KOFORIDUA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT TOPIC:
PERFORMANCE ASSESMENT OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM IN NEW
JUABEN SOUTH DISTRICT

SUPERVISOR:
MR, FRANK OWUSU

MEMBERS
BOATENG KWASI BENJAMIN - 04/2018/2229D
SACKITEH COLLINS TEYE - 04/2018/2238D

October 16, 2021,

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
DISCLAIMER.........................................................................................................................................3
DEDICATION........................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................................4
1.INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
1.1 BACKGROUD..................................................................................................................................6
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT..........................................................................................................6
1.3 JUSTIFICATION..............................................................................................................................7
1.4 MOTIVATION..................................................................................................................................8
1.5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................9
1.6. LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT........................................................................10
CHAPTER 2..............................................................................................................................................11
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................11
2.1. THEORETICAL REVIEW............................................................................................................11
2.1.1 Conventional Approaches to Planning of solid waste management of the Urban Environment.
...........................................................................................................................................................11
2.1.2. Alternative Approaches to Planning of SWM of the Urban Environment...............................14
2.2. EMPIRICAL REVIEW.................................................................................................................16
2.2.1 Existing solid waste management practices in Dar es Salaam..................................................16
2.2.2 Solid waste management, the case study of KJMWODA- CBO in Kinondoni Hanna Nasif -
Dar es Salaam city.............................................................................................................................18
2.2.4 A case study of solid waste management in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.......................................25
2.2.5 A case study of Karachi Administration Women's Welfare Society (KAWWS) at Faisalabad,
Pakistan.............................................................................................................................................30
2.3. POLICY REVIEW.....................................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 3..............................................................................................................................................34
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................34
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................34
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN.................................................................................................................36
3.3 Unit of Inquiry.............................................................................................................................37
3.4 Sources of Data............................................................................................................................37
3.5 Instruments (Modes of Data Collection)......................................................................................37
3.6 Data Processing and Analysis.....................................................................................................44
CHAPTER 4..............................................................................................................................................45
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................................45
4.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................................45
 DISCLAIMER
We declare the following to be our own works, unless otherwise referenced, as defined by the
University’s policy on plagiarism

DEDICATION
We solely dedicate this book to God almighty for his protection and our supervisor Ing.Dr. Frank
Owusu for his advices and guidance through the entire project.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, we express my profound sincerity and gratitude to the Almighty God under
whose vision, guidance and protection this work has become a reality. We also expend our
appreciation to Prof. Francis Anto for his advice and financial support
 CHAPTER 1
1.INTRODUCTION
The collection of municipal solid waste is a public service that has important impacts on public
health and the appearance of towns and cities. Unfortunately, many urban administrations seem
to be losing the battle of coping with the ever-increasing quantities of waste. The challenge is
made greater by the diversity of materials in the waste, which is no longer mainly food waste and
ash, but includes more and more plastic packaging, paper, discarded electronic equipment and
other toxic materials. This project is written mainly to look into the collection performance of
solid waste in the New Juaben South District in the New Juaben Municipality in Koforidua,
Eastern Region of Ghana.
Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and
rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.
The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality, and
it changes significantly with time. Due to this variation every municipality or district has unique
method of collection of its solid waste.
Waste collection system by Wikipedia is the collection of solid waste from the point of use and
disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. There are different types of waste collection systems
used in various districts and countries. This project takes a look at the waste collection systems
used in the new juaben south district in particular. And also give recommendations to some of
the systems of waste collection.
The management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge in urban areas throughout the
world particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the developing world (Foo, 1997). A high rate
of population growth and increasing per capita income have resulted in the generation of an
enormous volume of solid waste, which poses a serious threat to environmental quality and
human health (Snigdha, 2003). Access to sanitation services and clean adequate water are
therefore regarded as crucial to the health and wellbeing of people.
As more cities become industrialized, the congenital problem of waste management comes along
with it. Technological and economic advancement has made the types and kinds of Solid Waste
very diverse and their management much more complex. The complex nature of disease
outbreaks; cases of cholera as well as other diarrheal diseases in recent times corroborate this
fact. Furthermore, the changing economic trends and rapid urbanization complicate solid waste
management (SWM) in developing countries. Consequently, solid waste is not only increasing in
composition but also changing in quantity from a few kilograms to tonnage proportions recently
(Bartone, 1993).
In Ghana, the government started privatizing Solid Waste Collection (SWC) in order to meet the
collection demand of the enormous waste being generated. The privatization is believed to have
taken place in the mid-1990s (Baud and Post, 2002).
Even though the government privatized SWC, the public sector still collected half of the city
waste. Moreover, in Koforidua, the collection systems differed from the high-income to low-
income residents. Low-income groups cannot afford to pay for proper garbage disposal and they
tend to dump domestic garbage near their houses, in rivers, into sewage drains, and at other
illegal sites. On the other hand, high-income groups tend to pay waste collection fees.
According to Boadi and Kuitunen (2003), in 1998, 80 percent of waste was from the low-income
residents, 17 percent came from middle-income residents, and three percent of waste was from
high income groups. Most of the waste generated from the low-income residents in Koforidua is
not effectively collected.
Before 1995, 60 percent of waste was collected by the Waste Management Department (WMD)
(Boadi & Kuitunen, 2002). According to Post et al., (2003), by 1999, about five years after
privatization of SWC, the ratio of waste collection by the public and the private sectors increased
up to 70 percent. Ten years down the lane, even with the proliferation of more private waste
management firms it is possible 10 percent of solid waste is not collected.
There is the paucity of published data on the Solid Waste Collection (SWC) situation in New
juaben North District; a rapidly growing district area in the Eastern region. This thesis seeks to
fill the gap by looking at the impact of socioeconomic indicators, such as income, education, and
family composition, on environmental quality and public health through SWC and management.
1.1 BACKGROUD

The name of the project we are undertaking is ‘PERFORMANCE ACCESMENT OF SOLID

WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM IN THE NEW JUABEN SOUTH DISTRICT. This district is
located in Eastern Region of Ghana in the New Juaben Municipality of Koforidua. Solid
waste collection faces a range of challenges, and the difficulties faced by one city can be
very different from those experienced by another. The aim of this project is to look at the
systems used in solid waste collection in the district and their effects and challenges
including the effect of the distances between waste points to improper disposal of waste. We
will also talk about some basic principles of good solid waste collection and challenges that
commonly face decision-makers, and suggests strategies for improving the effectiveness
efficiency and acceptability of solid waste collection services.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Improper disposal of waste is now a norm in most district in Koforidua not to mention the nation
at large. We have taken the mantle to investigate if the distance between collection points and the
frequency at which the bins at collection points are emptied by waste management influences the
improper disposal of waste in the new Juaben South district.
Information gathered from the new juaben south municipal district indicated that, though the
volume of waste generated daily is unknown, about 600 to 1000 tons of solid waste from the
district is hauled to the dumpsite weekly. This is assumed by Zoom lion Limited to be about 70
percent of the total waste available for collection weekly, further implying that about 30 percent
of the waste generated is being improperly disposed of throughout the district. In the meantime,
the actual volume of waste generated within the district weekly is unknown. This improper
disposal is witnessed through littering of streets, dumping of refuse in drains thereby choking
them or in bushy areas causing an eyesore and more importantly creating breeding grounds for
disease vectors and pathogens
Per the waste management standard if one should walk a distance of more than 100 meters
before he or she comes across a bin, that person is liable of littering, we have observed that the
distances between bin are sometimes too far and, in another place, short distanced
We want to observe both scenarios to see how the affect the improper disposal of solid waste in
the district
1.3 JUSTIFICATION

New juaben Municipal district is a formal district that was located in Eastern Region of Ghana.
Originally created as a municipal district assembly in 1988.however on 1 November 2017, it was
split out into two new municipal district: New Juaben South Municipal District and New Juaben
North Municipal District. The district has an area of 117.6km3 and a population projection of 74025
from 2010 to 2020 (Ghana statistics service)
Information gathered from the new juaben municipal district indicated that, though the volume of
waste generated daily is unknown, about 600 to 1000 tons of solid waste from the metropolis is
hauled to the dumpsite daily. This is assumed by Zoom lion Limited to be about 80 percent of the
total waste available for collection daily further implying that about 20 percent of the waste
generated is being improperly disposed of throughout the Metropolis. In the meantime, the actual
volume of waste generated within the metropolis daily is unknown.
This improper disposal is witnessed through littering of streets, dumping of refuse in drains thereby
choking them or in bushy areas causing an eyesore and more importantly creating breeding grounds
for disease vectors and pathogens.
The result is the general unsanitary conditions created within the Metropolis with the subsequent
breeding of mosquitoes and other flies which cause diseases.
It has also been observed that domestic, industrial as well as commercial wastes are poorly managed
giving rise to the degradation of the environment. Open spaces are abused in terms of use. They are
used for defecation and indiscriminate citing of disposal points for refuse.
Municipal solid waste management is a very important public service which benefits all residents
within the municipality. It is therefore only sound and feasible to include even those who do not pay
in the service provision, because public cleanliness and the safe disposal of waste are essential to
public health and environmental protection.

As a result of these characteristics, solid waste management is a public good for which local or
metropolitan governments are typically responsible (Cointreau-Levine, 1994).
1.4 MOTIVATION

As mentioned earlier, new juaben south is a subset of the division of the new juaben district due
to area population and just like many other urban cities, it does face migration and infrastructural
challenges.
Nevertheless, the uniquely planned communities of the district as well as the available
infrastructures were not designed to cater for the current large and ever-growing population.
As is the case, many Ghanaian districts lack the financial resources and more importantly the
institutional capacity to provide the most basic infrastructure.
Within the last few years, the high number of households that have sprung up throughout district
and the large volumes of solid waste being generated, has left the new juaben district Assembly
overwhelmed and unable to efficiently collect and dispose solid waste. Moreover, households
have only had the opportunity of choosing the private services of Zoomlion Ghana Limited.
Since the district has no working waste management structure.
Linkages exist between deficient infrastructure and health outcomes of urban residents. For
instance, information obtained from a case study in Kampala indicated that inadequate provision
of proper sanitation accounts for 7 percent of all deaths and diseases worldwide, with children
and women being most at risk. In the first quarter of 2012, cholera and other diarrheal diseases
broke out in some cities within the country and new juaben was no exception. As was reported,
respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases are the two biggest causes of death among the
poorest 20 percent of the world’s countries as ranked by national GDP per capita (Gwatkin and
Guillot, 1999).
The poor solid waste management problem has become one of the major concerns for a number
of environmental events. It is an important element to consider in safeguarding public health and
ensuring environmental protection: i.e., protection against short-term direct and indirect health
risks due to poor waste collection and disposal.
1.5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

This work is aimed at examining the performance of public and private municipal solid waste
Collection in the New Juaben North municipality district situated in Koforidua. The main
objective of this study is to determine the influence of;
• the distance between waste bins on improper disposal of waste
• how frequent the waste bins are been collected by waste management on improper
disposal of waste

Specific objectives of this study are:

To measure the level of waste that can be made in the municipality by;

 Considering the factors that can influence waste quantity.

 The factors that influence the frequency of waste collection.

 To prescribe the adequate mode of collection system or method with the respect
to the layouts and the location and types of building.

 To develop strategies for the better management of solid waste based on

information obtained and recommend these strategies for better solid waste
management in the district.
1.6. LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The study will examine the process of solid waste collection practice in the New Juaben North
areas. The area spans about 117.6km2 and the sample size is 300 households represented by the
heads of the households and community leaders obtained through stratified random sampling of
the towns in the district. Equal chances were given to the members of the towns within the
district and also the representation provides the same community status.
Due to the limited resources in terms of time and finance the sample represents 40% of the total
households in the district. Another limitation is the ongoing population census mood, which
sometimes caused misunderstandings in the community members
 CHAPTER 2
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
The review was based on empirical sources, theoretical reviews and policy papers, where a
number of books, publications, journal articles and Acts have been cited- Also articles
(electronic) from different web sites were cited.

2.1. THEORETICAL REVIEW

Solid Waste Management definition.
This is a term used to refer to the process of cleaning the environment by getting rid of the solid
waste materials. Yhdego Ibid, (1985) defines SWM as the entire process of generating waste,
collecting and transporting waste, storing waste at transfer stations, street cleaning, disposing
waste and waste recovery, recycling and reuse.
Justine Ansch, (2001) on his part defines community based solid waste management projects as
activities carried out by members of the community to clean up their neighborhood and or to earn
income from solid waste. Examples are collection of solid waste, the sale of recyclable, recycling
and composting activities.

2.1.1 Conventional Approaches to Planning of solid waste management of the Urban

Environment.
In this approach the municipal council is the sole responsible party in managing the solid wastes.
They collect the waste from source in the communities, Central Business District (CBD),
industries and institutions and transport it to the disposal sites. (Mgana S, 1996)
For centuries, efforts to address the urban planning and management have been guided by
conventional approaches (Armstrong, 1987, Mattingly 1988; Halla, 1999, Majani, 2002). In
developed countries mechanisms of conventional approaches have successfully tackled these
challenges and many evidences of such successes are remarkable in the United States of
America, the United Kingdom, Germany and the rest of Europe (Halla, 1999,2002). The same
approaches have been used to tackle similar challenges in the developing countries including
Tanzania with very little success not able to provide significant solutions to major problems
including solid waste management.
Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) presents a major challenge for many Sub -Sahara
African cities where rapid growth, social and cultural changes, wide spread poverty, inadequate
and weak local governance and limited financial resources all contribute to increasing pollution
and waste disposal problems. (Onibokun, 1999 in Karanja et al). The inability of responsible
local authorities to provide effective and reliable solid waste management services including
solid waste disposal (Kalwani ,2003)
Onibokun, (1999) also found that there are several problems related to SWM caused by
conventional approaches. For example, inappropriate solid waste management causes air, soil
and water pollution leading not only to environmental degradation but also to a growing
catalogue of human health problems. Irresponsible solid waste dumping contaminates surface
and ground water supplies. In industrial and urban areas, washing "away" solid wastes can clog
drains, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and potential for floods in rainy seasons.
Uncontrolled burning and opened incineration have a toxic influence on air pollution. Organic
wastes dumped in landfills generate greenhouse gases, and untreated leachate pollutes
surrounding soil and water bodies such as ground water supplies. These environmental problems
include only the impacts of solid waste disposal; they exclude the impact of environmental
damage resulting from extraction of resources and processing materials, and the World Bank
estimates that 95 percent of a product's environmental impact occurs before it is discarded as
solid waste.
Problems of waste accumulation have become a serious threat to the health situation of many of
its inhabitants. Overall, mechanisms of conventional approaches have been failing to address
urban challenges (World Bank 1986, in Halla 1999:94 World Bank 2001:13). According to B.K
Majani, (2000), the failure of the conventional approaches has resulted into a set of complex
environmental problems that require more effective approaches to address. The conventional
approaches have failed to address problems due to their serious conceptual and practical
weaknesses, Halla, (1994). The diagram below illustrates the conventional approach (see figure
No 1).
 Figure No 1: Solid waste Management Model before EPM Interventions

Source: Samson Elisha, 2003

2.1.2. Alternative Approaches to Planning of SWM of the Urban Environment
EPM is an alternative approach to urban planning and management, has been introduced in
preference of conventional urban development planning and management approaches based on
grounds that issues that need to be addressed in cities, as already pointed out, are beyond the
competence of only conventional approaches (Majani, 1998). The aim of EPM is to enhance the
capacity of actors in the public, private and popular sectors to planning and manage the urban
environment. In practice however, EPM does not differ significantly from the conventional
approaches, except that it is flexible and embodies transparence, acts on priority issues that are
crucial to a community, emphasizes partnerships and the need to tap private sector resources to
provide public services (Majani, 2002).
Many countries have thus responded to the problem of urban waste by introducing solid waste
management systems that encourage a public/ private partnership. Community groups are
encouraged to form associations that deal among other issues with the solid waste management.
Private contractors have also been invited to participate.
Solid waste management is a public service and local governments or respective municipal
agencies are basically responsible for its delivery. It is therefore imperative that municipal
authorities remain in charge of this task to achieve an overall consistent SWM system on a
municipal-wide and regional level. However, this does not mean that government authorities
have to deliver the actual collection services themselves. In fact, private enterprises or CBOs
can, under appropriate conditions, provide solid waste collection, transfer, transport, and disposal
services more efficiently and at lower costs than the public sector (Mgana S, 1996). It is
evidenced that communities are more than willing to provide for themselves urban service like
waste management when local authorities are unable to do so (Kim Peter, 1998).
The Government role then shifts to that of facilitator and supervisor of the service. It is
undeniable that every collection scheme, including non-governmental approaches, requires some
support from the municipal authorities to achieve sustainability. Hence, municipal enterprises
and organizations must be included whenever possible in the planning of such schemes. The
diagram below illustrates the alternative approach of planning SWM in the urban environment
(see figure No 2).
Figure No 2: Solid Waste Management Model after EPM Interventions

Source: Samson Elisha

2.2. EMPIRICAL REVIEW
Economic development, urbanization and improving living standards in cities, have led to
increase in the quantity and complexity of generated waste. Management of Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW) resulting out of rapid urbanization has become a serious concern for government
departments, pollution control agencies, regulatory bodies and also public in most of the
developing countries. Rapid growth of population and industrialization degrades urban
environment and places serious stress on natural resources, which undermines equitable and
sustainable development. Inefficient management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause
for degradation of environment in most cities of the developing world. A review of case studies
below justifies the situation in different developing countries.
These case studies include the solid waste management in Dar es salaam city by Mbuligwe and
Kassenga, (2004) followed by a case study of KIMWODA a CBO in Kinondoni Hanna Nasif
Dar es salaam by B.B.K.Majani, (2000). Experience from other developing countries include
case studies of solid waste management in Cape Town by Fourie F, 2000; A case study of solid
waste management in Dhaka City, Bangladesh by Syed Mohmood Anwar, (2005); A community
based initiatives in solid waste management at Faisalabad in Karachi by Mansoor Ali and
Marielle Snel and a case study of solid waste management in Mumbai (India) by Sarika Kansal
(2001)

2.2.1 Existing solid waste management practices in Dar es Salaam.

In the study of Mbuligwa- and Kassenga in Dar es Salaam, the problem of SWM has been
addressed through the mechanism of both conventional and alternative approaches to urban
planning management The conventional practices have largely been unsuccessful therefore
coordinated efforts under EPM practices have been adopted.
(a) The waste stream and waste disposal practices.
The major source of Dar es Salaam solid waste can be categorized as; households, commercial
and industrial, institutions and street refuse. In Dar es Salaam city, the waste stream
encompassing all sources of waste includes; self- disposal, discharge, illegal dumping, recycling,
collection, and final disposal as reported by Mbuligwe and Kassenga, (2004). In the case of self-
disposal, the waste generated by a source is disposed of by the source itself within its premises.
Typical examples of self-disposal methods are burying of waste in pits and burning. Discharge
means that the waste generated by a source is given away to a waste collector or discharged at a
certain place from where it can be collected by another party. This includes placing the waste at
an approved collection point or in a waste collection truck.
Illegal dumping implies that the waste generated by a source is dumped in the vicinity of the
source or in a place where such a practice is prohibited, such as at the roadside, in open spaces,
in drains, and in valleys. Recycling means the waste generated by a source is sold or given away
for reuse or recycling. Common items for recycling include paper, plastic, metal and glass. In the
case of collection, the waste generated by a source at a certain place is collected by another party
for transport to a final disposal place. Some scavenging may take place prior to the collection.
Final disposal implies that the waste collection is transported to the official city disposal site.
(b) Waste collection and transportation
The two researchers also established that, the existing system of waste collection involves
collection and transportation of waste from source or intermediate points in the waste stream to
the disposal point. Typically, trucks with a 7 tons capacity and higher are used for long distance
transport. Handcarts are used to collect and transport waste from neighborhoods that are
inaccessible by motorized vehicles. The handcarts usually discharge at a point from where DCC
trucks pick it for eventual transport to the disposal site. Handcarts are also used for collection
and transportation of waste to unofficial transfer points or illegal disposal sites. In addition to the
DCC, there are licensed private contractors who provide solid waste collection services. Large
institutions and industries collect and transport their waste to the disposal site on their own or
using contractors
Major problems facing solid waste collection and transportation services in the city include
inefficiency of the transportation system due to frequent vehicle breakdowns; inadequacy of
collection vehicles; and inaccessibility of some waste sources, such as unplanned undeveloped
areas due to poor road conditions. Additionally, crew productivity is low. Furthermore, some
private contractors returns from waste collection services provision are non-economic except in
commercial or industrial areas. These problems are aggravated by non-enforcement of relevant
solid waste management by -laws and regulations by the DCC.
(c) Resource recovery and recycling
Recovery of resources form solid waste is achieved mainly through recycling, which is mostly
practiced by individuals. Kaseva M. E, (2002) comment that recycling provides an opportunity to
recover some benefits from municipal refuse; particularly in the form of long term energy and
resource savings. At the same time while waste disposal prevents environmental degradation and
pollution, benefits in terms of energy and useful materials are obtained from what is otherwise
unwanted and offensive materials. It is therefore currently widely accepted that the sustainable
approach to waste management must emphasis waste reduction from the generation point,
recycling of the materials and recovery of nutrients, chemicals and energy values of the waste.
Resource recovery takes place to different extents at the source and disposal places, and applies
mostly to household and commercial waste. In the case of Dar es Salaam city, Mbuligwe and
Kassenga (2004) found that, household waste on site recycling accounts for 114 tons per day,
which is about 8% of the total household waste generated. Recycling of commercial waste
amounts to 1.2 tons per day. At the sources, the total amount of waste recycled is 115.2 tons per
day, of which 99% is household waste, 0.9% is food waste from restaurants and 0.1% is office
waste. At the waste discharge place,
recyclable items are scavenged prior to collection of the waste, for example at markets. The total
amount of recycled waste at the discharge point is estimated to be 3.1 tons per day for the whole
city. During collection of waste before subsequent disposal, recyclables may be taken out of the
waste. In this case, sorting takes place as the waste is loaded into collection vehicles. The extent
of recycling at this stage is very small, and this small component is incorporated in recycling at
the final disposal place where about 2.1 tons per day of waste is recycled, (Kaseva, 2002)
Waste paper is used by two local industries, Kibo Paper Industries and Tanpack Industries. Some
amount of paper is exported to Kenya for recycling, presumably because the internal market is
still too small for the time being. For scrap metal, there are six large industries and a number of
small industries, and all these use the bulk of recyclable metal. The reuse rate of glass beverage
bottles is very high (99%) because of the deposit system. With respect to broken glass, only one
industry, Kioo Ltd, produces bottles out of broken bottles at a consumption rate of 200 tons per
month. A higher demand for glass recycling is anticipated in the foreseeable future.
In the strict sense of the term, treatment of solid waste does not take place in Dar es Salaam city.
Furthermore, the contribution of incineration, which takes place at hospitals, and composting as
well as biogas production to waste disposal is currently negligible.

2.2.2 Solid waste management, the case study of KJMWODA- CBO in Kinondoni Hanna Nasif -
Dar es Salaam city.
There are few literature regarding successes and failure of CBO is engaged in solid waste
management particularly in unplanned settlements. Few researchers such as Majani, B.B.K
(2000) have tried to study and analyze how solid waste has been managed. A case study was
undertaken at one CBO known as Kinondoni Moscow Women Development Association
(KIMWODA) situated at Kinondoni Hanna Nasif ward in Dar es salaam. The CBO is involved
with solid waste collection in the area since 1994. The organization serves a population of about
40,000 people organized in about 8,000 households. The ward consists of two portions of
settlements, the planned part with about 15,000 people and another part, which is undergoing
upgrading from unplanned settlement with about 25,000 people.
KIMWODA started as a voluntary organization with five women members with twenty women
employees organized under a chairperson and both are residents of Hanna Nasif. The
organization became a fully contracted company under the mechanism of Dar es salaam City
Commission in 1998. KIMWODA addressed the strategy of community involvement in the
collection of waste in unserviced settlements. Since 1994 the cleanliness of the Hanna Nasif
environment has improved considerably. KIMWODA has also engaged in practices of
conducting awareness campaigns to the Hanna Nasif community on the need to have clean
environment.
During the study Majani established some findings that were indicating the potentials of
community in that area to manage their waste produced and difficulties faced in the process.
Some of the remarkable findings were:
(i) Type of waste collected and method of collection used;
Most common types of waste collected in Hanna Nasif come from households of residential,
business and farmer's households. KIMWODA was mainly using pushcarts for collecting waste.
They had additional equipment consisting of shovels, brooms, hoes, rakes and baskets. They did
not have a truck, but occasionally hires from other companies when need arises. KIMWODA
collects waste and piles it at some secondary destinations where they conduct the sorting to
recover certain materials. The most common recovered materials included metal, glass, paper
and plastics. The rest of the waste were dumped mainly in areas where the waste constitutes the
base materials for repairing roads or reclaiming lands, which are threatened by erosion in the
neighborhood.
(ii) Income distribution pattern:
According to the survey done by Majani, (2000), Hanna Nasif area consists of civil servants
(40%), business including informal sector (30%), urban farmers (15%) and diplomats (1%).
About 45% of its population earn below the minimum wage (set at 30,000shs per month by
2000) and hence reflecting large signs of poverty. He found that only 50% of the households are
paying the refuse collection charges. It was also noted that the pattern of solid waste generation
follows the income distribution and the type of activity undertaken. The business people mainly
produce paper, metal, glass and plastic.
(iii) Waste disposal methods:
Majani found that among the residents of the area, 20% prefer to bury, burn or dispose the waste
within their compounds. This group constitutes about 60% of those living in the planned portion
of the ward (i.e. 22.5% of the total ward population). The remaining 40% in the planned area (i.e
15% of total ward population) have relationship with KIMWODA to collect the waste from their
houses and pay the amount of refuse charge agreed between them, not necessarily corresponding
to that issued by the commission.
Households in the upgrading area have a different pattern. About 50% of those living in this
upgrading area (35% of total ward population) have agreements with KIMWODA to collect
waste from their houses. The remaining 44% (27.5% of total ward population) resort to throw
their produced waste in Msimbazi valley, on the main roads, in surrounding drains and streets in
Hanna Nasif area. The percentage of people that does not pay the refuse collection charges
corresponds very closely with the percentage of the poor people in the area.
(iv) Waste disposal capabilities:
KIMWODA was capable of collecting less than 50% of the total 28 tons produced per day and
disposes almost none at the official dumpsite because of transport problem. The material that is
not recovered as " valuable" either stays at the temporary transfer station or is haphazardly
dumped along major roads and open spaces where they expect the city commission trucks to haul
it. KIMWODA resells at some marginal profit the recovered materials to middlemen and
relevant industries. These operations to a great extent, supplements the apparent losses suffered
by the CBO by reasons of non-payment of refuse collection charge by the residents.
(v) Introduction of the EPM process strategies:
The researcher found that the introduction of the EPM process strategies in SWM in 1994 has
brought a number of institutional changes at KIMWODA. The organization setup has changed
from mere collection group to a hierarchy with single stage, in which a chairman has three
specialized operations under her command (collection, sorting, selling). Collection branch has 12
employees, sorting has 5 and selling has 3 people each with a head acting as departmental
managers. There are also other community groups including freelance scavengers, which work
under the umbrella of KIMWODA. The CBO also advices the small scale producers of items
manufactured using recovered materials from solid waste such as small kerosene lamps, knives,
metal containers, buckets etc and assist in the marketing of these to local markets.
(vi) Transaction costs:
The transaction costs of solid waste are high. Majani found that the hierarchical transaction cost
in KIMWODA administration is exacerbated by the operator's low education and by a virtual
lack of training in solid waste collection, sorting and also entrepreneurship. The leadership is not
equipped with training in legal matters, record keeping and negotiation skills. Result in
inefficient use of income derived from their activities because after payment of routine
obligations, the owners of the association divide the remainder among themselves in accordance
with their constitution. On the job training skills acquired by the employees are not accompanied
by conditions to remain on the job. The mode of payment of salaries is on weekly rate outputs
that are but determined basing on a piece rate. The manner in which management reaches
decision no single owner may take a decision result to lengthy and denies individual manager
opportunity to exercise rationality.
He found another impediment to reducing transaction cost. No efforts have been tried by
KIMWODA to integrate the cell and Mtaa leaders into the management structure so that they act
as direct supervision of waste collection in their areas of jurisdiction at an agreed fee.
From the research findings, Majani gave some recommendations that he thought may assist
Hananasif community in proper management of their wastes at least effort and financial strain.
He recommended that: (i) Review of City commission fixed charge decision:
The decision of the commission to fix a homogeneous charge for refuse collection pegged on the
area gave rise to the temptation to resist paying by many residents which therefore escalates the
costs of transaction in the economic performance of KIMWODA. He further recommends that it
has largely remained the responsibility of KIMWODA to negotiate with the residents on the
modalities for payment. The remuneration was then pegged on the amount of waste hauled rather
than a daily or monthly charge. Because of this form of payment, several households opted to
come together and pile their waste in a common area.
The selective process of collecting waste resulted to 50% of households' deficient of the services.
Such lack of waste service delivery further leads to pileups of refuse hence provided grounds for
the outbreak of diseases like cholera, malaria dysentery etc. and a virtual decrease in productivity
by the dirt residents because of ill-health.
(ii) Awareness campaigns:
Failure by the city to conduct public awareness campaigns led to unwillingness of the household
to pay for the waste collected services because of lack of enough knowledge on the need to do so
which in turn leads to slackened performance by the contractor, KIMWODA, to effectively
collect the waste. Similarly, lack of adequate supervision by the commission on the performance
of KIMWODA leads to haphazard dumping and have household discomfort from the waste
pileups. He also recommended awareness creation among residents is best achieved through
learning -by- doing.

(iii) Contracts awards:

He recommended that the decision of the commission to award contracts of waste collection to
contractors and community organizations without taking into consideration of their origin has
resulted into problems of reluctance to pay refuse collection fee and the tendency to haphazardly
dump and waste, acts which have partially increased the cost of transaction in the economic
exchange of SWM. The researcher also found that most of the city trucks are still very busy
collecting waste and dispose to the dumpsite showing the city commission is doing the work of
contractors.
An important principle in his analysis is the understanding that roles and responsibilities that can
be adequately performed by lower level of institution should not be offered for execution by
higher-level institutions.
2.2,3 A case study of waste management in Metropolitan Cape Town
Fourie F (2000) attempted to shed light on some of the complicated issues related to solid waste
management in Cape Town. He highlighted the problems and possible solutions to improve and
create more sustainable waste management systems.
Cape Town which is a metropolitan city of more than three million people, situated on the
southernmost tip of Africa, a large percentage of the population is poor, with many living below
the breadline who cannot afford even rudimentary services.
He postulated that it is possible to achieve the goal for Cape Town of being a world class yet an
African city, while caring for the needs of all people, and without compromising the
environment. He mentioned that it depends on whether the right decisions are made and
solutions to the challenges that face the city are adopted in the short term. Public involvements,
along with education and information processes, are seen as the keys to success of the solid
waste system.
During the study various findings were highlighted and recommendations given on how to
manage the problem of solid waste, especially in the fast-growing cities like Cape Town. These
are;
(i) Problems in the field of waste management
The city of Cape Town has recently been formed out of seven autonomous Councils each with its
own administration, level of service and tariffs for its residents. The problems in the field of
waste management are immense. Fourie, reports that there is fragmentation and duplication of
services, which results in wastage and places a burden on financial resources. The problems are
exacerbated by the fact of ever-increasing debtors' books, which resulted from unpaid accounts.
These arrears are increasing at an alarming rate as a culture of non-payment prevails in certain
communities within the city. The resulting lack of funds causes infrastructural problems as well
as operational and capital budget cutbacks. In addition to the presence of many bureaucratic
procedures, there is also a lack of performance management and incentives for staff. He
recommended that the transformation of the fragmented solid waste management services into
optimized customer focused business units is regarded as the most effective way to manage
waste in Cape Town.
There are pockets of excellence in the provision of services including the handling of solid
waste. These are overshadowed by areas which are littered and which have become the dumping
ground for unscrupulous illegal dumpers. These persons dump their waste at the roadsides or in
any open space in the dead of night or even in broad daylight, thereby causing health problems
and other major environmental problems. In every community there are people who have little
concern for the state of the environment. This is due to ignorance or social hardship. There is
little formal environmental education on a significant scale for the residents of Cape Town.
The problems associated with illegal dumping and the task of getting all waste into the formal
waste stream and upgrading the collection, transfer and disposal facilities coupled with the lack
of supporting legislation have resulted in a slow progress towards the goals of waste reduction,
minimization and recycling. The waste stream is mixed and very little pre-sorting takes place on
a formal level.
(ii) Structural re-organisation
He found that following the international trend, solid waste management are reorganized into
outcome focused, ring fenced business units with an emphasis on the core business of each unit.
This resulted in efficient, cost-effective services for all residents, which are not harnessed by
unnecessary bureaucracy. In the initial study, the trading arm of solid waste, which comprises
waste transfer and disposal, has been identified as an area of progress, which could result in
improved internal mechanisms or corporatization into, for example, a utility company. This part
of the service is tariff funded and has clearly defined customers from both within as well as
outside the council.
He confirmed that waste collection is receiving attention and will be subject to similar studies at
a later stage. If the decision-makers favor utility companies, as has been the case in
Johannesburg, these companies will be registered with the council as the sole shareholder. The
adoption of clear lines of responsibility, accountability, control of resources linked to
performance management and possible incentive schemes will surely result in greater operational
and economic efficiency.
Fouries recommended that the involvement of communities would be encouraged through
policies that assist in the employment of SMMEs (small, micro and medium enterprises). In
addition, policies are investigated that focus on waste management as a vehicle for job creation.
Entrepreneurial community-based collection systems have already been successfully
implemented in Cape Town, where previously unemployed people are now small business
owners and employers. These community waste management systems all have a place in the
integrated waste management plan for Cape Town.

(iii) Sustainable and integrated waste management

The development of sustainable environmental plans such as IMEP (Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental Programme) is under way which include integrated waste plans for Cape Town.
All planning and operational activities must be considered holistically. A City Development
Strategy (CDS) for the city as a whole and a council-specific Integrated Development Plan (IDP)
are being developed for Cape Town to facilitate overall integration. In order to be sustainable,
waste management must consider the waste stream in a holistic cradle-to-grave manner in order
to optimize the use of natural resources and reduce environmental impacts. An integrated
approach, which combines several techniques such as waste reduction, reuse, recycling,
composting, treatment and disposal must be considered.
He declared that waste generation statistics are now available for the first time. It is essential,
that this information is transferred into a dynamic waste information system that can be kept up
to date to enable proper planning and continual review. It has been estimated that, on average,
each resident of the Cape generates approximately 1kg of waste per day that requires landfill
disposal.
Existing recycling and composting programmes were evaluated. Some 6% of domestic waste
was recycled. Judging from the waste that goes to landfills, it was estimated that domestic waste
recycling could be increased to about 22%. As a first step, sorting of mixed waste was
investigated, but long-term plans to encourage and phase in source separation would be put in
place. Education and public awareness are considered as critical components in the success of
the plan. Waste management is generally considered to comprise two facets viz.
community/logistics as well as scientific/engineering.
The cleansing and waste collection services may be regarded as community services requiring a
logistics approach while the planning and management of waste transfer and disposal require a
scientific/engineering approach.
He recommended that communities should be encouraged to take responsibility for their waste
and should be consulted in the preparation of a strategy for cleaning their area. In addition,
citizens will be made aware of and continually reminded of the aims and objectives of the waste
strategy implemented in their area. Information on waste types and quantities should be made
available. The implementation of any strategy can only be successful with the active
participation and support of the communities. The public must be involved in the entire process;
people must be included early on in the process so that they understand the effects and costs of
management of the wastes that they produce.
There are presently three levels of collection service: rudimentary service, black bags service,
and a containerized system. He insisted that illegal dumping in Cape Town must be stopped as
soon as possible. An intensive strategy was launched to clean the city, but also to educate and
inform the people. This is seen as the corner stone of an successful strategy; bylaws should be
redrafted to improve the enforcement of the laws. The causes of the underlying problems are
established and solutions developed; major cleanups without sustainable results should be
discouraged. The first and foremost task is to make all waste enter into the waste stream.
Communities will be encouraged to take responsibility through proper campaigns that promote a
clean and sustainable city. Fourie recommends sustainability must be aimed at by implementing
integrated waste management systems, which use a mix of alternative solutions that complement
each other. A cradle-to-grave approach is needed.
(iv) Recycling and composting
Waste reduction, recycling and composting form major components of a sustainable waste
management system. Along with improved standards and increasing disposal and transport costs,
waste reduction is also becoming more financially attractive. This concept includes more than
just separating post-consumer materials; it also includes reuse, re-processing and re-
manufacturing. Recycling is also a vehicle of job creation, and a number of operations are being
looked at to determine which of them are suitable for the sorting of waste to recover reusable
products and raw materials.
Fourie claimed that there are many success stories in school recycling schemes. In some cases,
bottle and paper banks situated inconvenient spots also provide other solutions. These recycling
centres are, however, often poorly sited and cause social nuisances. Managing these sites
presents a challenge. Public pressure forces the city to consider closure of certain drop-off sites
because of the social problems they cause. Sites must not be neglected; instead, they should be
integrated into municipal programmes with appropriate control. Litterbins must be available at
each site. Organic material in household waste in the form of green and kitchen waste is a
resource that should be returned to the environment to increase soil integrity and productivity.
Composting is a natural way to turn waste into a resource in a controlled way before it is
returned to the environment.
In Cape Town, there are three large municipal composting facilities, all of which have been in
operation for some two decades. These plants have one thing in common - they were not
financially viable and required large subsidies. However, as acceptable landfills are often scarce
near areas where waste is generated and transfer stations are implemented to move the waste
further a-field, a new move is evaluated towards composting as a cost-effective alternative.
(v) Disposal by landfill
The study of an integrated strategy for the Cape Town have recognized landfill disposal as an
appropriate and a necessary component of waste management in South Africa. Landfills must be
properly sited, well-engineered, and efficiently operated, and the general effects of operations
and the impact on the environment must be monitored. Thus, landfills remain an important
component of Cape Town's integrated waste management plan. Since landfills are increasingly
situated in remote areas transfer stations are established. -
2.2.4 A case study of solid waste management in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
On the other hand, Syed Mahmood Anwar (2005) observed that solid waste management has
become a monumental challenge in Bangladesh-a country with a population density, which is
among the highest in the world, and a country, which is also experiencing the problems of rapid
urbanization. The situation of solid waste management in Dhaka city is inferior. Dhaka City
Corporation collected only 42 percent solid wastes among the generated wastes in Dhaka City.
Furthermore, some community-based organizations are taking initiatives themselves to manage
the rapidly increasing challenge of solid wastes.
Anwar conducted a study at Kalabagan, a neighborhood of Dhaka City. It is located at the middle
of the Dhaka City with a mixed land use. There are lacking of waste bins and the wastes are
found here and there in the area. In these circumstances, the study was looking to how is the
solid waste produced in Dhaka City especially in Kalabagan area managed? How the households,
the house-to-house waste collectors, the CBO and the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) are
participating to the solid waste management process? How can Geographical Information
System (GIS) be used to identify or select suitable location of community waste collection places
in Kalabagan area? In his study he attempted to answer the questions and tried to see whether
GIS can be a solution to the solid waste management or not.
The state of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Dhaka city is a serious concern. On the earlier
study conducted by Majumdar (1998) it was estimated that as low as only 42 percent of the solid
waste generated in Dhaka city is to be collected by the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC).
Majumdar also revealed that 50 percent households do not use waste bins to throw wastes, rather
they throw it either in drain, roadside or in any other improper manner. Besides the health
problem, solid waste blocks the drainage system and creates flooding in the streets leading
towards mosquitoes, bad odor and inconvenience.
The geographical and climatic condition of Dhaka city is favorable for flood; hence, solid waste
in streets and drains multiplies the impacts and miseries. He observed that rotten and
decomposed garbage make neighborhoods filthy, foul smelling and unhealthy. Flies,
cockroaches and rodents thrive in such filth, and they are the known sources of many diseases.
Uncontrolled and open dumping also cause frequent floods and threaten the contamination of
water supply. In consequences, the growing problem of solid waste in Dhaka city is posing
increasing threats to the health and well-being of its residents.
Kalabagan, a densely populated area with mainly residential land-use, is located in the central
part of Dhaka City. As a part of Dhaka city, the picture of waste management is not different
here compared with the other parts of the city. By realizing the overall waste management
situation, it’s seems to be observed that, the actors in Kalabagan as well as in Dhaka city are not
doing their job properly. All the households are not members of the house to house waste
collection services. His statement indicates there might be some reason, for why the households
regret to receive the service of the CBO. He also identifies that the CBO is facing difficulties to
throw the collected wastes to the community bins, as the bins are located at far distance. It was
also pointed out that DCC sometimes do not clear the bins timely and for this reason, the CBO
waste collectors cannot throw the wastes properly.
In addition to the above problem regarding the actor's behaviour, another problem area is
regarding to the old technology and method that is exercised by DCC. DCC is running with old
and inadequate technology for solid waste management. The working nature of the DCC heavily
relies on bureaucratic procedures use incompetent and backdated management tools. On the
other hand, municipalities around the globe with a set of efficient management staff, use modern
technology to tackle urban solid waste management problems. So, there might be some
implications of technology as one of the constraints of the improved and inadequate solid waste
management in Dhaka city.
Kalabagan area is lacking community bins while there is no specific rule regarding placement of
the dustbins or community waste collection places in Dhaka city Geographical Information
System (GIS) could be used in this particular case of problem. GIS tool is applicable in many
varieties of areas of urban solid waste concern. The use of GIS is widely applied to design the
waste collection routes and distributing the transfer bins in a community.
In his study, he tried to show how a Geographic Information System (GIS) could be used to find
out or propose optimum locations of solid waste collection places in a neighborhood. The
ultimate goal of finding out the suitable location of waste collection places should be to improve
the solid waste management system of a community. Whereas, a sustainable solid waste
management system depends highly on how the actors participate. His findings focused on the
applicability of the GIS in the present circumstances from actor's perspective. He also studied the
following areas:
(i) How solid waste has been managed
Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) is the primary responsible authority for the solid waste
management in Kalabagan as well as entire Dhaka city, whereas CBO named as the Samaj
Kalian Parishad is responsible at Kalabagan neighborhood level where a house to house waste
collection system is offered. Nevertheless, 40.7 percent of the population is not participating to
the house-to-house waste collection system. People can choose between throwing the waste by
themselves to the waste bins or give the waste to the house-to-house waste collectors by being a
member of house-to-house waste collection service. He found that people were not satisfied with
the service of the CBO due to some few reasons such as rudeness of the workers, ill-timed waste
collection, and careless waste collection. The unsatisfactory waste management of the CBO
gives very little improvement to the overall waste management of Kalabagan. Moreover, non-
member households are in many cases found throwing the waste in inappropriate manner in non-
designated places. DCC has insufficient legal and institutional strength to deal with the improper
waste dumping by the inhabitants.
The CBO is run by the non-professional management. It is found to be more interested in
collecting monthly charge from households rather than to think about the improved and proper
management of waste. In some cases, people become the member of house-to-house waste
collection service not for the benefit of proper waste management but to get relieved from the
waste burden.
Waste bins are located too far from the houses for most of the Kalabagan area. GIS interpretation
shows that, many people do not find a waste bin even within a 400 meters walking distance. This
explains the presence of lots of wastes being littered along the streets.
(ii) The perspective of actors of SWM in Kalabagan
Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a complex task, where the actors should play the role what
they are supposed to do in order to manage the wastes properly. Actor's Perspective requires
probing more deeply into the social and cultural discontinuities and ambiguities inherent in the
'battlefields of knowledge' that shaped the relations between local actors. Actor's Perspective
theory suggested him to analyze the reasons behind the act, reaction, feelings, and comments of
the actors. Thus, he could reach at the cause of the solid waste management problem in
Kalabagan. After analyzing the context from the viewpoint of different actors, he managed to
see, why they are not participating to the solid waste management properly.
He identified four major categories of actors in the solid waste management of Kalabagan area.
The actors included the households, house-to-house waste collectors, CBO officials and the City
Corporation officials.
(a) Households
Households pay a minimum amount to become a member of house-to-house waste collection
service. The member households are not satisfied on the house-to-house waste collection service
due to some reasons like as untimely waste collection, bad manners of the waste collectors,
careless waste taking. A bulk portion of households are not the member of house-to-house waste
collection, they manage the waste themselves properly or improperly. However, monthly charge
is not the prime reason for not being a member of the house-to-house waste collection service.
Many believe that if they find a waste bin around them, it could be more effective to manage the
waste rather to be a member of house-to-house waste collection service. People are aware of the
impact of improper management of waste. In his view, a culture has been developed that people
care only a little to throw the wastes properly. They do not care much about self-responsibility
for a common goal. One blames another for throwing waste improperly. In fact, at all the levels
among the actors, they blame one another than themselves.
(b) Waste collectors
Waste collectors were not motivated for being responsible to the cleanliness of the street and
proper waste management. They were just following the job routine. Consequently, it ends up
with dropping of wastes from their cart in many places. In the process some wastes were left at
the door of the households. Other factors include the traffic jam, which sometimes makes delay
to the waste collection and causes much trouble to dump the collected waste to the bin.
Collectors do not find a waste bin at a short distance and the crowd road just makes their job
lengthy. They do not get sufficient earning by the job. As a result, they are much interested to
separate the recyclable items from the wastes rather that to manage the waste carefully, since
they can earn some extra cash.
(c) Community Based Organization (CBO)
CBO officials did not control the waste collectors strongly as they knew that they did not pay
them well. But it is also true that, the CBO did not earn much to run the organization in a
professional manner. The managers of the CBO have their own job apart from the waste
management business. So, this volunteer job does not get enough priority to these local
managers.
(d) Dhaka City Corporation (DCC)
DCC employees, who are responsible for waste management service, were not working with
professional attitude. They would like to see CBO taking the whole work at local level. Note
that, they do not have proper guidelines and criteria for selecting CBOs for this job. DCC did not
do proper monitoring on the waste management at field level. Moreover, modern and effective
technology was lacking in DCC. When many developing countries are practicing GIS as a
modern tool for waste management in their cities, DCC thinks GIS as simply a tool for map
presentation. DCC does not have the skilled and trained manpower of GIS technology that can
provide adequate support to the Conservancy Department of DCC for proper waste management.
In these circumstances, the possible way to integrate GIS for solid waste management can be
engaging consultant who can contribute independently. As for example, the consultant can check
how the existing waste bins are serving the community. Then he can find out some suitable
locations for the new waste bins. As first he can choose a smaller area of Dhaka city. Then DCC
can implement the consultant's proposal in that area and evaluate the performance of the proposal
in the time being. GIS thus be integrated partially in DCC for solid waste management.
(iii) How GIS finds an optimum location of waste bin
GIS is practiced for solid waste management elsewhere in the world including some developing
countries but not in Bangladesh. He found that, DCC has no guidelines for locating waste
collection bins in an area. They do not even have any proper instrument to analyze how the waste
bin serves the people around. In these circumstances, he used GIS to analyze the existing service
area of the waste bins in Kalabagan and then select some suitable locations of the waste bins in
the area.
He got the actor (household)'s view that, they need to have waste bin nearby or walking distance.
Then he needed something that could help him to analyze the spatial and service coverage of the
existing waste bins. With the GIS interpretation, he could easily analyze that the existing bins are
too few and not located well to get a good service area. In addition, the service areas of the three
existing bins are overlapping each other to big extent. GIS interpretation also shows that most of
the Kalabagan area is not covered by the existing waste bins within acceptable distances.
(iv) Simply GIS is not enough
Optimizing the locations of garbage collection points to ensure efficiency and cleanliness is
ambiguous. However, an improved solid waste management is not possible without an immense
amount of grass roots interaction. He observed Solid Waste Management (SWM) is not simply a
matter of technology or GIS. GIS in a way can deliver an ideal, preferable system but it cannot
make things work without proper participation of all the stakeholders. When he worked with GIS
to find out suitable locations for the waste bins in Kalabagan area, it seems that modern
technology could solve the problem. However, in practical situation the work might not go with
the theoretical result, especially where people and other actors act otherwise. In this case the
analysis of the actor's perspective in solid waste management in Kalabagan area becomes
important. GIS can participate to the solution of problem by producing alternative technical
solution, but there are some social factors and practical conflicts remain unconsidered. He
concluded that the solution, which comes out after GIS interpretation, might not work if the
social, cultural and other malpractice will not be overcome. The actors need to behave, as they
are supposed to. In a third world country like Bangladesh the systematic and well-behaved actors
may be expected in a remote future. So, any solution should be worked out within the frame out
of the existing actor's environment. Though the modern technology like GIS cannot have direct
benefit for implementation work, but it has fruitful utilization in other way when the authority
needs to seat with different stakeholders to resolve the conflict among each other.
2.2.5 A case study of Karachi Administration Women's Welfare Society (KAWWS) at
Faisalabad, Pakistan
This case study was reported by Mansoor Ali and Marielle Snel who conducted a research at
Faisalabad in Karachi Pakistan. They looked into a community-based women organization,
which had the aim of improving the environment in the neighborhood and at the same time
generate income. As in many other developing countries the activities were based on local
initiatives of community members themselves since the governments are not able to provide the
services that are always increasing due to population increase.
Karachi Administration Women's Welfare Society (KAWWS) at Faisalabad is a group of
housewives based in a higher middle-income area known as the Karachi Administration Society
(Baloch Colony). Each member of KAWWS pays a monthly fee of Rs.60 (UK £0.90) per month
to the society. The area is not fully developed i.e., there are a number of open plots. In the
absence of a reliable primary waste collection service, these plots become convenient places for
the disposal of household waste. The aim of the KAWWS programme, which began in 1990, was
to prevent this build up of waste by encouraging the purchase and use of waste bins.
Operation:
The KAWWS activist's motivated housewives to form a group that collect money and purchase
the waste collection bins. In addition, some housewives were sufficiently motivated to organize a
street sweeping system for their lanes. However, the lack of regular and reliable secondary
collection from the bins by municipal crews meant that waste build up continued at waste bin
locations. Complaints to municipal employees failed to improve the service. And in the end,
KAWWS made an arrangement with the refuse vehicle driver, paying him a regular amount to
ensure reliable secondary waste collection from the area.
In 1994, KAWWS obtained a small grant from UNICEF (Pakistan) for use as a revolving fund
for the purchase of waste bins. Shopkeepers and other residents were motivated to place bins at
strategic points in the area. An independent evaluation in 1994 concluded that the KAWWS were
highly motivated and working well together to improve the local environment, and that the
programme had a positive impact on the overall cleanliness of the area.
Constraints:
The following constraints were identified:
(i). Municipal officers perceive the initiative as a one-off, and believe that it is beyond their
scope to encourage, support or duplicate such programmes. The initiative thus relies upon the
continued presence of KAWWS as the catalyst for change.
(ii) The KAWWS has 50 members making regular contributions to group funds. This limited
membership means there is little possibility of scaling up the programme.
(iii) The continued development of the area means that there are fewer sites suitable for waste
bins. People remain averse to waste bins sited very close to their homes.
(iv) The waste disposal points are close to peoples' homes and there is less need for them to
contract municipal sweepers to provide an additional informal primary collection service.
Sweepers have lost this additional source of income, and as a result will spend much less time in
this area. Less time is spent on official street sweeping and the streets become dirtier.
2.2.6 A case study of solid waste management in Mumbai (India).
In the study of Sarika Kansal (2001) municipal solid waste management in India has severe
problems. Very high rate of urban growth is a major reason for the increased solid waste
management problems. This problem of SWM is very intense in urban areas and it is due to the
fact that 217 millions out of 844 million people of India (25.72%) live in urban cities (1991
Census). Waste generation is not rare in urban areas, or any other part of the world. The only
difference is in the management of wastes. An effective, efficient and sustainable waste
management system is still rare in India. Mumbai, is one of the largest and densely populated
metropolitan cities in the world.
The commercial capital of India, spans over an area of 437.71 sq km. with population nearing 15
millions. Solid waste generation of the city is the highest by any Indian city with more than 6256
tons a day.
Per capita waste generation of Mumbai is among the highest in Indian cities with 0.450 kg of
waste being generated per capita. Though it is not comparable with developed countries whose
per capita waste generation goes over 2.5 kg, it is considerably high when compared with many
cities in developing countries.
The wastes are in the form of garbage, debris, silt removed from drains and nallahs, cow dung
and also waste matter removed from common house gullies or inaccessible narrow lanes between
old buildings. The waste comprises 890 tons of construction waste and silt 1420 tons of mix
waste (Biodegradable and Recyclable) 3950 tons of Biodegradable waste (Source: Bombay
Municipal Corporation)

Mumbai is considered to be having one of the best waste management systems though it is not
up to the expectations on its own. It was chosen as a case because of the fact that with the
expected growth of population and waste generation, Mumbai is expected to pose a severe MSW
problem in the years to come. Future plans are to carry out a through cost benefit analysis of the
existing solid waste management system (collection, transportation, disposal) in Mumbai
considering following disposal methods as these are most prominent among all;
- Vermi composting
- Aerobic composting
- Sanitary landfills
He recommended that a thorough economic analysis for better waste management in Mumbai is
required. Cost benefit analysis can be carried out with consideration for all possible costs and
benefits involved in waste management system. This would result in representing the real value
of the entire waste management system and support policy amendments for its improvement.
Further cost benefit analysis can be used to analyze the existing system of recycling industry and
suggest possible policy/economic measure to achieve improved performance of the recycling
industry which in turn results in better waste management.

2.3. POLICY REVIEW

One of the most important outputs of the Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development) in 1992 was Agenda 21: an action plan for the 1990s and well
into the twenty-first century, elaborating strategies and integrated programme measures to halt
and reverse the effects of environmental degradation and to promote environmentally sound and
sustainable development in all countries (UNCED, 1992).
Agenda 21 included an action plan for cities wishing to enhance urban sustainability. These
recommendations included institutionalizing a participatory approach and improving the urban
environment by promoting social organization and environmental awareness. The need to
promote actively, to strengthen and expand waste re-use and recycling systems was also
recognized in Agenda 21. The consensus on sustainable development, which emerged from the
Earth Summit, now must be transformed into action by engaging in a period of decentralized
experimentation (Brugmann, 1994: 129).
Dar es Salaam city is among cities in the world that adopted the Environmental Planning and
Management (EPM) process inl992 through the Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project. The
programme stemmed from Urban Management under the Habitat/ UNEP agreement towards
creating conducive environment for city productivity with minimal environmental risks.
The National Environmental Policy 1997 underscores the fact that the survival of man depends
on his harmonious relationship with the natural elements. Sustainable development by UN World
Commission on Environment and Development emphasizes development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(WCED, 1987 in B.K.Majani, 2000). The policy document further reiterates two points. First,
sustainable development means achieving a quality life that can be maintained for many
generations because it is socially desirable, economically viable, and environmentally
sustainable. Secondly, development is sustainable if it takes place within nature's tolerance.
The National Human Settlement Development Policy states that unplanned and un-serviced
settlements shall be upgraded by their inhabitants through CBO's and NGOs with the
government playing a facilitating role. The government through local governments shall support
the efforts of the inhabitants to form and run CBOs and NGOs for upgrading purposes. The
policy stipulates the responsibilities of the local authority in carrying out environmental mass
awareness campaigns. There are legislations concerning solid waste management. The oldest
piece of legislation is the Sanitary Rules made under the Township Ordinance. (Cap 101 of
1920) which gives the Medical Health Officer power to deal with sanitary nuisances and
unsanitary premises. The basic rules of this legislation are still being used by the local
government authorities to curb the unsanitary behavior of the population when dealing with solid
wastes.
Another legislation is the local government (Urban Authorities) Act, (Act No 8 of 1982) was
enacted to replace the Municipalities Ordinance of 1949 Cap 105 which was repealed) this Act
gives the local authority powers and responsibilities. One of the responsibilities is solid waste
management issue. The Act provides urban authorities with the responsibilities of removing all
refuse and filth from public and private places and to provide and maintain dustbins and other
receptacles for the temporary deposit and collection of rubbish.
Act No. 8 of 1982 was followed by the Dar es salaam City (Disposal of refuse) By law, which
impel the occupier or tenants to provide for ashes and non-liquid domestic refuse and prohibiting
the throwing of refuse (dust, refuse garbage, decaying animals, vegetable or noxious matter in
any street or public place. The By- law also empowers the city authorities to make residents to
keep their premises and surroundings clean of any nuisance that shall exist by reason of domestic
or trade refuse produced thereon or proceeding there from. The By-law also provides for
penalties (fine and or imprisonment) for those found guilty of offences against the By-law.
The recent legislation related to SWM in Dar es Salaam is the Waste Management and Refuse
Collection Fees) By-laws, 2000 provided in the three councils of Kinondoni, Temeke and Ilala.
The main aim being privatization of solid waste collection. This By-law provides schedules of
the refuse collection charges and requires the people to pay. All the above-mentioned policies
and laws support the existence of solid waste management projects. However, one of the major
problems that are constraining the performance of SWM activities in all strategies is the poor
enforcement of the relevant environmental laws.
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses the results of the survey done to collect information about improper waste
disposal in some selected communities in New Juaben south district due to the distancing in the
placement of waste Bins. The influence of a random sample of 300 respondents and a total of
300 responses were obtained indicating a 100% response.
An extract of the summary of some questions and responses included in the survey can be found
in Tables below.
Also, the plotted coordinates of the waste’s bins shall be shown in the next diagram and the
discussed as follows

4.1 Demographic characteristic of respondents

The demographic summary statistics of the respondents are presented in Table 4.1.
Approximately 38.3% of the respondents were female which is 115 respondents out of the 300
respondents and 61.7% the respondents were males which makes a number of 185 respondents
The greatest number of respondents were from Adweso with a respondent percentage of 35.7%,
this shows the dens populated area among the selected areas. followed by Mile 50 and its
environs with a respondent percentage of 32.7%. The areas with the least numbers of
respondents were Atakyem which had 10.3% followed by KTU campus with 21.3%.

Table 4.1 Sex Distribution

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Male 185 61.7 61.7

Valid female 115 38.3 38.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.1. bar chart of the gender of people in percentage
Looking at the results below, it clearly depicts that majority of the respondent reside in Adweso
and the minority reside on and around KTU campus. And looking at level of educations of the
respondents it shows a majority having HND and followed by SHSCE, this is due to the
university and senior high schools in the area.

Table 4.2. In which community do you live

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Adweso 107 35.7 35.7 35.7

Mile 50 98 32.7 32.7 68.3

KTU
Valid 64 21.3 21.3 89.7
Campus

Atakyem 31 10.3 10.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3. Highest Education Qualification

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

BECE 37 12.3 12.3 12.3

'O' Level /
134 44.7 44.7 57.0
WASSCE

Valid HND 74 24.7 24.7 81.7

Degree / Master's 12 4.0 4.0 85.7

Others 43 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

 Table 4.4. How many people live in the same house with you

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

3 and below 64 21.3 21.3 21.3

4-6 206 68.7 68.7 90.0

Valid
7-9 30 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

The above table shows the number of people who reside in the same house, I coded this data in
this way; three people and below which I had 64 respondents which stands for 21.3% the total
respondents, then from four to six people in the same house which I had 206 which stands for
68.7% of the total respondents, then the last group which is seven to nine people in the same
house which I had 30 respondents which stands for 10% of the total respondent.
So, from the above observation we can say people who are 4-6 in the house are the majority from
the respondent so we can say we have more people who reside with family members than people
living along. So, more waste is generated in accordance with the number of people who reside in
the house.
FACTORS THAT INFORM DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Table 4.5. Factors that inform disposal of waste

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Improper waste
management causes 300 1 2 1.02 .140
outbreak of diseases
What kind of waste do
you usually generate?
300 1 5 2.63 .968
(Tick at least 1 item or at
most 3 items)
Is there any waste
collection service or
mechanism provided by 300 1 2 1.06 .232
the Municipality or
Private Business holders
If you have no collection
service at all, how do
300 2 4 2.03 .230
you dispose of your
waste?
. How do you dispose of
yard waste (leaves, grass
300 1 3 1.80 .811
clippings, and tree
trimmings)?
Do you pay for dust bins 300 1 1 1.00 .000
Valid N (listwise) 300

The above table shows a group analysis of aspects of the questionnaire that relates to improper
waste disposal, which are questions 3,6,10,12,20 and 23 respectively (the questionnaire is in the
appendix). From the table the letter N stands for the total number of respondents.
For the first question on the list which ask if improper waste management causes outbreak of
disease had a positive respond. From the analysis almost all the respondents say yes improper
waste management causes diseases in the area
The next question asked them what kind of waste is generated at their various homes. The
respond to this is as follows as per the analysis. I offered them a list of five options to choose at
most three from. These are the options I gave in the questionnaire; Plastic, Paper, Food waste
(fruit, vegetable peels and tins), Disposables (Eg, Diapers) and Yard waste respectively. The
majority of the respondents chose paper as the wastes generated mostly from the analysis made.
The next question talks about waste collection system in the area, almost all the respondent said,
they had a waste collection system. the analysis also states that they all fall on burning if there is
no waste management. From the analysis also, a majority also consult to burning of their yard
waste. all the respondent also pay for the collection of waste bins.
Table 4.7. In which community do you live * What will you do if have to travel quiet a distance
before disposing of waste? Crosstabulation

What will you do if have to travel quiet a distance Total

before disposing of waste?

Drop it walk to the drop it in the keep it on

bin gutter me

Count 22 11 68 6 107
Adweso % of
7.3% 3.7% 22.7% 2.0% 35.7%
Total

Count 11 0 87 0 98
Mile 50 % of
3.7% 0.0% 29.0% 0.0% 32.7%
In which community do Total
you live Count 64 0 0 0 64
KTU
Campus % of
21.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 21.3%
Total

Count 13 0 18 0 31
Atakyem % of
4.3% 0.0% 6.0% 0.0% 10.3%
Total
Count 110 11 173 6 300
Total % of
36.7% 3.7% 57.7% 2.0% 100.0%
Total

The above table shows answers to questions being asked of what should be done if a person have
to travel a long distance to disposing off waste in the selected areas under new Juaben south
municipal assembly.
Adweso, Mile 50, KTU Campus and Atekyem are the areas in question. Their answers to the
sample questions such as; “Drop it”, “Walk to the Bin”, “Drop it in the gutter”, “Keep it on me”
are as follows in the table above.
 The respondents in this selected areas are being determined in both numerical and percentage
form in line with their total respondents.
KTU campus turn to have the highest percentage to the answer for the Drop it question.
Followed by Adweso, Atekyem and Mile 50 respectively in the order of decrement.
With the responds to walk to the bin, only few reacted which led to less percentage thus
Adweso township. but it is the only response among the selected areas.
Adweso and Mile 50 have a quite equivalent in percentage of respondents to the drop it in the
gutter question whiles Atekyem has the least and KTU campus has a null percentage of
respondents.
Keep it on me question has only 2% of response from the total of Adweso respondents among
the selected areas.
This shows clearly the behavior and the intention of the people living in the selected areas when
it comes to waste management.

Table 4.8. Chi-square test

Value Df Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-
179.777a 9 .000
Square
Likelihood Ratio 204.001 9 .000
N of Valid Cases 300

a. 8 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5.

The minimum expected count is .62.
Table 4.9 Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Zoomlion manages all

300 1 2 1.36 .482
waste in Ghana
If private, which
company or mechanism 300 2 2 2.00 .000
is employed
Valid N (listwise) 300

The above table describes how the waste is managed and collected in the locality. Most of the
respondents said Zoomlion is a private wastes company that manages waste in Ghana. while all
the respondents said, same private waste management company (Zoomlion) manages all the
waste in the locality.

MANAGEMENT OF DISPOSAL OF WASTE

N Minimum Maximum Mean

Who do you think should clean

the streets, community waste bins 300 1 4 2.99
and drains in your area

How often are there waste

300 2 2 2.00
pickups in your neighborhood
If this collection does not come
on, what do you do with your 300 1 4 1.25
household waste

Are you willing to use reusable

shopping bags every time you 300 1 1 1.00
shop?

How do you dispose of items that

are not collected by your waste
management company, if any, e.g. 300 1 3 2.13
broken tiles, broken blocks or
caked cement?

Are you satisfied with the service

300 1 3 1.98
provided

What new or expanded solid

waste services would you like to
300 1 3 1.67
have made available to you in the
future?

What measures, if any, do you

take to reduce the amount of solid 300 1 4 2.29
waste your household produces?

Does your household (or

establishment) have a durable
300 1 2 1.20
metal or plastic container for
storing solid waste

Valid N (listwise) 300

Table 4
The frequency distribution and descriptive statistics of 9 questions from the questionnaire are
shown in Table 4.
Quite interestingly, the results indicated that the respondents were of the view that both the
members of the community and the waste management authority should be responsible to clean
the streets and drain the gutters, yet this is not the reality on the ground. Hardly is it observed
that communities organize themselves to clean up their environment They were also of the view
that, waste bins should be emptied on the weekly bases. Most of the respondents were also of the
view that the result to burning if there is delay in emptying of the waste bins. A majority of the
respondents also said, the throw items which are rejected by the waste management agency into
the nearby bush, non said they used it as manure.
All the respondents also agreed to use reusable shopping bags to manage wastes. All the
respondents were satisfied with the services that the waste management agency was offering to
them. But the were also of the view that, there should be more or frequent collection of the waste
and also introduce segregated waste collection. A majority were willing to using only required
number of items to reduce excesses and a few also said the will burn to curb the amount of waste
generated in their various houses
specified that the streets in the neighborhoods be cleaned on communal basis and not necessarily
by the waste management department of the municipal assembly. However, about 27.5% of the
respondents revealed that the Municipal Assembly was supposed to take an active role in the
management of solid waste generated on the streets. Most of the respondents also said the had a
waste bin which waste is disposed in but a few claims they don’t have any contain to dispose of
waste.