We say that the rod has
induced
polarization in the insulator, but its net charge is still zero.

If the negative rod is brought near an isolated, neutral

conductor, the conductor will also be polarized. In the
conductor, electrons are free to move through the material, and
some of them are repelled over to the opposite surface of the
conductor, leaving the surface near the negative rod with a net
positive charge. The conductor has been polarized, and will
now be attracted to the charged rod.

Now if we connect a conducting wire or any other conducting

material from the polarized conductor to the ground, we provide a
<path= through which the electrons can move. Electrons will
actually move along this path to the ground. If the wire or path is
subsequently disconnected, the conductor as a whole is left with a
net positive charge. The conductor has been charged without
actually being touched with the charged rod, and its charge is
opposite that of the rod. This procedure is called charging by
induction.
Determination of charge induced on each Styrofoam ball
 PROCEDURE
1. Measure the mass of each of the two identical pith balls using a
physical balance.

2. Hang the two balls from a rigid support using light silk or cotton
threads of same length 819

3. Rub the glass tod silk cloth to induce charge on it. Now touch
the glass rod with both the pith balls together so that equal
charge is induced on both the balls.

4. When left freely, the two balls will repel each other. Measure
the distance between the balls when are at rest. Note down the
distance.

5. To change the charge on ball, take third uncharged ball touch it

to any one of the two balls and take the third ball away and
repeat step 4.

6. Take other uncharged suspended with other uncharged 4th ball

and take the 4th ball away and repeat step 4.
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS
The charge on each ball = 1.039 * 10^8 C

 PRECAUTIONS
1. The suspended balls should not be touched by any conducting
body.

2. Rub the glass rod properly with the silk cloth to produce more
change.

3. Weight the mass of the balls may be measured accurately.

 SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The balls may not be equal size and mass

2. The distance between the balls may be measured accurately

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://www.ncert.nic.in
2. https://www.wikipedia.org
3. https://www.quora.com
4. https://www.scribd.com
 http://
www.ncert.nic.in
➢
https://www.wikipedi
a.org
➢
https://www.quora.co
m
➢
https://www.scribd.co
m