EXAMS OFFICE

3 hrs 15 / 09 /2022 USE ONLY

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

Course or topic No(s) CIVN4010A

Course or topic name(s)

Paper Number & title HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING

Examination/Test* to be held during

month(s) of (*delete as applicable) September 15, 2022 – Sit-in Examination

Year of Study (Arts & Science leave blank) FOURTH

Degree/Diplomas for which

This course is prescribed BSc (Eng)
(BSc (Eng) should indicate which branch)

Faculty/ies presenting candidates ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Internal examiner(s) and

Telephone extension number(s) Prof A Taigbenu x77136

External examiner(s) Dr M Ncube

Special materials required

(graph/music/drawing paper, maps,
diagrams, tables, computer cards, etc.)

Time allowance Course No CIVN4010A Hours 3 hour

• Answer all questions

• All calculations should be done by hand with a
scientific calculator
Instructions to candidates • It is a closed book exam
(Examiners may wish to use this space • An A4 sheet of hand-written content is permitted.
to indicate, inter alia, the contribution
made by this examination or test towards
the year mark, if appropriate)

Internal Examiners or Heads of Department are requested

to sign the declaration overleaf
QUESTION 1
A 250m long siphon spillway is of uniform rectangular section 2.5m wide and 2.5m deep. The
crest radius is 10m, and the length from the entrance to the crest along the centre line is 15m.
The entry head loss is 0.5V2/2g, bend loss is 0.9V2/2g where V is the mean velocity in the siphon,
and the Darcy-Weishbach friction factor is 0.04.
(a) Determine the discharge when the siphon is fully primed and flows under a head of 25m.
(7 marks)
(b) If the pressure head at the crest is -6.4m, determine the upstream water level above the
crest. (9 marks)
(c) Determine the pressure at the hood. (4 marks)

QUESTION 2
The 25-year flow into twin rectangular culverts is 8m3/s. The width of each of the rectangular
culverts is 1.2m and the maximum allowable headwater is 3.2m while the tail water elevation
is 0.2m. Using the following data: Manning n=0.02, Entrance loss coefficient = 0.5, slope of
culvert = 0.01, and headwall and endwall characteristics: K=0.08; M=0.8, c=0.05 and Y=0.9,
determine the height of the twin rectangular culverts of 60m length that will pass this flow
without exceeding the allowable maximum head water. Clearly state the recommended height
of the rectangular culverts. (20 marks)

QUESTION 3
A pump is connected on a pipeline to deliver water from a ground tank with water elevation of
10m to an elevated tank with water level of 50 m through a 5km long, 1,000mm diameter pipe.
The pipe head loss variations with discharge is given in Table Q3, while the characteristics for
a single pump are presented in Figure Q3.
(a) Determine the flow, head and power requirement for the pump. (7 marks)
(b) After 15 years, the pipeline had deteriorated and its head loss has increased to the values
presented in Table Q3. Two identical pumps are now required to meet a demand that is
greater than the discharge calculated in (a) (due to population growth), what
arrangement will be more suitable? Is it two pumps in series or in parallel? Provide
justification for your answer. (13 marks)

Note: Your solution can be presented in the attached graph in Figure Q3, and attached
to your answer script.

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Table Q3
Pipe head loss at initial time Pipe head loss after 15
Q (l/s) of installation (m) years (m)
0 0 0
50 0.8 3
100 2 8.4
150 3.5 13.2
200 6.5 18.6
250 9.5 24.3
300 13.8 31.5
350 19.2 40.1
400 25.3 50.2

Figure Q3

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QUESTION 4
Implement only one iteration to determine the flows in the pipes and hydraulic heads at the
junctions of the network in Figure Q4. Use the initial estimates of the flows (in litres/sec) that
are indicated in Figure Q4 to start the solution iteration process. Use hL =KQ2, where hL is the
head loss in metres, K is given for each pipe in Table Q4 and Q is in m3/s.
Clearly indicate the flows and their directions in each pipe after the first iteration.
Furthermore, calculate the hydraulic head at each node after the first iteration.
(22 marks)

Table Q4
Pipe AB BC CE DE EF BF FG BG
Length (m) 1500 1000 800 1000 1000 1200 1000 1000
Diameter (mm) 1200 450 600 450 450 600 450 450
K 30 80 60 80 80 80 80 80

Figure Q4

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QUESTION 5
A 2.0km long, 2.5m diameter penstock leads from a reservoir to the turbines of a hydroelectric
scheme. The penstock, with a Darcy friction factor of 0.03, delivers a flow of 11m3/s to the
turbine. A surge tower of 12m diameter is located just upstream of the turbine, and the minor
loss coefficient should be taken to be 2.1 (relative to the velocity head in the pipeline).
(a) Sketch the variation of the water level in the surge tower with time. Clearly indicate in
the sketch the surge tower water level at time =0. The sketch should not be to scale,
and this should be done on your answer sheet. No additional mark will be given
for an elaborate drawing. (4 marks)
(b) Calculate the water levels in the surge tower and the velocity in the pipeline at times, t
= 10, 20 and 30 seconds. (14 marks)