FSK Modulation using XR 2206 AIM: Ti build and test the Frequency shift Keying(FSk) circuit using IC XR-2206. OBJECTIVES: 4 To study and understand principle of Frequency shift Keying + To generate two carrier frequencies signal using XR-2206 for Mark and Space, 3. To understand the working of Frequency shift Keying circuit APPARATUS: Circuit board, Function generator, CRO. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FSK Modulator PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the FSK circuit as per circuit diagram. 2. Adjust the R(sym) and R(thd) pots until a sine wave with minimum distortion is observed at the output terminal i.e, pin no. 2. 3. Calculate the mark and space frequencies using the following formulas. 1|PageFme_1 Fs = Rich R2Ct Determine the actual mark frequency by connecting +5V de voltage to Pin 9 and measure the frequency of the waveform at Pin 2 i.e. output. Determine the actual space frequency by connecting OV i.e. ground voltage to Pin 9 and measure the frequency of the waveform at Pin 2 i.e. output. Connect the function generator TTL output to input pin 9 which is modulating signal. Adjust the frequency of modulating signal. Observe the FSK output waveform at pin 2 which is the output pin (it may be necessary to adjust the function generator output frequency to observe a stable FSK en8 waveform). Sketch the TTL waveform and FSK output on graph paper. OBSERVATION TABLE: Peak to peak : : 2 ei as Laman rane ad Tote time frontend a axisof C.R.O. w 5 ite a j Mark signal Fm= | Fm= Space signal l Fs= Fm=1 Fs = BIC Rect FORMULAE: RESULT: CONCLUSION: . THEORY: Modulation is the process of varying characteristics of carrier signal in relation to information signal. Often a high frequency sinusoid form is used as carrier signal to convey a lower frequency information signal. The three key parameters of a sine wave are its amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing") and its frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal. Modulation types are analog modulation, digital modulation and pulse modulation. The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog pass band channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a band pass. filter limits the frequency range between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. : 2] PageFundamental digital modulation methods These are the most fundamental digital modulation techniques: * PSK: Phase shift Keying. * _FSK: Frequency shift keying * ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying * In the case of QAM, a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used, Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation technique In which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrler wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK), BFSK literally implies using a couple of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (Os and 1s) information. In this technique, the "1" is called the mark signal and the "0" is called the space signal, As shown in above diagram FSK modulator is built using voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). VCO generates output signal whose frequency is dependent upon input voltage. Hence the basic block diagram of FSK is as shown below: Binary Input veranecnteiel FSK modulated output a, é —————> Oscillator GENERAL DESCRIPTION The XR-2206 is a monolithic function generator integrated circuit capable of producing. high quality sine, square, triangle, ramp, and pulse waveforms of high-stability and accuracy. The output waveforms can be both amplitude and frequency modulated by an external voltage. Frequency of operation can be selected externally over a range of 0.01Hz to more than 1MHz. The circuit is ideally suited for communications, instrumentation, and function generator applications requiring sinusoidal tone, AM, FM, or FSK generation. It has a typical drift specification of 20ppm/*C. The oscillator frequency can be linearly swept over a 2000:1 frequency range with an external control voltage, while maintaining low distortion, 3] Page