Lecture 2

BUSINESS STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:

Advanced Educational Program Tables and Charts

Reading materials:
Chap 2,3 (Keller)

1 2

Why do we have to summarise data

• Recap
– In the previous chap you know how to collect data. Data collected
through surveys are called ‘raw’ data.
– Raw data may include thous. obs and often provide too much
information => need to summarise before presenting to audience
• Requirement
– Data summary clears away details but should give the overall
pattern.
– Summarised information are concise but should reflect the accurate
view of the original data
• Methods to summarise and present data
– Tables
– Charts
– Numerical summaries (measure of location and dispersion) 3

Outline

• Frequency table (frequency distribution)

- Simple frequency table
- Grouped frequency table Univariate distribution
• Charts
- Bar and pie charts
- Histograms
- Boxplot

5 6

1
 Charts Bar and pie charts
• Back to the UNSW survey example, create a bar and pie
charts
• Tools for qualitative and discrete data: • Reduce numbers of classes for easily visual look
• Simple bar charts
Number of students Percentage
• Pie charts Nationality (frequency) frequency

• Tools for continuous data: Australia & NZ 180 26.24%

China 120 17.49%
• Histograms
South East Asia 227 33.09%
• Boxplots (discussed in lecture 4) India 11 1.60%
USA & Canada 14 2.04%
UK & Ireland 35 5.10%
Other Europe 42 6.12%
Rest of the world 57 8.31%

7
Total 686 100.00% 8

Bar charts: example of UNSW Pie charts: example of UNSW

Percentage of inter.students at UNSW

Number of inter. students at UNSW 8.31%
6.12%
250
5.10%
200 26.24%
2.04%
Frequency

150 1.60%

100
17.49%
50 33.09%

0
Australia China South India USA & UK & Other Rest of
Australia & NZ China South East Asia India
& NZ East Asia Canada Ireland Europe the world
USA & Canada UK & Ireland Other Europe Rest of the world

9 10

Notes Histograms

 Choose charts that present information most  Raw data => frequency table => histograms
effectively (‘Learning by doing’)  A histogram looks like a bar charts except that
the bars are joined together
 Practice with SPSS
 Two types of histograms:
 Equal-width histogram
 Unequal-width histogram

11 12

2
 Equal-width histograms Shapes of Histograms - symmetric
 All bars have the same width (the same class intervals)
 The height of each bar represents the frequency or
percentage frequency of the class intervals Histogr a m of S y mme tr ic
50
 Using raw data in the example 4, draw a histogram
representing wages 40

30

Frequency
20

10

0
-2.4 -1.6 -0.8 0.0 0.8 1.6 2.4
Sy mme t r ic

13 14

Shapes of histograms – positive skew (long tail Shapes of histograms – negative skew (long tail
to right) to left)

H i s togr a m of P os itiv e s k e w
35 Histogram of N egativ e skew
35
30
30
25
25
Frequency

20
Frequency

20
15
15
10
10

5
5

0
0 .0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 0
Po s it iv e s ke w 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
Nega t iv e ske w

15 16

Shapes of histograms - bimodal Histogram terms

• Modal class – class with highest number of
Histogram of Bimodal
observations
25
• Uni-modal, bi-modal, tri-modal, multi-modal
• Skewness, symmetry
20

15
• Relative frequency histogram: replace frequency
Frequency

10
for each class by
5 class frequency/total number of obs.
0
-1.5 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0
Bimodal

17 18

3
 Histograms of COVID19 in the world Flattening COVID19 curve in Korea
• https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI
8a‐
unPCH6wIVix0rCh3tQAogEAAYASAAEgJb5_D_
BwE
• Access data: 7/8/2020

19 20

COVID19 curve in Vietnam Uni entrance exam

21 22

Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018 Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018

4
Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018 Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018

Ogive
Instead of presenting cumulative percentage freq in the
FT, you can draw a graph.

Practice with SPSS

27 28

Investigating the relationship between variables

• Methods:
– Table: Cross-table
– Charts:
o Multiple bar chart
Bivariate distribution o Scatterplot (mentioned in lecture 8)

29

5
 Cross-table Cross-table
• Cross-table is used to investigate the relationship • EX: use gss.sav data file to explore the relationship
b/w two categorical vars or discrete variables with b/w internet use and degree
few values.
• Note:
– Need to identify dependent and independent variables.
– Know how to calculate row and column percentages
– Rule of thumb: independent var in row and dependent
var in column

31 32

Multiple bar chart Multiple bar chat

• We can use multiple bar chart to explore the Here you are
relationship b/w variables.
• The skill is to know how to draw chart
• EX: use gss.sav data file to explore the relationship
b/w internet use, age, and degree

33 34

Summary
Univariate distribution
• Table: Frequency distribution
- Simple frequency table
- Grouped frequency table
• Charts
- Bar and pie charts
- Histograms
Bivariate distribution

35