Analysis of GATE AEROSPACE ENGINEERING General Aptitude Engineering Mathematics 15 marks 12 marks NOTE: Above values coresponds to general distribution of marks for the following subjects. GATE subject wise marks every year varies from 1 to 2 marks from above values. i ® you aoodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScannerGAT E AEROSPACE Year Wise Analysis fre eer Topics, Marks © Matrices Differential and Integral Calculus Vector calculus ODE / PDE Numerical Technique Laplace transformation Engineerit gineering | 1M: 3 a Mathematics 2M:5 Fourier ‘Atmosphere Basics - Speeds, Altitudes and primary flight instruments Steady straight and level flight Gliding and Climbing Range and Endurance Take - off and Landing i . Turning flight pee atl pull-up and pull-down | 17 manoeuvre v-n diagram Longitudinal static stability Directional and Lateral static stability Dynamic Stability - modes Equations of motion Euler's angles Kepler's Law 3 Different orbits — (in 2018 circular, elliptic, GATE AE Space parabolic and hyperbolic | mechanics [covers 4 ‘www.coodwillsateziit.com Co 91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 wee ee ecle reese Space 1M: Dynamics 2M: Scanned with CamScannerEscape velocity Orbit in-plane transfer (Hohmann) Orbit out-off plane transfer rquestions | = 5 marks) Aerodynami 2 Mees | 2M 6 Basic Fluid mechanics — Laminar and turb flow, Boundary layer, Dimensional simi Ideal potential flow Low speed aerod! aerodynamic centre, 15 center of pressure Thin Airfoil theory Finite wing theory Gas Dynamics — isentropic flow, CD nozzles, NSW, OSW, Expansion fans, Rayleigh flow, Fanno flow ulent larity lynamics Structures 2M :7 Basic Elasticity — Stress tensor, Principal stresses, Mohr’s Generalized Hoo! Plane stress, plane strain, Airy’s stress function, Thin walled pressure vessels Bending- Symmetrical and unsymmetrical bending, bending stresses, shear stresses, S.F. and B.M. diaj deflection of beams, Shear flow and Shear centre, Structure idealization Torsion of thin walled sections Columns circle, ke’s law, gram, ® yoww.aoodwillaatezitt.com +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScannerTheory of failures Vibration - Damped and undamped, free and forced system 1 DOF system, Free 2 DOF system, Continuous vibration Energy methods * Thermodynamics Basics flow compressor * Axial flow turbine © Centrifugal flow Propulsion 1M:6 compressor 18 : Jet propulsion - Turbojet Turbofan, Ramjet, Turboprop Combustion chamber Rocket Propulsion General 1M:5 Verbal Ability Aptitude 2M:5 Numerical Ability bea Total 65 100 . iN} a a . eelee © www.aoodwillaateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScannerStructures Syllabus Core Topics: Strength of Materials: states of stress and strain. Stress and strain transformation. Mohr's Circle. Principal stresses. Three- dimensional Hooke's law. Plane stress and strain; Failure theories: Maximum stress, Tresca and von Mises; Strain energy. Castigliano's Principles. Analysis of statically determinate and indeterminate trusses and beams. Elastic flexural buckling of columns, Flight vehicle structures: Characteristics of aircraft structures and materials. Torsion, bending and flexural shear of thin-walled sections. Loads on aircraft. Structural Dynamics: Free and forced vibrations of undamped and damped SDOF systems. Free vibrations of undamped 2-DOF systems. Special Topics: Vibration of beams. Theory of elasticity: Equilibrium and compatibility equations, Airy’s stress function. © www,.aoodwillaate2iit.com +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScanner2019 1M: 2M: oun Vibrations (1 + 2) Bending (1+ 2) Torsion (0 + 2) Columns (0 + 1) TOF (0+1) Simple stress & strain (0 + 1) Basic Elasticity (3 +0) 23 2018 1M: 2M: Nw Basic Elasticity (0 + 3) Bending- (0+ 3) Torsion (1+ 0) Vibration (2 +1) 17 2017 1M: 2M: NO Basic Elasticity (1 + 2) Bending- (1 + 2) Torsion (0+ 1) Columns (1 +0) Vibration (3 +2) 21 2016 1M: 2M: au Basic Elasticity (3 + 2) Bending- (1 + 1) Columns (0 + 1) Vibration (1+ 2) 17 2015 1M:5 2M:6 Basic Elasticity (3+ 1) Bending- (0 + 2) Torsion (0+ 1) Vibration (2+ 2) 17 2014 N = au Basic Elasticity (2 + 2) Bending- (1+ 1) Torsion (0 + 1) Columns (0 + 1) Vibration (2+1) 17 2013 Basic Elasticity (0 + 1) Bending: (1+ 3) Torsion (2+1) 18 +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScannerColumns (0 + 1) Vibration (1 +1) Basic Elasticity (2 + 2) Theory of failures (0 + 2) 18 Vibration (2 + 3) Basic Elasticity (2 + 2) Bending- (2 + 2) Torsion (0 + 2) 24 Columns (0 + 1) Vibration (2 +2) Basic Elasticity (2+ 2) Bending- (0 + 3) Theory of Failures (1+ 0) 19 Columns (1 +0) Vibration (1 +2) Basic Elasticity (1 + 0) Bending- (2 + 2) Torsion (0 + 1) 20 Columns (0 + 1) Vibration (1+4) Basic Elasticity (3 + 3) Bending- (0 + 3) Torsion (0 + 2) Theory of Failures (0 + 1) Columns (0 + 1) Vibration (1 +2) Basic Elasticity (1+ 0) Bending- (0 + 2) Torsion (0 + 2) Theory of Failures (0 + 1) Columns (0 + 1) Vibration (2+ 6) 2012 1M:4 2011 1M:6 2010 1M:5 2009 1M:4 28 (Totat 150 marks) 2008 1M:4 (85 questions) | 2M:12 ele ww wees we we ele ew woe ole we ww ole ee 27 (Total 150 marks) 2007 1M:3 (e5 questions) | 2M:12 Nene ee EEE & @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 www.goodwillaateziit.com Scanned with CamScannerTABLE OF CONTENT 1. Basic Elasticity 1-28 GATE and Additional questions 29-35 Exercise 36-38 2. Bending 39-66 GATE and Additional questions 67-73 Exercise 14-75 3. Torsion 76 - 88 GATE and Additional questions . 89-98 Exercise 99-102 4. Theory of Failures 103 - 109 GATE and Additional questions 110-113 Exercise 114-116 5. Columns 117-128 GATE and Additional questions 129 - 135 Exercise 136 - 187 6. Vibrations 138 - 166 GATE and Additional questions 167-174 Exercise 175 - 178 ¢ GATE and Additional questions + Exercise at the end of each Chapter « Previous year GATE questions solved © wow.soodwillaate2iit.com 91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Chapter 1 BASIC ELASTICITY 1.1 STRESS Stress is defined as the intensity of internal resisting force developed/indi at a point against the deformation causes due to loads acting on the member. XX ‘It uses original cross section area of the aoe as engineering stress or conventional stress. PB Therefore, o = — © Pis expressed in Newton (N) and Anoriginal af@a, in square meters (m2), the stress 0 rit will be expresses in N/ m2. eo gr (Pa). in Sigh © As Pascal is a small quanti ultiples of this unit is used. 1kPa a Pascal) 1 N/mmz2 (MPa = Mega Pascal) mm’ (GPa = Giga Pascal) = 103 pa =" fernal forces for an axially loaded member is normal to a lar to the member axis.. intensity on the shown section is defined as the normal stress. Pe and dayg Tensors. Stress, Strain and Moment of Inertia are second order tensors. © Tensile stress (0,) —S Ifo > 0 the stress is tensile ie. the fibres of the component : tend to elongate due to the external force. A member =5 ep subjected to an external force tensile P and tensile stress com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page Scanned with CamScannerGATE AEROSPACE - STRUCT GOODWILL GATEZIIT distribution due to the force is shown in the given figure. © Compressive stress (Oc) ae ive. i.e. The fibres of the component ernal force. A member subjected to ive stress distribution If 0 <0 the stress is compressi tend to shorten due to the ext. an external compressive force P and compress due to the force is shown in the given figure. © Shear stress (t) When forces are transmitted from one part of @ stresses developed in a plane parallel to the applies shear stress. Shear stress acts parallel to plane offi is applied transversely to the member AB as shown. internal forces act in the plane of section C id are forces. The corresponding average shear stress O>, eNY 1.2 STRAIN OO The displacement per unitjgngtawayhensi@nless) is known as strain. © Normal sti The elongation as shown in the figure is rain. AL ' i ¢ = bo je—_# re If the applied force is compressive then the 7 reduction of length per unit length is known as compressive strain. It is negative. It is engineering strain or conventional strain. Here we divide the elongation to original length not actual length (Ly + AL) L=bo+At +4 © Shear Strain(Y) www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Pa? a Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES —— EE When a force P is applied tangentially to the element shown. Its edge displaced to dotted line. Where Sis the lateral placement of the upper face of the element relative to the lower face and L is the distance between these faces. Then the shear strain is (Y) = 2 NOTE: * Strain corresponding to normal stress is known as normal strain (€ ‘* Strain corresponding to shear stress is known as shear strain oY * x, €,€, are the normal strains in x, y, z directions respect © Yay Yea Yyz are the shear strains in xy, xz, yz plane respgctWvely * Normal strain can be longitudinal or lateral strain. © Every longitudinal strain is associated with two lategal stral Longitudinal and lateral strain are always opposite in nagyre. Shear strain is defined as the change in initial ri Je Begween two line elements which are parallel to x and y axis respectiyghp. 1.3 True stress and True Strain’ The true stress is defined as the rati Oxy cross section area at any instant. o(ite) ebus area ind engineering strain respectively. =fio in(t)=ma+ © oles 148 SOR Stregs tey Id to define the state of stress at a point (i.e. no. of stresses acting on eithekghree Gy two or one plane passing through that point. Sign conventio For a 3D stress element, @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page www.goodwillgate2iit.com Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCT Up The vector form:- ‘Components on diagonal are nor ~N For a 2D stress element it oe ts DQ. o=(e 1.5 ar eoe ESS ay nly one non-zero principal stress, i.e. 6 or {ii Biaxial stress: one principal stress equals zero, two do not, ie. 0 # 0,02 0.037" ‘ © weewgoodwitigatezitt.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 = Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES (iii) Tri-axial stress: three non-zero principal stresses, i.e. 6, # 0,02 # 0,63 #0 a {iv) Isotropic stress: three principal stresses are tatic stress is used to describe a state of tensile or directions within or external to a body. Hydrostatic stress causes 2 1e of a material. Shape of the body remains unchanged i.e. no distortio . a I. © www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page ‘Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURG, 1.6 EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS IF, Vand 2 are body forces per unit volume along X, ¥ and Z direction respectively then equations for 30 stress element are : (ou) , 2) , 1, x= 0 me a (ty) , Wn), 2), v=0 ax ey (ta) , Cp) , 2s x tay | rons of equilibrium must be satisfied at al interior point D force systems. Also, by taking moy ‘The equati of deformable body under 3 get ‘The above equations show the shear st ‘opposite. by Tar) ot Ta tye Oz, ove 3D stress system will give principal stresses and Eigen strains. NOTE: The Eigen yalu vectors corre: ~ TRANSFORMATON 1. Consitigr a BiBxial rectangular element of an elastic body as shown in the figure. Here, and by ateéry small so the distribution of stresses along the sides are uniform. bn © www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418" Zz Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Here, the body forces are neglected so the contribution is of he age ctangular ‘element is in equilibrium under given axial loading, then reg element ABC will also be in equilibrium under the given loading conditions. Qe % From force polygon diagram: “4 : in? Ty SiN 20 + Oxy sin?0 Oxy, + G; eS 2) cora0+ Ty Sin 26 Resolving forces in 0, and t, we get 2 For principal plane, t= 0 Therefore, 1 2 tan” This angle represents position of principal plane. er © www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 7 Scanned with CamScannerGATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTY GOODWILL GATE2IIT And, ay) 0, — By Where 8, and 8, shows the direction of principal planes. Substituting value of 8,, we have (ext) Minor principal stress = 01 7 cau= (52) (RING The plane at which Tax Occurs at @= 0; + S Question 1: A structural member suppofg loads which produce, at a particular point, 3 direct tensile stress of 80 N/mm? a sMegr stress of 45 N/mm? on the same plane Calculate the values and dire OS pitipal stresses at the point and ako tie ihe maximum shear stress, stati his will act. Solution: m? , dy = 0 or vice versa \) Ty = 45. N/mm? Principal c mi by + Mi pRincipal stress = 0, = eS 80 80)" o= (>) : (>) + 45? = 100.2 N/mm? Minor principal stress = 6), = (a www.goodwiligatezilt.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ee on = @) _ (sy + 452 = -20.2 N/mm? The directions of the principal stresses are defined by the angle © given by o - @=2411' d @ = 114°11 N\ = ‘and 6 = ys . ‘The first value of @ corresponds to a; while the second value X The maximum shear stress is obtained from Vv Or at Tmax = ( and will act on planes at 45°to QW 1.9 STRAIN ‘MENT RELATIONSHIP The three normal, _av_ _aw x = ay by = ay & ox whe 5) Pronensae ow ow ev ws a =o4 ple ye ate +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 = Page 9 O www.goodwillgateziit.com ‘Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUC 1}, In: E 2 9 0 ox 8 & y ° 5 "Ilo o 2 hfu &, oz = v Ye| |2 2 9 lly Ve Ox oy & a 0 \ a Ff oy oz YO 259 2 a ox 1.10 STRAIN TENSOR Strain tensor is used to define the state of strain M2 pom Me. no. of strain components, either three mutual perpendicular face®mpr two perpendicular faces or one fay passing through that point. NY Yer/2 2 By Vye/2 Y ex/2 Yys/2 e 0 © www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Pat” Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES — EEE EEE 5 Vex 6. yp = Note: © There are 15 unknowns comprising 6 stresses, 6 strains and 3 displacements. * To solve these 15 unknowns, we require 15 equations. These 15 equations comprise 3 equilibrium equations, 6 strain-displacement relations and 6 stress — strain relations. Question 2: A thin plate with Young's modulus 210 GPa and Poisson's rati Taigaded as shown in the figure. The change in length along the y-direction is (round off to 1 decimal place). S TE 2019] s [oy — 804] + [240 — (0.3)(100)] no xi0* ego e=1x107 =4 4 0.2mm. www.goodwillgateziit.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 11 ‘Scanned with CamScannerGATE AEROSPACE - STRUCT GOODWILL GATEZIIT — element in a linearly elastic isotropic material is sy 3: A rectangular : awe er 83 N/mm? and 65 N/mm? on mutually perpendicular planes, po," tensile stesso econ of each stress and inthe diecton perpendicular to both,” | Find also the principal strains, the maximum sheay, stress, the maximum shear ther directions at the point, Take E = 200000 N/mmn and v=0.3. ject, Strain ang Solution: gy = 83 N/mm? and oy = 65 N/mm? vy _1 (39.3 x 65) = 3.175 49-4 EF ~ 200000 . x _ _1 _ (65-0383) =2 SY) “FE = 790000" y WS _ 88 ye = 93 _ (93 + sy 20 Mo- & =u HE = Zo0000 83 * ot In this case, since there are no shear stresses on the plas, ©, and o, are prin stresses so that €, and ¢, and are the principal sqf@tns a the directions of o, andy ‘The maximum shear stress, " 0, ~ 6 83 Trax = “ANG = 9 N/mm? eve acting on planes at 45° to the prifgi 204m) Ymax Se on the planes of maximum shear stress LL TRANSFORMATION E Tmax _ Tmaxx2(1+n) G E 1. = e,c0s0+ e,sin2@ + 2 sin 20 2 txtey 7) sin2 6 -—2 cos 20 www.goodwil jwillgate2iit.com @ +01 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 page! Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZ2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES 1.13 PRINCIPAL STRAINS £y + ©, =F tr co E8), Direction of principal strain plane ee 6, = e+ ch For principal plane: aX oo =F we on & or fn & aS re Question 4: The princi Ss in a body, under biaxial state of stress, are 1000 x10° and -600 x 10 yximum shear strain at that point? Solution: eee SS }00 x10 sob 104 1600% 10° 1.14 UMETRIC STRAIN (DILATION) «s Where Vis the final volume, Vo is the original volume, and AV is the volume change. O www.goodwillgate2iit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 13 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ———_—_ * Volumetric strain is a ratio of values with the same units, so it also is a dimensionless quantity. + Av/V=volumetric strain =€, + € + & = &1 + €2 + 3 + Dilation: The hydrostatic component of the total stress contributes to deformation by changing the area (or volume, in three dimensions) of an object. Area or volume change is called dilation and is positive or negative, as the volume increases or decreases, respectively. e = z, where p is pressure. Rectangular block L Before deformation. Volume (V4) =14 ¥ « Incase of prismatic bar, e= e(1-2p) j= P © Thin Cy! J] a2 Hee _ Pd as train = — "= Pelt — 2u] o2 HO € Imferential strain = E Hes _ Pe ip BI = pa e= €&+2e,= ate - 4p) * Thin spherical vessel e= a5 @= Pea a e= 3e= ore # © www.goodwiligatezitt.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 4 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES eS © Incase of pure shear Oy = —Oy=T Therefore, t E (+p) 6 =-F0+) “A a WN e= e+ ey) + 80 1.15 PLANE STRESS Fora plane stress problem, components Qf st Nye perpendicular to the plane of plane stress problem are zero (but strains Will be ppesent). ‘* _Ifxyis the plane of plane stress prdblem then Non-zero stress components are Zero stress components are Non-zero strain comy ez, Vey Zero strain comg@t SX). Vyz Equilibriuy plane stress problem: S ion) Se) +X=0 ay) , 8Gw), oy Constitute relation / Stress-Strain relations for Plane stress problem: oe eae Sy oe = EME @ +01 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 15 www.goodwillgateziit.com Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE STRUCTURE. : 1.16 PLANE STRAIN * Fora plane strain problem, strain components perpendicular to the plane of pg strain condition are zero. * If xyis the plane of plane strain problem then Non-zero strain components are Ex, €, Yay \ Zero strain components are Ez, Yy_» Yyz > Non-zero stress components are Gy, Gy, 6; aNd Ty AS Zero stress components are Txz,Tyz Constitute relations for plane strain problem: This implies, NOTE: — dy , plane stress problem can be converted into equivalent plane strain problem and vice versa. 1.17 MOHR’S CIRCLE Itis the graphical representation of stresses. QD weew.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 16 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES OD= oy OF =o, EF=DG=Tyy OP = Major Principal Stress OS = Minor Principal Stress CASE 2: Mohr’s circle for torsional loading: +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 17 www.goodwillgateziit.com Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT the It is a case of pure shear CASE 3: A shaft compressed all round by| We worw.good if wa wiligateziit.com @ +91 - s933gq9303 / 7338451418 >] Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Poe PD 01,7 275, = 5, (tensile) CASE 5: Thin cylinder under pressure \ Sy My Only be 1€55,0; = "102 = Tay = 0 PI Daa Pr PD ce one a= = 2 (tensile) and o2,= = = Bite e free 1.18 THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS For thin cylinders whose thickness may be considered small compared to their diameter. Inner dia of the cylinder (d) Tih Oc deen en UUESUEEUTENUEESEUUSEEDDEEEEEee © www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 19 ‘Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURE. > THIN SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Resolving forces in x-direction: EF, =0 o(2nrt) — p(nr?) = 0 pr_ pd OW ee ae = 0 (in plane) Pa_g Tmax = “fut = "= 2 (out of plane) Note: also kno © Normal ; S Pressure or gauge pressure. & VLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Cutting in x-direction:- IF,=0 * o,(2nrt) — p(nr?) = 0 _pr_ pd Pp 2 Oe at This represents minor principal stress. > © wwen-goodwiligateriit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 7azasiais Page?” Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES OOOO Cutting in y-direction:~ Now consider the equilibrium of forces in the x-direction acting on the sectioned cylinder shown in figure. It is assumed that the circumferential stress (0,) is constant through the thickness of the cylinder. 0,(2bt) — p(b2r) = pd 1° 2t ‘This represents major principal stress. a-en _ pa Tmax= > a (in plane) 2 (out of plane) NOTE: No shear stress will act on the element i.f6,, & oy yill réfer as principal stresses. = Hoopggtress 01 ferential stress Volumetric Strain ~~ o; yd ( S ey = S— wpa iglt — 24) v Volumetric Strain (e) =z = e+ 2ey =H [5- 4u) r longitudinal stress Volumetric strain(e) = longitudinal strain(¢,) + 2x circumferential strain(e;,) Scanned with CamScannerre = 1.5 MPa. Calculate the 5 of shear stress induced. Take € 2 9g) dimensions of the shell and the GPa and Poisson v=0.3. Solution: 1Sx1x107 Hoop stress or circumferential stress = 6, = & =—ja0 = 7S NPa xx 10% - Longitudinal stress = 6 = Bou. 37.5 MPa Hoop strain (€,) == (0, — woz) = 0.31875 x 107° Change in diameter, Ad = £, x d = 0.31875 cee Longitudinal strain (2) = =(02 — wo) = 7.5 x 10 S Change in tength, Al = &, x L= 7.5 x 1075 x 300@e 0. ‘Maximum shear stress, Tmax = 2! = 18.75 MPa (in plane) ‘S ‘A material with existence of W is called as hyper elastic material. (Anisotropic 0° allotropic material or triclinic). (21 independent elastic constants) Examples: wood, composites If anisotropic material has only one plane of material symmetry. (monoclinic material) (13 independent elastic constants) Examples: orthoclase or elemental sulphur * When a material has two orthogonal planes or plane of material symmetry then that material is known as orthotropic material. (9 independent elastic constants) wwew.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Pagez? Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES 5 : ‘xamples: wood, many crystals and rolled metals. Unidirectional fibrous composites are an example of orthotropic material. For a transversely isotropic material have 5 independent elastic constants, €.g. basic composite ply. * For isotropic material (2) (E & v) Examples: glass and metals. » Young’s modulus/ Modulus of elasticity (E) r gp =2__ Normalstress y Fong Long.Strain NA > Shear modulus/Modulus of rigidity ( c WN G ate Shear stre ~ Y~ Shear Strain » Poisson’s ratio (4) ‘Lateral strain Longitudinal Strain + The Cr ayBhic elasticity allows Poisson's ratios in the range from -1 to : Seaxidin a bottle as the cork easily inserted and removed, yet it also 4 the pressure from within the bottle. Cork with a Poisson's ratio of ro, is ideal in this application. FS cece of material nether expands nor contracts in volume (incompressible) fen subjected to stress,then the Poisson's ratio must be 1/2 + Poisson's ratio in various materials 491 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 23 www.goodwiligate2iit.com Scanned with CamScannerSe eee area eee tae ter aE EEEPREE EERE TE TE TERRE Eee i. s GOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES —————— TT, > Bulk Modulus (K) Hydrostatic stress Volumetric Strain > Relationship between the elastic constants E, G, K, p E Sao £ Kosa \ ‘Where E = Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity) Y G = modulus of rigidity H= poison’s ratio A K = Bulk modulus 1.20 AIRY STRESS FUN! nO © Itcanbe used only for 20 . Ahoy in20, OS V(o,+ oy) = 0 QO (5+2)(@+9)=0 e # (#0 , #0 aa + ae) GE + Se) =0 ao avo ato ax +? Braye t Be =O Vio=0 @ The Airy stress function is bi-harmonic. ee D wern.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page? Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ———— i EE ‘+ Airy stress function which satisfies the bi-harmonic equation will satisfy equilibrium and corresponds to compatible strain fields. 1.21 THERMAL OR TEMPERATURE STRESS AND STRAIN When a material undergoes a change in temperature, it either elongates or contracts depending upon whether temperature is increased or decreased of the gaterial. If the elongation or contraction is not restricted, i. e. free then the fa! does not experience any stress despite the fact that it undergoes a strain. The strain due to temperature change is called thermal strail xPrgsse’ ‘* Where a is co-efficient of thermal expansior RS and AT is the change in temperature. ©The free expansion or contraction of matéfiais, wie@réstrained induces stress in the material and itis referred to as thermal sttgssORy 1 = GE(Aayhere E = Modulus of elasticity ‘© Thermal stress produces jeg the material similar to that of mechanical 5. i ss “Nyjll“Broduce in the material with increase in oped is tensile stress with decrease in temperature. Ss e=a(AT) ; +a(QT) n— p& +a(aT) — pS- pS+a(aT) e,= S- w&- p2 +a(47) —— ‘O www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 25 Scanned with CamScannerGATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURg, re made of stee! and copper as shown in ¢ of thermal expansion for steel are 209 ‘and for copper 70 GPa and 21.6 « 10* per “C Fer GPa ang t ® =(117 x 10) But according to Therefore ‘fod =1.1025 mm — 0.4 mm = 0.7025 mm tetus to make their elongation vanish be P which isthe reaction SY +a O. —— Px 500 . Px 750 {Fx oo75y} (200 x 107) x (0.050)} x (70 x 10°) P=1L16.6kN Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Compressive stress on copper rod 1.22 TENSILE TEST a Elastic limit: is the greatest stress the material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain after unloading. Elastic limit > proportional limit. Yield strength: is the stress required to produce a small specific amount of deformation. The offset yield strength can be determined by the stress corresponding to the intersection of the stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the elastic line offset by a strain of 0.2 or 0.1%( € = 0.002 or 0.001). ‘The offset yield stress is referred to proof stress either at 0.1 or 0.5% strain used for O warw-goodwiligate2iit.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 27 Scanned with CamScannerTEZIIT GATE AEROSPAC! GOODWILL STRUI TURE design and specification purposes to avoid the practical dificulties of measuring elastic limit or proportional limit. the + Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 4, is the maximum load Pmax divided by the original cross-sectional area A, oy specimen. te Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus It's slope of elastic line upto proportional limit. ¢ Stress-strain response Linear, elastic-hardening ir fic hardening plasticity | with unloading | \ , | \ © wor .goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7assesiais Page? 4 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES. ———— Oe GATE and Additional objective questions 1. As shown in the figure, a rigid slab CD of weight W (distributed uniformly along its length) is hung from a ceiling using three cables of identical length and cross-sectional area. The central cable is made of stee! (Young's modulus = 3E) and the other two cables are taken by the Ans: 60% Let Pa and P, be the weight taken by NG @ steel cable respectively. Strain must be same for all SY) eatame for all) O wwwgeodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 29 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES | Q2. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about the state of a body fam ‘strain condition? E2018) P: All the points in the body undergo displacements in one plane only, for example the x.y plane, leading to és = Yyz = Yar = 0. Q: All the components of stress perpendicular to the plane of deformation, for example the xy plane of the body are equal to zero .i.e. Oze = Tez = Tyz = 0. : R: Except the normal component, all the other components of stress perpendicular to the plane of deformation of the body, for example the x-y plane, are equal to zero. ie, xn * O,T xe = Typ = 0. (a) Ponty (b) Qonly (c) Pand Q (d) PandR Plane Strain * For a plane strain problem, strain components i the plane of plane strain condition are zero. © Ifxyis the plane of plane strain problem t Non-zero strain components are Ex, €y, Yay Zero strain components are €,, Ys NY Non-zero stress components are Ww Try Zero stress components a Q3. For the state o < shown in the figure, the minimum principal stress is -7 MN/m?, The no, MN/m? is equal to {round to nearest integer). {GATE 2017] QO 21 MN/mt S a 56 MNim? ‘Ans: 133 MN/m? Ou = -7 MPa www.goodwiligate2iit.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 3? 4 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Ty = —56 MPa ‘The stress tensor for 20 stress system, o=[ dl Ox, —56) Tye Fy) 1-56 21 The Eigen values of stress tensor gives principal stresses. From properties of Eigen values, sum of diagonal elements = sum of eigen iN z+ 21= -7__| ey determinant = product of ei; 0404 — ou Wy = 210, — (-56)? = -7 ‘Solving equation (1) and (2), we get, 0, = 105 MN/ni&gnd 0; Q4. A cube made of a linear ela pressure of 100 N/mm”. Under 3 MN /m? pic subjected to a uniform hydrostatic lume of the cube shrinks by 0.05%. The Y the Poisson's ratio of the material is [GATE 2015] For hydrostatic state, oy = e= et ey te O www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 31 ‘Scanned with CamScannerpant Sooowin,carezirt _GATEAEROSPACE STRUCT __3x 100 ~~ 300 x 103 (1 = 2p) = 0.25 Q5. Which of the following Airy's stress functions could satisfy the given Conditions, assuming constant values of Ox, =PrOyy = Qand try =R, along thy boundary? |ATE 2011) Fo 7 ) 2 ) Integrating, ® = x +Gy+C, ao 9y = 57 =Q ee Integrating, @ = Ttx+ cy oy = — Sak Integrating, © = ~Rey + C, Combining all © values, we get www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +9; 3949303 / 7338451418 Page? Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ‘Common Data questions 5, 6 and 7 [GATE 2008] ‘Atwo dimensional state of stress in an isotropic material is given by =f? 5 e=ele isl Where, c is linearly proportional to the applied loading. The failure, stress is of = 350 MPa (which is 0.2% of fset yield stress). a % Q6. The principal stresses are ‘ .s ~ (a) 0, = 17¢ MPa,o, = —9c MPa ~ (b) 0, = 9c MPa,oz = 17¢ MPa (c) 0, = -17¢ MPa,o, = —9c MPa (d) o, = —17¢ MPa,o, = 9c MPa As = + Ans: (a) Major principal stress = Q7. The maximum shear stress is (2) tnax = 7¢ MPa (b) Tmax = 106 MPa (€) Tmax = 13¢ MPa (4) Tmax = 15¢ MPa com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 33 www.goodwillgateziit. Scanned with CamScannera } GOODWILL GATEZIIT. GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURE, Ans: (c) = 12-099) = 13¢ MPa ~ 2 Q8. The maximum value of ¢ for safe loading of the structure based on Von-Mises failure criterion is (a) 10.2 (b) 15.3 (c) 25.4 (d) 31.8 Ans: (b) Von-Mises failure criteria is given by, Q9. Consider the Mohr's circle shown circle? (a) 6, = oy # Oty = YO (b) ox + 6 =O,tyy #0 (c) 0, = 0, oy = ty # (d) 0, # 0,0, = Sy > a Ans: (b) {tls case of pure shear. 0, = — 0, i = pe @ vvew.goodwitigateriit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7assasiais Pat” Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES igns, act at a point of 2 Normal stresses of equal magnit f opposite si ai0. equal magnitude p, but of oppo’ paeaornal strained material in perpendicular direction. What is the magnitude of the resul stress on a plane inclined at 45° to the applied stresses? ()2p (b)p/2 (ehp/4 (a) Zero Ans: (d) ) cos28 + Ty sin20 P P+ Py ' j — 26 ( =)+( ; ) cos(2 x 45) + Osin A o=0 . SS. QLL. If a piece of material neither expands nor must contracts it ay subjected to stress, then the Poisson’s ratio be (a)Zero (b)0.25 (c)0.33 (4)0.5 A Ans: (d) ‘X if material neither expands nor contracts in “€x) fs incompressible, which implies kw £ Sw . Wd 1) =0 w=0.5 —_—— © www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 35 ‘Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES I , EXERCISE Q4. The normal stress on a a plane whose normal is inclined at angle © with the line oy action of the uniaxial stress a, is given by (bye. 2@ (d)o,sin?@ (a) S55 ()=55 (c)o,cos?@ (d) 6, Q2. If one of the principal stresses at a point is zero, the magnitude thePxincipal stress must be of the maximum shear stress. (2)Equalto (b) one and ahalftimes —(c) twice “Zev Q3. In the case of pure shear, the principal stresses are (a) Equal in magnitude to the shear stress and simila ture {b) Equal in magnitude to the shear stress and {c) Equal in magnitude to half the maximum she: similar In nature (4) Equal in magnitude to half the maximiMyghear stress and opposite in nature Ans: (c) Q4. The following state of pi ition Is observed in a rectangular coordinate system Ds €y = P(X? + y*), Vey = Qay The strain is cor Q5. Adgertiof\(A): For a ductile material stress-strain curve is a Straight line up to the yield point. Reason (R): The material follows Hooke's law up to the point of proportionality. (2) Both A and R are individually true and R ls the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) Als true but Ris false (d) Ais false but Ris true www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 ; 7338451418 Pages® Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ee Oe ‘Ans (d) Q6. Consider the following statements: Thermal stress is induced in a component in general, when 1. A temperature gradient exists in the component 2. The component is free from any restraint 3. Itis restrained to expand or contract freely Which of the above statements are correct? (a)1and2 (b)2and3 (¢)3alone (4) alone ‘Ans (c) SS. Q7. The relation between modulus of elasticity (E), Modulus of rigidféy we modulus (Kis given by th (EH cox WE= cae (EX See QB. The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 ctional area. It is loaded at four points, K, L, Mand N. 100 N <—t* e total change in length of the rod due to loading is: {c)16 4m (d)-20 um Q9. A stest¥od 10 mm in diameter and 1m long is heated from 20°C to 120°C, E = 200 GPa and a= 12x 10-6 per °C. If the rod is not free to expand, the thermal stress developed is: {a) 120 MPa (tensile) (b) 240 MPa (tensile) (c) 120 MPa (compressive) (d) 240 MPa (compressive) Q10. Consider the following statements: +91 - 9933949303 / 73384514: © www.goodwiligate2iit.com Page 37 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE STRUCTURES ——— OOO, 1. There are only two independent elastic constants. 2. Elastic constants are different in orthogonal directions. 3. Material properties are same everywhere. 4. Elastic constants are same in all loading directions. 5. The material has ability to withstand shock loading. Which of the above statements are true for a linearly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic material? ()1,3,4and5 (b)2,3and4 (94,3and4 (a) 2ands ay © wevrwgoodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZ2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Chapter 2 BENDING AND SHEAR FLOW 2.1 MOMENT OF INERTIA (MOI) q @ cross section property by virtue of which resistance againstyrotation "@f area Is provided. € Integral of the second moment of area is called moment of j ba= f oN ; l= faa big S xy ‘© Itis second moment of aredigboly the akigst rotation. . Fora single or double sye ; lis zero. . ve I,ycan be positive or ni yy is known as é a TSippoduct of MOI about any axis is the sum of second moment of inertia about a parallel and total area of the body times square of the distance between the 2 Ixx= leg + AR 2 lw = leg + Ah’ Where, Ixx = moment of inertia about the given axis Icg = moment of inertia about the centriodal axis and parallel to the given system. ne UE EEEEDSEEEEeed O www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 39 ‘Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURgs, ‘A= total area of the cross-section h= perpendicular distance between the centriodal axis and the given axis. » Perpendicular axis theorem Moment of inertia about the axis perpendicular to the c/s is equals to the sum of the ‘moment of inertia about the two mutually perpendicular axes, lying in the plane of c/s, I= bact by > Relative Moment of Inertia (Product of YY lo= fxydA RY Properties: * Product moment of inertia-is always mmetric c/s (singly or doubly symmetric). * When axis system is rotated by 90' ss, the’ juct of inertia changes its sign, © Product MOI can positive or nt ive. © The product MO! is alway aBqut pf iple axis. > Moments of. ea) of some common areas 1. Rectan, Y fl bh3 hb} 12 id moment of inertia 3 3 bh? hb’ ! waa + If we want to know the MO! about an axis NN passing through the bottom edge oF t0P edge. Axis XX and NN are parallel and at a distance h/2. Therefore www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7a3sasiaie Page” Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ———————— In = lx + Area X (distance) 7 2 oe hy _ bh? aay tbh xh xGyrat | 2. Square at haa SS nd* Lact b= a 5. Semicircle _nd* Waa —_— ——_——— _ OOOO O www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 41 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT, GATE AEROSPACE = STRUCTURE : gee NN 2 64 4r ‘We know that distance of CG from base is rs From parallel axis theorem, Inw= ha + Area X (distance) ? 1 nd* 2 2 Tex = 5 — (4B /30) x = 0.11R* p Triangular area bh /b?, Thase = 36 + 7G) La base = Ib. ~ hoe "ONY 8, THI Circular Ring . bee = y= 4 = mt ). Semi circular ring est www.goodwiligate2iit.com ‘91 - 9933949303 / 73384514! Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES 10. Quarter of a ring 3 a hx = Ly == NOTE: The thickness t of thin-walled sections is assumed to be small compared with their cross-sectional dimensions so that stresses may be regarded as being consta t across the thickness. Furthermore, we neglect squares and higher powers oft in the géfnputation of 11. Elliptical area b> L, =™@! oe 4 6 OF Question 1: The figure shows tion beam subjected to bending. The area 3 moment of inertia (in mm Hoe gf about its base is ~ All dimensions are in mm Solution: MOI of rectangular area about its CG. => ‘com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451 Page 43 www.goodwillgateziit. Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ——__——e< one pa(® i MOI of rectangular area about its base ora + 2. nd* MO of circular area about its CG. es nd* na? (¢‘y MO of circular area about its base= 4 Az. et oa) eG) A 2.2 BENDING

Notation ani WY ntion ing a downward direction to the right hand side of a section or hand of the section will be taken as ‘positive’. It is the usual sign to be followed for the shear force. In some book followed totally convention. x x www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / zassas14is Page + Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT Negative Shear Force A shearing force having an upward dire GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES to the right hand side of a section Or downwards to the left hand of the section will be taken as ‘negative’. NOTE: RUN (Right upward negative) RDP (Right downward positive) LUP (Left upward positive) LDN (Left downward negative) Positive Bendi A bending md a 1 1 1 q ' 1 \ x If the bending moment of the left hand of the section XX is clockwise then it is a positive bending moment. www.goodwillgate2iit.com eee eee en YY oncavity upwards will be taken as ‘positive’ and called yent. +m Ifthe bending moment of the right hand of the section XX is ant clockwise then it is a positive bending moment. mM (—) M A bending moment causing concavity upwards will be taken as ‘positive’ and called as sagging bending moment. +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 45 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE STRUCTURES Negative Bending Moment x «<->. ” : om x Hogging If the bending moment If the bending moment A — bending & moNent of the left hand of the of the right hand of the causing ve section XX Is anti section XX is clockwise upwardf? rap as clockwise then it is a then it is a negative ‘negative’ a} as negative bending bending moment. ding moment. Hence, Y-axis is taken posit fore, all downward deflections are postive and upward deflections are nt NOTE: Bending moment is taking positi such a Way that it produces tension in the 1* quadrant, C . 2.3 vas drawing shear force and bending mom | Ce n of shear force diagram . 'e loading diagram of the beam constructed shear force diagram. * First determine the reactions, Then the vertical components of forces and reactions are successively summed from the left end of the beam to preserve the mathematical sign conventions adopted The shear at a section is simply equal to the sum of all the vertical forces to the lef of the section, * The shear force curve Is continuous unless there is @ point force on the bear. TM curve then “jumps” by the magnitude of the point force (+ for upward force). www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 ; 7aseasiais Pst? Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES + When the successive summation process is used, the shear force diagram should end Up with the previously calculated shear (reaction at right end of the beam). No shear force acts through the beam just beyond the last vertical force or reaction. If the shear force diagram closes in this fashion, then it gives an important check on mathematical calculations. i.e. The shear force will be zero at each end of the beam unless a point force is applied at the end. If S.F. Diagram for a beam is given, then FS.F. diagram consists of rectangle then the load will be point load + IFS.F diagram consists of inclined line then the load will be UDL on that Ration © IFS.F diagram consists of parabolic curve then the load will be G\ . yolic? After If S.F diagram consists of cubic curve then the load distr aro \ding load diagram we can draw B.M diagram easily. * Construction of bending moment gram’ © The bending moment diagram is obtaiggth by yng continuously along the length of beam from the left hand endgand ing up the areas of shear force diagrams using proper sign convention. © The process of obtaining the mégent diagfamérom the shear force diagram by summation is exactly the sarge as thgt for drawing shear force diagram from load diagram. + The bending moment cuf us unless there is a point moment on the ‘magnitude of the point moment (+ for CW force produces a uniform change in the bending line in the moment diagram. If no shear force exists the moment computed by the summation must be equal to the one (ed initially for the reaction. If B.M Diagram for a beam is given, then «If B.M diagram consists of vertical line then a point BM is applied at that point. If B.M diagram consists of inclined line then the load will be free point load © IfB.M diagram consists of parabolic curve then the load will be U.D.L. * If B.M diagram consists of cubic curve then the load will be G. «If BM diagram consists of fourth degree polynomial then the load distribution is parabolic. ES ‘www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 47 Scanned with CamScannerwt GOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTUREg 2.4 RELATION BETWEEN Sea MOMEN?, SHEAR FORCE AND RATE OF LO: M I » “1a where, R=—7z, Therefore, yy _ ge + 5, = 0 =slope «Vv + BISZ=-m Xs F «SS Ve shearforce= — EI OS On all portions of a beam en IDigs, tae shearing force is the rate of change of the bending moment. @M_ dv see = aty ‘ar infformly distributed load = — EI ae YS ™ * ifveo(S WE. Then = = 0 => M= constant ie. pure bending he shear force diagram between any two points, from the basic calculus nding moment diagram. . fope of bending moment diagram is the shear force. The maximum or minimum Bending moment occurs where a ° The slope of the shear force diagram Is equal to the magnitude of the intensity of the distributed loading at any position along the beam. Question 2: For a 1 m long simply supported beam with a concentrated vertical load of 200 'N and a concentrated bending moment of 100 Nm at the correct bending moment diagram is: —_—_—————. @ vevrw.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 77338451418 Page 8 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZ2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Rp + Ry = 200-- ~~~ (a) RpX 1+ 100-200 x0.5=0 Ry=0 itccom @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 49 www,goodwillgate2i Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURp¢ Therefore, Rp = 200 Hence, Mg = 200 x 0.5 = 100 Nm joo Nm N P Q R Question 3: Consider the following statements for a simply supported ub) eged toa ‘couple at its mid-span: 1. Bending moment is zero at the ends and maximum at the centy 2. Bending moment is constant over the entire length of the 3. Shear force is constant over the entire length of the bea 4. Shear force is zero over the entire length of the beam Which of the statements given above are correct?, (a) 2, 3 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2.and Solution: (c) Run Question 4: Match List-! (Beams) with List-I (Shear force diagrams) and select the corect answer using the codes given below the Lists: www.goodwiligate2itt.com @ +91 - 9933949303 J 7a3easiais Page! Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES — List 1 List It Codes AB CD A pe ™* 2 8 3 » 1€s oi 4% 3 3 @ ore Wo Solution: (d) wa 2.5 POINT OF conmearseln In a beam if the bending moment chan} bending moment, the beam chan this point is called the point of along with the B.M diagrams. sign at a point, the point itself having zero his point of zero bending moment and insider a loaded beam as shown below m we noticed that for the beam loaded as in this case, the bending moment ive and partly negative. In the deflected shape of the beam just below diagram shows that left hand sidé of the beam is ‘sagging’ while the In this diagra i diagram is partly positi the bending moment ‘O www.goodwiligateziit.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 73384514 Page 51 ‘Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT NOTE: There can be more than one point of contrafiemure ina beam. Question 5: The point of contrafiemre is a pot where (2) Shear force changes sign (b) Bending moment changes sign (c) Bending moment ig ‘maximum (6) None of the above Solution: (b) 2.6 BENDING STRESSES IN IC SECTION * Deflection of the beam axis is small compared of | . —— Eliminate effects of strains in other ‘stress ( about ais. Effect of shear stress in the plane xy (tay (0; )is neglected. ©The only deformation will be Ihe Hrx—Myl, 02=Cj y+ Cee axl yy— Fry CASE 1: body| symmetric{ Izy = 0) “L RY : 4 H,=0 %= CY lex 2.7 MOMENT IN INCLINED PLANE ‘A bending moment M applied in any longitudinal plane parallel to the z axis may be resohed into components M, and M, by the normal rules of vectors. SS © werw.qooswiligate2itt.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 7azeasiaie Page Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZ2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES M, = Msin®@ My = Mcos@ we oo Positive and negative sign for M, and My should be follo convention (Positive bending moment which produces tension igahe fi 2.8 EULER BERNOULLTIS EQU: ns (BENDING STRESS FORMULA) OR BE |ATION wy o = Bending Stress Sy M = Bending Moment: stents WY E = Modulus of elaggicit Allg theory has been developed for the case of pure bending i.e. constant g th of the beam. In such case * Beams are initially straight « The material is homogenous and isotropic i.e. it has a uniform composition and its ‘mechanical properties are the same in all directions «The stress-strain relationship is linear and elastic ‘= Young’s Modulus is the same in tension as in compression * Sections are symmetrical about the plane of bending * Sections which are plane before bending remain plane after bending 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page. www.goodwiligate2iit.com Scanned with CamScannerny GOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTUREg —— NOTE: + Allcross-sections remain plane and perpendicular to longitudinal axis. \ * The beam bends about some axis in its ¢/s which is an axis of zero stress ie, Reutra) axis * Pure Bending: The zero shear force means that the bending moment is constant the bending is same at every cross-section of the beam. Le. M= Constant or shear force(V) = 0. ‘Taking tensile stresses to be postive and compressive stresses to be negative, 2.9 SECTION MODULUS (Z) L= Zis a function of beam ¢/s only «) Zis other name of the strength of the beam | Assumptions © The bar is acted upon by a pure torque. The section under consideration is remote from the point of application of the load and from a change in diameter. ‘« Adjacent cross sections originally plane and parallel remain plane and parallel after twisting and any radial line remains straight. X~ The material obeys Hooke’s law «© Cross-sections rotate as if rigid, .e. every diameter rotates through the same angle > Torsional Stiffness ‘The Torsional stiffness is defined as the torque per radius twist, ep > Power Transmission (P) P (in watts) = > Ne [Where N= rpm; T= Torque in N-m.] OS 3.2 ST. VENAN' SDers T | TORSIONAL CONSTANT / PO) 'T OF INERTIA (J) 1. For soli s-Sections : J) at 7 “32 T Shear stress,t = 7° do_T Angular twist per unit length 7 = © www.goodwillgate2iit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 77 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUC Note: © For thick circular ring: stat — df] * For circular sections, x is maximum at the outer most section. 2. For hollow thin walled circular cross-sections : (R = d/2) Je lex + lyy t SmR3t+nR3t =2nR5t Shear stress,t = i Angular twist per unit Ph, T gu ist per uni SE a 3. Thin walled open \Y T_t_ Ge Jt >. ny lar twist per untt length, Se = Tr iz T gy Tmax = zimax Here, J Is known as Torsional constant or St. Venant constant for thin walled ope cross-section. Le ® wwrn.goodviligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933049303 ; yaseasiais rast” _¢ Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Question 1: 4a? Jova t ao_ Tt dz GJ =~ _ 4% 4A2G Al here q = tt (N/mm) Thir{wall cross-sections, can also be considered as thin se wall ross-sections, so = J = 270R*¢ can also be proved using above: ns. A(nR?)? 2nR t = 2nRSt © www.goodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 79 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURE TT Question 2: ; - } | | . “ (bd)? J=ya,b,d ese ba es qtE Rte Note: ) * For closed thin walled sections, maximum shear stress is MveNely’ tional to thickness. ‘* For thin walled open sections, maximum shear rectygMoportional tp thickness. do S.No. c/s J a dz 1 _ | Circular section Tr (Solid) @ 2 | Circular section T (Hollow) aq T GI eae ears §= az GJ 4G? t age ~2AaG7 t Question 3: Calculate the maximum shear stress developed and rate of angle of twist forthe section shown in the figure. It is subjected to a torque of 200Nm. Take G = 82 GPa. 99339409303 / 7338451418 Page” Scanned with CamScannerGooDWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES Solution: Given data T=200Nm AS G = 82 GPa= 82 x 10° MPa Xe 2 2 j= G00.G0) + se) SS J= 65760 mm* NY oa NY Tmax = zimax Tm AS dz GJ _ __200x10° = 20x10" 82 x10° x65760 a -5 rad = 3.7 X105 7 © www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 81 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES aaa “= oe 3.3 TORSION OF THIN WALLED CLOSED TUBEg (BREDT - BATHO THOERY) ta * Fig shows thin walled cylindrical tube which is subj Y. ional moments T. ‘* The tube ends and the ¢/s are free to warp out oftheir plan ig, there are no longitudinal normal stresses. Hoope stresses are zero (no tangential normal s). The ¢/s thickness may vary along the ciffgferenMy but it is constant along longitudinal axis, ‘* The shear stress perpendicular to lor 1 BGS aré neglected... Consider an element abed of the tube yall. For’ In pure shear, longitudinal shear stresses are constant in longitudinal ion. Considering equilibrium of element of element in Z direction, =0 al — t2t,dl=0 Tt dl = t2t2dl QO q= Tt, constant (shear flow) a e Hence tH@€0nstant value (rt) is called the shear flow. This is also known as Bredt-Batho shear. The units of shear flow are N/mm, also defined as force per unit length. ‘Take the moment of shear flow of the c/s about any interior pt. O, in the os www.goodwiligate2iit.com @ +9: 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES qefF.p=f4-pds, where f pds = 24 (5 xp xds = da) 7=2Aq, which is known as Bredt-Batho formula Note: A=cell area Question 4: A thin walled cross-section is subjected to torque of 2.5 Nm. Find the (i) Shear flow (i) rate of twist (il) maximum shear stress 4(62043.69)” 325 , 325, (wx 125) ipo lee! 14.77 x 10° mm* Now, from Bredt - Batho theory, mm @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 83 O www.goodwiligate2iit.co —<—<$<—— Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES T =2Aq (i) Shear flow T 25 x 103 = - 9= 74-7 x 620869 «mm (ii) Rate of twist aot _ gas dz 4A2G t 25 x 103 ~ 4X (62043,69)2 x 275 & 108 = 615 x 10-9 rad/mm = 3.52 degree/mm (ii) Maximum shear stress 1. Torque tak T+ a 191 + 2Azq2 2. lar twist remains constant dé. de. Gp1= G2 Question 5: Steel shaft and brass shaft of same length and diameter are connected by 2 flange coupling. The assembly is rigidity held at its ends and is twisted by a torque through www. goodwillgateziit.com . +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page ot Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES the coupling. Modulus of rigidity of steel is twice that of bras: s. If torque of the ste is 500 Nm, then the value of the torque in brass shaft will be: fue of reste sais (a) 250 Nm (b) 354 Nm (c) 500 Nm (d) 708 Nm Solution: For shafts in parallel, 0, = 0, Tsls _ Tale Gsls_ Gale e To Tp, = 250 Nm (Option a) : 3.5 SHAFTS IN SERIES e 1. Torque remains constant ww 2. ANGUI not REMAINS same do dé. dé. C aa Gp * G2 Question 6: Gpnsider a stepped shaft subjected to a twisting moment applied at B as shown pene nd nssume shear modulus, G = 77 GPa. The angle of twist at C (in degrees) is Or, O www.geodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 85 ‘Scanned with CamScannerSreene eee a career ee a reece EEE SPREE "y GOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTUREs ae 10Nm All dimensions A : inmm Solution: «\ Angle of twist at (c) = Angle of twist at (B) ~ Tl 10 x 0.5 x 32 7 =a 36 Ja GJ 77x10 xnx0.02* oe ees 3.6 STRAIN ENERGY IN TO! RN | S AS SUBJECTED TO TWISTING MOMENT ONLY (PURE SHEAR) Principal stresses, sat tn) (C20) 0, Oxy = Gy =0 SUE EERE SEDSNEee eee ® venw.goodwitigateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 ; 7aszasieie Page’ Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILLGATEZIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES O14 = LO xy principal plane, Volumetric strain, e= yt by No change in volume for a shaft subjected to puretigrau 3.8 COMBINED BE TORSION © www.goodwillgateziit.com © +91 — 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 87 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES = CB) [GY +" 2 16M 16M)" (3) max = 81 = ga * (Ca) + ae Omar = 0 = 25 (M+ VM)? + 1?) Onin = 01 = 25 (M—- VO? + (1? qj Tmax = 2 VON? + OF \ Equivalent bending moment (M,,) & Equivalg{tor¥n (1. M+VM? gl? M. = SS @ vevew.qoodwiligate2iit.com @ +91 ~ 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 98 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES ee GATE and Additional objective questions Ql. The idealized cross section of a thin walled wing box structure shown in the figure is subjected to an anticlockwise torque of 10 kNm. The corresponding shear flow distribution si ‘ton : 4 under this loading condition is shown in the figure. The area of each cell is Ag= 300 x 10 mm? and Az = 250 x 10° mm®, The ratio of the unknowns x/y is given by {in three tt decimal places). SX E 2017) 10 kNm é YS 5 1 SNimm i “»*y 9 —— 3 ‘Ay = 300 x 10? mm? ‘Az = 250 x 108mm? © www.goodwillgate2itt.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 73384514: Page 89 Scanned with CamScanner| GOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES. 0 T=10kNm T = 2Ayqi + 2Ang2 10 x 10° x 103 = (2 x 300 x 10? x 5) +(2 x 250 x 10? xq.) 3 q2 = 14.N/mm y= 14N/mm Now, x = q2 — gy =9N/mm 0.643 Hence, ~ y anticlockwise torque of 62.5x10° Nmm. The maximum possible section, such that the shear stress induced in it does not excee, 100mm —_—___, 100mm Ans: 2.5 ‘open section) T = 625 x 103 Nmm Tmax = 100 N/mm? Polar moment of inertia(J) for thin walled open sections is given by 1 = y sie J got Therefore, J = 3 xi x 100 x ¢3 = 10023 For thin walled open sections, Maximum shear stress is given by © wewgoodwillgateziit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 /7s3sasiais Page” Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2UT. GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES C—O Tmax = 7t _ 62.5 x 10° 100xt® 100 t 50 mm 03. The stiffened cross-section of a long slender uniform structural membe| shown in the figure below. The lumped areas at A, B, C and D have eqyd¥’ci area of 3 cm?. The webs AB, BC, CD and DA are each 5 mm thick. The siru®tyral subjected to a twisting moment of 10 kNm. The magnitudes of th we Gas, ec: Ico, ANd Goan KN/m are, respectively A (a) 20, 20, 20, 20 (b) 0, 0, 50, 50 {c) 40, 40, 0,0 (d) 50, 50, 50, Ans: (d A D 4 200mm e c Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE STRUCTURES a 10 x 106 Nmm cell area = 200 x 500 = 100000 mm’ We know, T =2Aq Therefore, 10 x108 2 = Soong = 50 N/mm’ 4 = 2xa00000 ~ 5° N/ ‘The shear flow is constant in all arms. ‘Statements for Linked questions 4 and 5 YO 2011) A thin walled (thickness << radius), hollow shaft of length 4@tal In Yes R= Sem has to be designed such that it can transmit a torque T@WKN- vey of different commercially available materials was made and obtained from the suppliers (E = Young's modulus, ry = yield stress x 200. 4 350 ; ann Zz 0 i 375 : 4875 assis DQ ‘materials would you choose such that weight of the shaft is (€)Z only (4) XandY Page 9? Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES = p(2mrtl)g weeet t = Samrbg substituting value of t in equation (1), we get T ~ W 2k GOmrDD Tleg Tmax WR Tmax imum, material Y is to be Out of all the given material, for weight of thy chosen. Q5. If you assume a factor of safety of 2,%ypat shoul 1e appropriate thickness of such 2 shaft? aw (a) 0.5mm (b) 1 mm (c) 2 mm (4 LW Ans: (d) 4mm yield stress “ weg SS stress = ———>—— 2 Sd = 112.5 MPa T Tmax = FREE 4mm Q6. A hollow square section of outside diameter 48mm and inside diameter 4mm is subjected to a twisting moment such that the maximum shear stress developed is 50 MPa. What is the torque acting on the shaft? What is angular twist per unit length? (6 = 84 N/mm?) it.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 93 @ www.goodwillgate Scanned with CamScanner“ GOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURE SQODWILL GATE aS ‘Ans: Using Mid-line approximation, SS ‘Amn = afc? Tmax = 50MPa = 4 = 4 4 = 200 N/mm (i) Torque acting on the shaft, T= 2Aq =2x 44x 44 x 200 T= 7744 kN www.goodwiligateziit.com © +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451: Page —é Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES {i) Angular twist per unit length, ao_ iT T_ gas q cas dz GJ 4A7G7 t 2aG? t te 2x44 x44 x84 all = 2.705 x 10-Srad/mm {Q7. A shaft made of aluminium having diameter as 8cm is 160 em long. If it hgp modulus of rigidity as 28GPa and rate of twist of 1 degree, find the torque applied. NowfRis replaced bya hollow steel shaft which has modulus of rigidity three times as of alurfigiu same length, same outer diameter and same rate of twist carrying sarmtorgye- inner diameter o hollow shaft. Ans: ‘We know, 1 = G0 [9 is in radians] = =G0= ° ee T = GJ0 = 28 x10 ~~) xa T = 1965.147 Nm Since T and 6 is constant for bot YY NG aiuminum-Jatuminum « ,08* — d*) = Gatuminum- 35 X 0.08" 3Ggn 32 = 0.0722 m = 7.22cm 8.ffor YX closed cross-section, the applied twisting moment is T. If for the same cireWigr Sffon there is small slit. Compare the Torsional constant of the two sections. CIO @ 491 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 95, &® www.goodwillgateziit.com Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURE Ans: For the closed section: J 4A? e= as St sor?) set le= Tae a £ a Je = 2X0 x 503 x2 = 1.57 x 106 mm, \\ For the open section: Nn . be} doz yY 2nrt3 2 Ie mes ie 10° mm 75, Hence, closed sectic In comparison to open section. Q8. Find Torsio for thin walled cross-section as shown Ans: For thin walled open cross-section www-goodwillgateziit.com © +91 9933940303 7a384siais Page Scanned with CamScannerGooDWILL GATEZ2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES i Spee ow, for the given section thickness varies from ‘2b’ to ‘b’ and length is ‘a’. considering a small section of length dx, a ‘ vow = fa = SEY wy : 2b ~22) dx SY Quo. axial thru’ ‘aft subjected to simultaneous action of a torque T, bending moment M and an F Which one of the following statements is correct for this situation? {a) One extreme end of the vertical diametral fibre Is subjected to maximum compressive stress only {b) The opposite extreme end of the vertical diametral fibre is subjected to tensile/compressive stress only (©) Every point on the surface of the shaft is subjected to maximum shear stress only (d) Axial longitudinal fibre of the shaft is subjected to compressive stress only © www.goodwiligate2iit.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 97 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTUREg a Ans: (d) {As the system is subjected to Axial load, it results in Normal stresses at all the sections, {As the system is subjected to Bending, it results in Maximum formal res at both the extreme ends of the vertical diametral fibre. It produces zero stress at the neutral poing which is axial longitudinal fibre. As the system is subjected to Torque, It results in Maximum shear stress at both the extreme ends of the vertical diametral fibre. It produces zero stress at the neutral poing which is axial longitudinal fibre. Hence, Axial longitudinal fibre of the shaft is subjected to compressive XN www,.goodwillgate2lit.com 933949303 / 7338451418 Page? Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATEZIIT EXERCISE 1. A shaft is subjected to torsion as shown. GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES hS ‘of diameter ‘d! and length ‘I fixed at both ends ‘A’ and 'B' is subjected to a twisting moment 'T’ at ‘C’, at a distance of 1/4 from A (see figure). The torsional stresses in the parts AC and CB will be: 33949303 / 73384514: ‘www.goodwiligateziit.com @ +91 - 99: Page 99 Scanned with CamScannerGOODWILL GATE2IIT GATE AEROSPACE - STRUCTURES (a) Equal (b) In the ratio (c) Inthe ratio 3:1 (d) Indeterminate Y Ans: (c) Q3. A member is subjected to the combined action of Nm and torque mol 300 Nm. What respectively are the equivalent bendingggpmenagd efeivalent torque? (a) 450 Nm and S00 Nm (b) 900 Nm and 350 Nm (c) 900 Nm and 500 Nm (d) 400 Nm and 500 Nm Ans: (a) Q4. Match List-1 with “Wy: answer using the codes given below the lists: F ain ® Istll ( Characteristics) ,, Second moment of area about the -Hplane of beriding B. Modulus of resilience 2, Strain energy per unit volume ee 4 C. Bauschinger effect . Porque unit angle of twist call. it ssn . ~ D. Flexural rigidity 4. Loss of mechanical energy due to local yielding © www.goodwiligatezitt.com @ +91 - 9933949303 / 7338451418 Page 100 _ ti Scanned with CamScanner