Construction Methods & Risk

Assessment Report

Preconstruction Information Package (PCIP), Construction

Methods and Environmental impact & sustainability
Omar Hassan

Risk Assessment, Breakdown and CDM Regulations

Joe Langdon
Table of Contents

Construction Methods – Plymouth Road Bridge Replacement ............................................3

1.0 Preconstruction Information Package (PCIP) ....................................................................... 3
1.1 Existing Environmental Restrictions. ........................................................................................................3
1.2 Description of the site, and site restrictions: ...........................................................................................4
1.3 List of Heavy machinery required for construction:.................................................................................6
2.0 Construction Methods ........................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Demolition: ...............................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Foundations: .............................................................................................................................................9
2.3 Abutments (For Deck and Arch base): ............................................................................... 11
2.4 From Substructure to Superstructure: ...................................................................................................12
2.5 Deck ........................................................................................................................................................12
2.6 Arch & Cables: ........................................................................................................................................14
3.0 Environmental impact and sustainability .................................................................... 14
3.1 Embodied carbon: ..........................................................................................................................14
3.2 Materials Consideration: ................................................................................................................16
3.2.1 Steel: ....................................................................................................................................................16
3.2.2 Concrete: .............................................................................................................................................17
3.3 Embodied carbon calculations. ..............................................................................................................17

4.0 Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................20

4.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 20
4.2 Column headings .............................................................................................................. 20
4.3 Risk Assessment Matrix .................................................................................................... 22
4.4 Risk Legislation in line with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 22
4.5 Construction Phases ......................................................................................................... 24
4.6 Construction Phase Specific Risks ...................................................................................... 25
4.7 Risk Breakdown Structure................................................................................................. 26
References......................................................................................................................40

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Construction Methods – Plymouth Road Bridge Replacement

1.0 Preconstruction Information Package (PCIP)

A preconstruction information package is a document that details how the construction
project adheres to CDM regulations (HSE, 2022). This section mainly concentrates on
CDM regulations related to the area of construction and its surroundings. This section
will include:

• Existing Environmental Restrictions.

• Description of the site, and the site restriction.
• List of heavy machinery needed onsite.

1.1 Existing Environmental Restrictions.

Magic Map was used to examine the environmental restrictions of the construction site.
The site was checked for:
1. Habitats & Species.
2. Land Based Schemes (Agri-environment, forestry and woodland schemes).
3. Landscape (Geology, soil and groundwater).

Figure 1: Site’s Environmental

Examination (Magic Map
Application, 2022).

The red circle in figure (1) has a radius of 60m and represents the area surrounding the
construction site. The site is at the middle of the circle.

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The examination of the site showed no existence of Habitats & Species nor any Land Based
Schemes. However, underground water was found onsite. The location and vulnerability of
the underground water to construction is shown by the dark blue and light blue hatchings.
Hatching explanation is shown in figure (2).

Figure 2: Site’s Environmental map’s

legend (Magic Map Application, 2022).

As shown in figure (2), the vulnerability of the groundwater onsite to construction is very
low, and thus no environmental actions would be required according to CDM regulations
for this site (HSE, 2022).

1.2 Description of the site, and site restrictions:

The construction process chosen for this project is mainly divided into two parts:
A. Substructure
B. Superstructure

a) Substructure:

The substructure will have to be constructed in situ and the details of that is in section (2.0)
of this report.

b) Superstructure:

The superstructure materials comprise of (22) I-beams for the deck, 6 different arch
sections, 16 tension tendons, and 2 circular hollow beams for tendon-to-deck connection.

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To expedite the construction process, the materials will be prefabricated offsite and
transported to the site prior to the start of construction. Therefore, they have to be stored
and assembled onsite. The locations highlighted in figure (3) show the potential areas of
materials storage and assembling.

Figure 3: Site’s map (Magic Map

Application, 2022).

Figure (3) shows the site using the application Magic map. The red circle represents the
position of the existing bridge and the position of the new bridge.
The rectangles ABCD 46mx7m (top left), EFGH 40mx9m (bottom left), IJKL 20x67m (bottom
right), are the possible areas for materials’ storage onsite. As the bridge is prefabricated
offsite and assembled onsite, such considerations are vital according to CDM regulations
2022 (HSE, 2022).

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 Figure 4: Site’s map (Magic Map
Application, 2022).

The two red arrows next to rectangles EFGH (bottom left) and IJKL (bottom right) shows car
routes that would be obstructed during construction. As this street is not a major street,
diversions were planned at the positions of the green arrows shown in figure (4).

1.3 List of Heavy machinery required for construction:

Figure 5: Truck Crane (Truck Cranes, 2022).

Name: Truck crane
Quantity needed: 2
Role: Deck assembly

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Figure 6: Tandem lifting Crane
(2022).

Name: Tandem lifting cranes

Quantity needed: 2
Role: Arch assembly

Figure 7: Drilling rig (GmbH, 2019).

Name: Drilling rig.

Quantity needed: 1
Role: Piles instalment

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 Figure 8: Excavation Machine
(excavating machine | engineering,
2022).
Name: Excavation Machine
Quantity needed: 1
Role: Excavating

Figure 9: Excavation Machine

(Excavating plant, 2022).

Name: Excavation Machine

Quantity needed: 1
Role: Excavating and transporting soil

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2.0 Construction Methods
2.1 Demolition:
According to CDM regulation 2022 the demolition is the responsibility of the client and the
site should be left as outlined by (Construction - Demolition - HSE, 2022).

2.2 Foundations:
Piles installation as outlined by (GmbH, 2019):
The method chosen for this project to drive the piles through the ground is Continuous
Flight Auger Piles. This method is known as CFA method. CFA is a cast-in-situ concrete piles.
The construction procedure of CFA piles is divided into three main steps which are:
a. Preparation of the site and setting up the rig:
• The working platform at which the piles would be drilled should be levelled with
an inclination that doesn’t exceed 3%. The working platform should also be able
to hold the weight of the drilling rig.
• The site has an existing embankment that supports the bridge to be demolished.
Part of this embankment ((Size: 8.2(vertical depth) x 21.7m wide x 3.5(horizontal
depth into the embankment)) would have to be removed to prepare for the
workplace of the piles drilling.
• To support the embankment while digging, sheet piling must be used, as the soil
onsite is relatively weak.
b. Drilling and concreting the pile:

Figure 10: Piles Construction Steps (GmbH, 2019).

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 • After the workplace is set, the machinery is transported to the site. A full-length
Auger is rotated into the ground to the (required depth of 3.5 meters). The Auger
has a hollow stem with its end sealed by a disposable tip. The hollow stem is
connected by a flexible hose to a concrete pump. The hose and pump are charged
with concrete before drilling commences. When the required depth is reached
(phases 1,2 &3), the concrete pump will activate and the concrete pressure will
dislodge the temporary tip at the base of the stem, and concrete will be pumped
under pressure into the ground while the auger is withdrawn, carrying the
excavated soil upwards (phase 4). During (phase 4) of concrete pumping and auger
extraction, the auger rotation is usually stoped. However, incase the auger is kept
rotating, the rotation should be in the same direction as that for drilling, otherwise
it will contaminate concrete by disharging soil into it.

• It is vital to operate the auger cleaner during phase (4), as this prevent the soil
from dropping from height and injuring personnel onsite.

c. Inserting the reinforcing cage (phase 5):

• For the (phase 5) of inserting the reinforcement cage, the insertion of the cage should
start immediately after pouring the concrete to ensure its full installation while the
concrete is still fluid.
• The contractors onsite must ensure that the concrete mix is designed to stay fluid for
a sufficient time until the full instalment of the reinforcement cage. To ensure this,
the following points should be observed:
a) The concrete grade should not be less than C30/37
b) The density of dry cement content should be greater than 325kg/m3
c) The density of submerged cement content should be less than 375kg/m3
d) Water to cement ratio should be less than 0.6
e) Slump flow should be 560-620mm (slump 160- 180mm)
f) Trials of mixes should be made before pumping starts to ensure the mix
meet the required properties of strength and workability.

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 • As the pile length is less than 6m, the reinforcement cage could be allowed to sink in
liquid concrete under its own weight.
• Reinforcement cage should be extended above ground level to establish moment
connection between abutments and piles to ensure transfer of load.

2.3 Abutments (For Deck and Arch base):

• The abutment of the size specified in section (2.2) will be poured onsite.
• As the abutment is a large rectangle of reinforced concrete, the abutment will act as
a large pile cap.
• The reinforcement from the piles will be extended above ground level, and the
abutments would be poured over the pile reinforcement to ensure continuity of
abutments and piles to allow for load transfer.
• The abutment will also act as retaining wall to the embankment onsite.
• Due to the high bearing pressure exerted by the arch base plate, 50MPa concrete
would be used for the arch abutment to withstand such high stresses (HUSSAIN and
WILSON, 1999).
• For the deck abutment, concrete C30/50 will be used as pressures on the abutment
is relatively lower than that on the arch abutment.
• According to Ghani, Shabbir and Khan, (2006), high temperatures have adverse long
term effects on the strength of concrete. Therefore, the maximum temperature of
the concrete mixture while pouring will be limited to 70°C and this will be achieved
by controlling the portions of the concrete mix. The mix design will comprise of
water lowering additive and 365 kg/m3 of cement, 70 percent of which is cement
replacement in the form of ground granulated blast-furnace slag. This will help to
restrict the maximum mix temperature to 70°C. This method of concrete pouring
was also adopted by the contractors while building the foundations of the Hulme
arch bridge (HUSSAIN and WILSON, 1999).
• To further ensure the integrity of concrete, maximum differential temperature
within the concrete pours will be limited to 20°C to reduce cracks that result from
the cooling of concrete. This method was also adopted by the contractors while

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 building the foundations of the Hulme arch bridge, and was done by insulating the
perimeter of the pour (HUSSAIN and WILSON, 1999).
• Thermocouples will be placed at key locations to monitor the temperatures within
the mixture.
• The concrete would need a period of 28 days to gain strength after it is fully poured.

2.4 From Substructure to Superstructure:

• As mentioned in section (1.2), the superstructure materials will be stored and
assembled onsite, and this will lead to road closures and diversions as shown in
figures (3 & 4) respectively.
• To reduce the time of road closures, materials will be transported onsite only one
week before the concrete is ready for loading, and all the required assembling that
could be done on the ground will be done in this week.
• The assembling that would be done on the ground include the assembling of the
deck into two sections and the welding of the arch into two large sections. The
details of the deck and arch assembling are described below in sections 2.5 and 2.6.

2.5 Deck
• The intermediate piers in figure (11) will not be completely removed to reduce the
time and cost of construction. They will instead be propped to ensure that they don’t
interfere with the bottom of the new deck.
• The deck is planned to be installed over a span of 2 days to reduce the amount
possession of the railway.
• The prefabricated steel beams will transported to the site and stored in the specified
locations in figures (3 & 4).
• The beams will be assembled into two sections of (16m x 16m) each and craned into
position.
• Each deck section will be supported by trestles until the deck is connected to the
arch and cables.

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 • Trestles will be positioned in the locations are shown in figure (11), and these
locations are A, B, C and D.

Figure 11: Existing Bridge Elevation

View (Wilde, 2022).

Figure 12: Hulme’s arch deck

placement (HUSSAIN and WILSON,
1999).

The arrangement of trestles will be as shown in figure (12). However, due to the railway
lines obstructing the workplace underneath the bridge, a total of eight trestles will be used
instead of four to provide adequate support for the deck. Two parallel trestles will be placed
at each of the locations A, B, C, and D respectively.

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2.6 Arch & Cables:
• The arch is planned to be fabricated offsite into 6 sections (6m long each). The
reason the arch is divided into too many sections, is that the height of the arch is
around 19m. Therefore, if it is fabricated into two separate sections for instance, it
would not be viable to transport a 19m high arch to the site. The sections will be
welded together into two halves on the ground and craned into position using two
tandem lifting cranes (figure 6). The two arch sections will be supported by the
cranes until a connection is established at the arch’s crown. The arch is planned to
be craned into position over a span of one working day.
• The cables will then be stressed and connected to the arch and the deck, and the
trestles will be removed over a span of 2 days.

3.0 Environmental impact and sustainability

3.1 Embodied carbon:

Figure 13: Carbon emission fractions in

different stages (Kaewunruen, Sresakoolchai
and Zhou, 2020)

Figure (13) shows the conclusion of a study made by Kaewunruen, Sresakoolchai and Zhou,
(2020). The graph shows the percentage of embodied carbon involved with every stage of
the construction process of a bridge in China called Donggou. Embodied carbon is defined
by Hammond et al. (2011), as the sum of green-house-gas emissions related to the
combustion of fuel. Embodied carbon could be also defined as the total green-house gas

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 emissions (GHG) which is related to construction processes and materials throughout the
life cycle of an asset.
Figure (13) shows the following distribution of GHG emissions in the different stages of the
Donggou bridge construction and they were as follows:

Table 1: Distribution of GHG emissions in the different stages of the Donggou bridge construction
Stage of construction Percentage of embodied carbon usage (%)
Planning and Designing 0%
Pre-Construction & Construction 88%

Operation and Maintenance 6%

Demolition 6%

The total emissions related to the Donggou bridge were around 1903.443 tons of CO 2
equivalent mass (CO2e). This is equal to 1,903,443 kgCO2e. Figure (14) is used to help the
reader comprehend the significance of such a number.

Figure 14. Contextualising potential impact of

structural engineers (Gibbons and Orr, 2022).

From figure (14), it is shown that if a person stops driving his car for an entire year, he saves
around 3000kgCO2e, compared to almost 2,000,000kgCO2e emitted for building one bridge
in China.

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 Figure (14) shows that around 20% of GHG emissions related to building an infrastructure
could be cut by efficient structural designer. This could be through efficiency of design and
choice of materials (Gibbons and Orr, 2022).

3.2 Materials Consideration:

Following from the above, this section concentrates on the efficiency of the construction
materials from an environmental perspective.

3.2.1 Steel:
The Carbon factor in steel varies depending on two main things: production method and
recycled content (Gibbons and Orr, 2022).
There are two main processes for steel production which are Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOC),
and Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) (Gibbons and Orr, 2022). BOF is fossil fuel fired process which
typically uses 13% recycled content in steel production, while EAF is a process which uses
the electric grid and uses typically 97% of recycled content for steel production (Gibbons
and Orr, 2022). Therefore, EAF is significantly more efficient than BOF.
The main steel structures used for this projects and their production methods are as
specified in table 2.

Table. 2: The main steel structures used for this projects and their production methods according to
Gibbons and Orr, (2022).
Structure It’s Use Possible methods of Method chosen for the
production project
Steel hollow sections. For the arch Only BOF BOF

I-beams. For the deck EAF & BOF EAF

Tension tendons. Connection of arch EAF & BOF EAF

to deck

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3.2.2 Concrete:
The embodied carbon in concrete is predominantly affected by Portland Cement (PC)
proportion within it. Therefore, to reduce the concrete’s embodied carbon, PC should be
partially or completely replaced by other substitutes. (Gibbons and Orr, 2022) noted that
one of the most common substitutes of PC is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS),
which would be used in this project for foundations. GGBS was also used in the construction
of Hulme arch foundations in Manchester (HUSSAIN and WILSON, 1999). The specifications
of GGBS use in this project is outlined in section (2.3).

Also, the lower the strength of concrete the less PC content it has and thus the more
environmentally sustainable it is (Gibbons and Orr, 2022). Therefore, the design of
foundations uses lower grade concrete where possible to decrease the adverse impact of
the project on the environment without compromising the safety of the structure. The
details of how this is done is outlined in section (2.3)

3.3 Embodied carbon calculations.

Building on what is listed above in sections 3.1 and 3.2, the total amount of embodied
carbon in the construction materials would be calculated in this section. It is important to
note that the calculations only include the embodied carbon related to materials’
production. The embodied carbon of the materials’ transportation is not included as the
routes of their transportation is not known.

Note:
• Concrete embodied carbon calculations and carbon reduction factors were done
according to (Gibbons and Orr, 2022).
• Steel embodied carbon calculations were done according to (Anderson, 2022).

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Table 3: Embodied Carbon Calculations for main Structural sections
Materials What Average How were Embodie Volume Density Total amount of
were they Embodied they d of of embodied
used for carbon per enhanced Carbon material material carbon
m3 for a reductio (m3) (Kgm-3) (kgCO2e)
standard n factor.
materials &
material
mixtures
used in UK
(KgCO2e/kg)
Concrete Arch 0.2 Use of 70% 0.95 103.32 2300 45150.84
C50/57 abutment Portland
cement
replacement
(GGBS)
Concrete Deck 0.15 Use of 70% 0.95 895.44 2300 293480.46
C30/37 abutment Portland
cement
replacement
(GGBS)
Reinforcement Abutments 1.37 N/A 1 16.27 7860 175198.614
steel S500 and Piles
Steel S500 Arch 1.42 N/A 1 45.30 7860 505602.36
Steel 500 Tendons 1.37 EAF (uses 0.97 8.25 7860
and I 97% recycled 86172.52
beams steel)
Total amount of embodied carbon 1105604.794
(kgCO2e)
Total amount of embodied carbon (tonnesCO2e) 1105.605

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Results Interpretation (from table 3):
Based on table 3, the total embodied carbon in the construction materials used for this
project is around 1105.605 tonnesCO2e.
Amount of cut on tonnesCO2e in construction materials due to sustainable materials’
considerations = ((0.2*0.05*103.32*2300) + (0.15*0.05*895.44*2300) + (1.37* 0.03*
8.25*7860)) = 20488 kgCO2e.

According to Figure 14, this is equivalent to a 7 people stopping to use their cars for one
whole year.

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4.0 Risk Assessment

This Design Risk Assessment has been prepared in accordance with the Construction (Design and
Management) Regulations 2015.

4.1 General

The below Risk Assessment table gives details of significant hazards and work-related activities that
have been identified by the design team that are unavoidable. The risks assessment takes into
consideration the severity and likelihood of occurrence of the incident occurring with no mitigation.
The assessment has then been repeated after mitigation has been considered to determine the
severity and likelihood of occurrence after mitigation measures have been introduced.

4.2 Column headings

Category:

The type of hazard it is. The categories are hazards relating to: Health and Safety, Budget and
Schedule.

Description:

The specific hazard involved in the stated activity. There may be more than one hazard for each
activity. The hazard may be a hazard that will affect the workforce or the public.

Severity Factor:

An assessment of the likely severity of harm caused if the hazard stated should manifest itself in an
accident or ill health. The hazard factor is given a value as follows:

‘1’ No injury or illness caused.

‘2’ Minor injury or illness, e.g., resulting in less than one shift lost time.

‘3’ Medium injury or illness, e.g., resulting in less than one month’s lost time.

‘4’ Major injury or illness, e.g., resulting in excess of one month’s lost time.

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 ‘5’ Fatality

Likelihood Factor

An assessment of the likelihood that the hazard will manifest itself in an accident or ill health if no
preventative action is taken. The risk factor is given a value as follows:

‘1’ Never likely to occur during the project or design life of the scheme

‘2’ Very unlikely to occur during the project or design life of the scheme

‘3’ Unlikely to occur during the project or design life of the scheme

‘4’ Likely to occur during the project or design life of the scheme

‘5’ Near certain to occur during the project or design life of the scheme

Score:

The severity factor multiplied by the likelihood factor gives an indication of the level of risk posed
and highlights activities that need particular attention.

Mitigation:

This specifies the measures taken to reduce the risk or the protective measures specified to be taken
to reduce the risk to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).

Post-Mitigation:

These columns are the same as the prior except they have been altered to consider the effect of the
implement mitigation.

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4.3 Risk Assessment Matrix

In this graphic, blue, green and yellow risks need only considered pre-construction. Orange risks
need constantly monitored such that they do not become critical. Red risks represent those that are
critical and must be mitigated further or re-designed – critical risks may not be present.

4.4 Risk Legislation in line with the Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations 2015

The risks have been categorised, by their nature, of the most relevant risk category that
they belong to. The three categories are; Health & Safety (H) , Budget (B) and Schedule (S).
The risks have been identified in line with the Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015). Whilst some regulations apply to all sites and projects such
as:
- Regulation 8: General duties
- Regulation 9: Duty of designers

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 - Regulation 11: Duties of a principal designers in relation to health and safety at the
pre-construction phase

Some risks are specified in more detail under parts 3 and 4 of the CDM regulations which
relate to health & safety and duty of contractors. A comprehensive list of hazards is shown
below with additional information regarding specific reference to each CDM 2015 regulation
that is relevant outside of the general considerations.

Risk ID Risk Where communicated?

H1 Drowning Regulation 26 Prevention of drowning
H2 Exposure to dust or Regulation 29 Prevention of risk from fire, flooding or
particulate matter asphyxiation, Regulation 33 Fresh air

H3 Electrocution Regulation 22 Excavations, Regulation 24 Reports of

inspections

H4 Burial Regulation 22 Excavation

H5 Falling & moving Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work,

objects Regulation 18 Good order and site security

H6 Fire Regulation 32 Fire detection and firefighting,

Regulation 36 Enforcement in respect of fire

H7 Exposure to hazardous Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work,

substances Regulation 21 Explosives

H8 Noise Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work

H9 Plant operations Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work

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 H10 Slips, trips and falls Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work,
Regulation 18 Good order and site security

H11 Working at heights Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work,

Regulation 19 Stability of structures,

B1 Additional costs Regulation 14 Principal contractors’ duties to consult

and engage with workers
B2 Equipment malfunction Regulation 27 Traffic Routes, Regulation 28 Vehicles
S1 Additional delays Regulation 14 Principal contractors’ duties to consult
and engage with workers
S2 Railway Interference Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work
S3 Poor weather Regulation 34 Temperature and weather protection

4.5 Construction Phases

Phase Description
Phase 1 -Decommissioning The removal of the pre-existing bridge, piers, foundations and any
other unwanted items or material.

Phase 2 -Substructure The erection of the foundations in the form of CFA piles, concrete
abutments for both the beam seat and arch.

Phase 3 - Superstructure The erection of the superstructure in the form of the steel girder
deck, concrete slab, steel arch, cables and connections.
Phase 4 - Detailing Addition of finishes such as parapets, painted surfaces, road
wearing surface, kerbs, paths, signs, road and cycle lane markings

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4.6 Construction Phase Specific Risks

Whilst risk should be continually reviewed and inspected throughout the whole project
duration, some risks are more pertinent in the four discrete design stages. This by no means
conveys that the contractor should only be prepared to deal with the risk per phase but
instead direct more attention at the following risk indexes for each specific stage.

Phase Risk ID
Phase 1 - Decommissioning H1, H3, H4, H5, H6, H8, H10, H11, H12, B1, B2, S1
Phase 2 - Substructure H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H7, H8, H10, H11, H12, H13, B1, B2, S1,
S2, S3
Phase 3 - Superstructure H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H9, H10, H11, B1, B2, S1, S2
Phase 4 – Detailing H2, H3, H4, H8, H11, B1, B2, S1

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4.7 Risk Breakdown Structure

26
Category Risk Hazard Description Severity Likelihood Score Design Mitigation Consequen Likelihood Score
No. ces (Post- (Post- (Post-
Mitigation) Mitigation) Mitag
ation)
Health H1 Drowning All personnel but 5 2 10 Ensure work platforms 3 1 3
and particularly the are clear without trip
Safety groundworks team hazards, if they become
associated with the slippery or wet, they
foundation should be treated with
construction. sand and salt to
Potential of fatal improve grip. Access
drowning due to ladders to allow
inability to swim or workers to get out
being knocked should they fall in. Life
unconscious when buoys readily available
falling into water with lifelines. Safety
that may collect in helmets required to
excavations and prevent head collisions
earthworks if there resulting in someone
are periods of falling into a body of
extreme rainfall, water.
burst water mains

27
 our inflow of
groundwater during
the substructure
phase.

H2 Exposure Any personnel on 4 5 20 Ensure that all 1 3 3

to dust or site. Risk of personnel in the vicinity
particulate inhalation of dust of dust generating
matter from clearing of works are fitted with
debris during the appropriate PPE
decommissioning including dusts masks,
phase and eye protection and
earthworks ventilators.
H3 Electrocuti Risk to ground team 5 1 5 Ensure that surveys 3 1 3
on when working inside completed pre-
the excavations that construction are
they may strike, cut accurate by consulting
or touch live council records of
electrical cables from previous installation of
nearby services. Crossley’s bridge. Have
Potential for fatality a stationed spotter

28
 depending on the assisting the plant
power of the cable operator who may not
during be able to see dirt
decommissioning covered cables from the
and substructure cabin. Remove all
phase. members working close
by the machinery when
excavating or moving
material.
H4 Burial Groundworks team 4 2 8 Installation of sufficient 4 1 4
consisting of retaining walls and
labourers, site trench shields to
engineers and prevent vertical walls
vehicle/machine collapsing and
operators. Harmed landslides. Ensure that
by collapsing of site inspections are
embankment/excava made each morning
tion, potential to be assessing the behaviour
buried alive and loss of the soil before any
of life through workers enter the
suffocation during excavation/embankmen
substructure phase. t.

29
H5 Falling & Risk of personnel at 4 3 12 Ensure that all workers 2 2 4
Moving ground level being are fitted with hardhats
Objects struck by and that designated
falling/moving walkways are used such
materials, that personnel will not
equipment, debris walk under cranes or
associated with other machinery.
removal of the soil Remove all personnel in
and rock during all proximity when
construction phases. dumping earth material.
H6 Fire Risk of combustion 4 2 8 Ensure that there are 2 1 2
of any temporary fire extinguishers on site
formworks such as with a member of the
timber trestles to contractor team being
support the deck or appointed fire safety
timber boards used warden responsible for
to retain earth the regular inspection
during the of fire extinguishers to
decommissioning ensure they are fit for
and substructure purpose. Fire blankets
phases. Whilst being should also be available
an outdoor setting for fires that are not

30
 construction/securit suitable to be
y fencing may block extinguished via CO2 or
means of escape and water such as fuel or oil
entrap personnel. spill fires.

H7 Exposure Potential to strike 4 2 8 Thorough pre-site 4 1 4

to gas pipes or sewage inspections and
hazardous pipes. This could information gathered
substances lead to explosion if from previous
flammable material, contractors that have
poisoning by gaseous completed the previous
chemicals or work to identify any
contamination pipelines.
resulting in illness Implementation of
from sewage lines evacuation procedures
during both and escape routes with
decommissioning appropriate signage if
and substructure the ground team hit a
phase. high-risk pipeline.

31
H8 Noise Risk of disturbance 3 5 15 Ensure that noise 1 4 4
to residents and generating activities are
businesses. There kept to minimum
are also health risks durations. Any
associated with cutting/fabrication that
extreme levels of can be done pre-
noise carrying out entering the site in a
the noise generating suitable location should
tasks during all be done so. Noise
construction phases should not exceed the
hours of 2300-0700 to
comply with UK law
regarding noise
disturbances. Any
personnel on site
should have access to
over-ear defenders and
additional disposable
foam ear plug
dispensers and various
locations around the
site.

32
H9 Plant Any personal on site 4 2 8 Areas where operation 3 1 3
Operations being struck by are being completed
driveable/remote must be cordoned off
controlled machinery and an operation
during operations manager must actively
such as digging, divert other staff away
dumping of material, from machinery while in
compaction and use. Adequate signage
pouring of concrete, must be present on site
these all have the and the use of vehicles
potential to serious with flashing beacons
injure or prove fatal (typically amber) must
during the be used to warn
decommissioning, passers-by there is
substructure and heavy machinery in use.
superstructure
phases.

33
H10 Slips, trips Any personnel on 3 5 15 Restricted walkways 3 2 6
and falls site. Injury by with floor panels to
tripping over items provide a flat,
such as equipment uncontained surface.
cables, uneven Signage to ensure all
surfaces, poor contractors tidy
housekeeping and materials and
insufficient floor equipment when not in
coverings during all use. Floor covering
construction phases signed off by site
manager to ensure
ample precautions have
been made.
H11 Working at Construction 5 2 10 Harnesses to be worn 5 2 10
Heights workers, excavation by all personal working
grounds team. at height or by trench
Falling into edges. Sufficient fencing
excavated areas or and barriers placed
falling from the around fall hazards with
bridge deck. access only available
Potential of fatality into high-risk areas by
or paralysis by presenting identification

34
 damaging organs or to the groundwork’s
spine from high supervisor.
impact falls during
substructure and
superstructure
phases.
Budget B1 Increased Associated with a 3 3 9 Employ contractors that 3 1 3
costs lack of project have sufficient
management, experience of delivering
contractor similar scale projects
management and that employs only
the ability of the qualified and reliable
contracting team to staff. Request specific
finish their required milestone charts
tasks by the specific showing when phases
deadlines during all are expected to be
phases of the completed by and
construction leading ensure the project
to additional costs. manager fully
understands the
responsibility of the
project.

35
B2 Equipment The breaking down 3 3 9 Ensure that all hired 3 1 3
malfunctio or malfunctioning of equipment comes with
n excavators, wagons, due insurance and is
cranes and any other inspected before being
relevant equipment brought onto site. Any
may not only delay owned equipment
the project by should be regularly
extending the time serviced per advice
taken to complete from the manufacture
the task but by to ensure the
adding additional functionality of
time to repair or equipment.
remove the
vehicle/equipment
from the site during
all phases of the
construction.

36
Schedule S1 Additional Associated with a 3 2 6 Employ contractors that 3 1 3
delays lack of project have sufficient
management, experience of delivering
contractor similar scale projects
management and that employs only
the ability of the qualified and reliable
contracting team to staff. Request specific
finish their required milestone charts
tasks by the specific showing when phases
deadlines during all are expected to be
phases of the completed by and
construction leading ensure the project
to additional delays manager fully
in schedule. understands the
responsibility of the
project.
S2 Railway The risk of the 3 2 6 Ensuring that major 2 1 2
Interferenc construction being stakeholder network rail
e affected by railway is consulted of when
interference such as key construction phases
the site being struck are entered and then
by under passing completed to avoid the

37
 trains or collision of accidental running of
equipment with the the train along the line.
electrified railway No equipment, debris or
lines during the materials should be left
superstructure and in the vicinity of the
detailing phases. railway lines when the
project has entered the
detailing phase at which
the under passing of
trains is deemed safe.
S3 Poor Weather proposes a 3 5 15 Only days of sufficient 1 5 5
Weather risk particularly quality weather should
regarding the curing be used for initial
of concrete pouring of concrete.
components that Ensure that all concrete
may require more components are
time to dry to their covered when curing to
nominal strength or prevent influx of
stability and safety rainwater.
of working around/in Embankments and
the excavations if excavations should be
they are saturated inspected with respect

38
by periods of to access, stability and
extreme rainfall means of escape before
during the any personnel enter in
substructure and proximity.
superstructure
phases.

39
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41