ME-130

Thermodynamics-I
Fall Semester 2023

Dr. Waqas Khalid

Email: [email protected]
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC
CONCEPTS
 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
• Thermodynamics: Science of energy.
• Energy: Ability to cause changes.
• Name thermodynamics stems from the
Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis
(power).

Conservation of energy principle:

During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another, but the total
amount of energy remains constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

First law of thermodynamics: An

expression of the conservation of energy
principle. Energy cannot be created
First law asserts that energy is a or destroyed; it can only
thermodynamic property. change forms (the first law).
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• Second law of thermodynamics:
Energy has quality as well as quantity,
and actual processes occur in the
direction of decreasing quality of energy.

Classical thermodynamics: A
macroscopic approach to study of
thermodynamics that does not require Conservation of energy
knowledge of behavior of individual principle for the human body.
particles.
Direct and easy way to solution of
engineering problems – scope of this
course

Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of
individual particles.
Used in this text only in supporting Heat flows in the direction of
role. decreasing temperature.
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 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by
dimensions.
• Magnitudes assigned to dimensions - units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m,
length L, time t, and temperature T are selected
as primary or fundamental dimensions, while
others such as velocity V, energy E, and
volume V are expressed in terms of the primary
dimensions and are called secondary
dimensions, or derived dimensions.

Metric SI system: A simple and logical system

based on a decimal relationship between the
various units.
English system: It has no apparent systematic
numerical base, and various units in this
system are related to each other rather
arbitrarily.

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Some SI and English Units

Work = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N∙m The SI unit prefixes are used in all
1 cal = 4.1868 J branches of engineering.
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The definition of the force units.

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 W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

A body weighing
60 kgf on earth
will weigh only 10
kgf on the moon.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).

The weight of a unit

mass at sea level. 7
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and terms in an equation
are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) must have the same unit.
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.
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Problem 1-8: At 45° latitude, the gravitational acceleration as a
function of elevation z above sea level is given by 𝑔 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑧 ,where
a = 9.807 m/s2 and b = 3.32 x 10-6 s-2. Determine the height above
sea level where the weight of an object will decrease by 0.3 percent.

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 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside
the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed
or open.

• Closed system
(Control mass):
A fixed amount
of mass, and no
mass can cross
its boundary.

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 • Open system (control volume): A properly
selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass
flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary
of a control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

An open system (a
control volume) with one
inlet and one exit. 11
 PROPERTIES OF A
SYSTEM
• Property: Any characteristic of a
system.
• Some familiar properties are pressure
P, temperature T, volume V, and
mass m.
• Properties are considered to be either
intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that are
independent of the mass of a system,
such as temperature, pressure, and
density.
• Extensive properties: Those whose
values depend on the size—or
extent—of the system. E.g., total
mass, total volume, total momentum Criterion to differentiate intensive
• Specific properties: Extensive and extensive properties.
properties per unit mass. 12
 Continuum
• Matter is made up of atoms widely
spaced in gas phase. Yet it is very
convenient to disregard atomic nature
of a substance and view it as a
continuous, homogeneous matter with
no holes, that is, a continuum.
• Continuum idealization allows us to
treat properties as point functions and
to assume the properties vary
continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• This idealization is valid as long as
size of the system we deal with is
large relative to the space between
the molecules. Despite the large gaps between
molecules, a substance can be treated as
• This is the case in practically all
a continuum because of the very large
problems.
number of molecules even in an
• In this text we will limit our extremely small volume.
consideration to substances that can
be modeled as a continuum.

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DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density Specific gravity: The ratio
of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance
at a specified temperature
Specific volume
(usually water at 4°C). Dimensionless quantity

Specific weight: The

weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

Density is
mass per unit
volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.

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 STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Thermodynamics deals with
equilibrium states.
• Equilibrium: A state of balance.
• In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving
forces) within the system.
• Thermal equilibrium: If the
temperature is the same throughout
the entire system. A system at two different states.
• Mechanical equilibrium: If there is
no change in pressure at any point of
the system with time.
• Phase equilibrium: If a system
involves two phases and when the
mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level and stays there.
• Chemical equilibrium: If the
chemical composition of a system
does not change with time, that is, no A closed system reaching thermal
chemical reactions occur. equilibrium. 15
The State Postulate
• Number of properties required
to fix the state of a system is
given by the state postulate:
• The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by two
independent, intensive
properties.
• Simple compressible
system: If a system involves
no electrical, magnetic,
gravitational, motion, and The state of nitrogen is
surface tension effects. fixed by two independent,
intensive properties.

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PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states,
as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in such
a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state
at all times.

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• Process diagrams plotted by employing
thermodynamic properties as
coordinates are very useful in
visualizing the processes.
• Some common properties that are used
as coordinates are temperature T,
pressure P, and volume V (or specific
volume v).
• The prefix iso- is often used to
designate a process for which a
particularproperty remains constant.
• Isothermal process: A process during
which the temperature T remains
constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains constant.
• Isochoric (or isometric) process: A
process during which the specific
volume v remains constant. The P-V diagram of a compression
process.
• Cycle: A process during which the initial
and final states are identical.

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The Steady-Flow Process
• The term steady implies no
change with time. The
opposite of steady is
unsteady, or transient.
• A large number of engineering During a steady-
devices operate for long flow process, fluid
periods of time under the properties within
same conditions, and they are the control
classified as steady-flow volume may
devices. change with
• Steady-flow process: A position but not
process during which a fluid with time.
flows through a control
volume steadily.
• Steady-flow conditions can be
closely approximated by
devices that are intended for
continuous operation such as
turbines, pumps, boilers,
condensers, and heat
exchangers or power plants or Under steady-flow conditions, the mass
refrigeration systems. and energy contents of a control volume
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remain constant.