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ONLINE OBSERVER-BASED INTER-TURN SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT DETECTION

AND IDENTIFICATION IN INDUCTION MACHINE

Conference Paper · June 2016

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 P R O C E E D I N G S O F CIEI 2 0 1 6

ONLINE OBSERVER-BASED INTER-TURN SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT

DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION IN INDUCTION MACHINE

AMAL GUEZMIL1, REMUS PUSCA2*, HANEN BERRIRI1, ANIS SAKLY1,

RAPHAEL ROMARY2, MOHAMED FAOUZI MIMOUNI1
1
Monastir University, Res. Unit on Study of the Industrial System & Renewable Energies
(ESIER), Ibn Eljazzar City, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
2
Artois University, EA4025, Laboratory of Electrical Systems and Environment (LSEE),
Bethune, F-62400, France.

Abstract: This paper presents an observer-based method for induction machine stator inter-
turn short-circuit fault detection and identification. The mathematical model of induction
machine with inter-turn short-circuit fault is developed. A high order sliding mode observer
is used to estimate rotor flux and three-phase stator current under healthy and faulty
conditions. The proposed strategy is based on calculating the difference between the
measured three-phase stator current and estimated ones. That produces sets of residuals
sensitive to fault. Theorical and experiment results are included to show the proposed
strategy ability for detection and locating phase under fault.

Keywords: Induction machine, Inter-turn short-circuit fault, High order sliding mode
observer, Fault detection and identification.

1. INTRODUCTION

Induction Machines (IM) are one of the most important parts for many industrial process that are widely used as
electromechanical energy conversion devices due to their low cost, ruggedness and low maintenance [1-2].
Despite these superiorities, IM are prone to different internal faults. Stator winding faults is a common as well
critical fault in IM, the main cause of the fault is insulation failures [3]. The Inter-Turn Short-Circuit (ITSC)
fault is an initial stage of most of the stator winding failures. When an ITSC fault occurs, extremely high currents
flowing in the short-circuit coil cause the propagation of destruction and unexpected shutdown of the IM. Hence,
it’s important to develop a reliable technique to detect the ITSC fault at early stage to prevent sever faults and
damage.

A large number of researchers have focused their efforts on the online early detection of the ITSC fault [4-8].
One of the most promising ones is model-based technique. The difference between measurement outputs and
reconstructed outputs by the observer produces a set of residuals which should be sensitive to faults. In this
context, observer-based methods have been proposed in literature for resolving ITSC Fault Detection and
Identification (FDI) problem [9-11]. In [9], a model-based strategy for stator-ITSC detection on IM is presented.
The proposed strategy is based on the generation of a vector of specific residual using a state observer. In [10],
Duvvuri propose a technique based on the whiteness of innovation sequence developed by the standard extended
Kalman filter. Also, a nonlinear Generalized Likelihood Ratio method is applied to identify the faulty phase
along with its severity. An adaptive observer-based fault detection and diagnosis scheme is developed in [11],
which can not only provide a rapid detection when stator ITSC fault occurs but also give an accurate diagnosis of
the fault position and level. Thus, sliding mode techniques have been widely studied for state estimation problem

*
Corresponding author, email [email protected]

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 P R O C E E D I N G S O F CIEI 2 0 1 6

of linear and nonlinear systems due to finite time convergence and robustness against disturbances [12].
Recently, High Order Sliding Mode Observer (HOSMO) has been proposed for system residual generation
and/or state estimation [13]. The HOSMO is investigated here to generate residuals sensitive to ITSC fault in IM.
This paper proposes an ITSC FDI in IM. The measured three-phase stator currents are compared to his estimated
ones by HOSMO that produces sets of residuals. These residues are compared with threshold to distinguish the
faulty case from normal one.

The remaining of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the mathematical model of IM with
ITSC fault. The HOSMO-based FDI is developed in Section 3. In Section 4, the proposed method performance
is verified using simulation and experimental results obtained from the simulated model and an 11kW laboratory
squirrel cage IM. Conclusions are presented in Section 5.

2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ITSC FAULT

For ITSC FDI technique evaluation in IM, an accurate model including fault model is required [14]. Here the
model proposed in [13] is developed to simulate ITSC fault. The model is a transient model for IM with ITSC
fault on a single phase, derived in stationary reference frame. Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the three-phase
winding with the ITSC fault in the a-phase. as1 is the healthy windings, as2 is the shorted windings, ia is the
stator input current, if represents the circulating current in the shorted turns. An additional insulated winding is
added and is modeled by a resistance Rf. Note that Ns is the number of turns in a healthy phase winding. The
number of short-circuited turns is Nf. The short-circuit level is kcc = Nf /Ns and is remain between 0 and 1.

Fig. 1: Scheme of three phase stator winding with an ITSC fault in a-phase

The stator and rotor currents dynamic can be written as:

(1)

Where , , and
r
are stator and rotor voltage and current, respectively. and abc are diagonal matrices of stator and rotor
ss rr
resistances respectively. abcf and abc are inductance matrices, all of them, for the stator and rotor respectively.
sr rs
abcf and abcf are the mutual inductance matrices between stator and rotor. The resistances and inductances
matrices of (3) are:

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ss

abcf

where Rs and Rr are the stator and rotor resistance respectively. Ls and Lr are the stator and rotor inductance
respectively. ls and lr are the leakage stator and rotor inductance, respectively and Msr is the mutual inductance.
It’s admitted that: .

3. HIGH ORDER SLIDING MODE OBSERVER-BASED FAULT DETECTION AND

IDENTIFIACTION

3.1. High order sliding mode observer design

In this paper, the considered ITSC fault FDI scheme is based on HOSMO introduced by Levant [15]. This
r . A robust HOSMO based on twisting
algorithm for fault detection is proposed in this section. The designed observer will be sensitive to ITSC fault. The
estimation error will be used for FDI. To simplify and clarify the development of HOSMO, the healthy IM as the
-

(2)

where

T
. , r r r
and

are the stator currents, the rotor flux and the stator voltages components, respectively, in the ( - ) reference frame.
The corresponding HOSMO for the system (2) is based on the method as proposed in [16]. It can be written as:

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 P R O C E E D I N G S O F CIEI 2 0 1 6

(3)

T T

s s s
and r r r
are the estimated three-phase stator current and rotor flux components,
respectively. is the observer matrix gains. Let’s define currents and flux estimation errors in (5).
Their dynamic are obtained from (2) and (3) as expressed in (5).

(4)

(5)

Let us select a sliding surface as in (6). Its dynamic is defined in (7).

1
I (6)
2

(7)

The derivative of is supposed constant compared to the derivative of Is and r. Consequently, term is
considered null and the dynamic of sliding surface become:

(8)

Based on (8), to ensure a finite time convergence, HOSMO gain is based in twisting algorithm [16] and reads as.

m
sign S SS 0
(9)
M
sign S SS 0

where and are designed positive constants. These constants should ensure the condition (10). So, the
system (2) evolves featuring a HOSM, after a finite time and .

(10)

3.2. Residual Generation

As mentioned, the FDI problem includes residual generation. These residuals allow a reliable decision between
two cases: healthy or faulty IM. Generally, residuals are wanted to be identified such that they are identically (or,
more realistically, close to) zero when the IM behaves in healthy mode, and promptly become nonzero when the
associated ITSC fault occurs. However, using HOSMO-based technique three-phase stator current can be

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 P R O C E E D I N G S O F CIEI 2 0 1 6

reconstructed with an estimation error exponentially decaying to zero [17]. In this work, residual is chosen such an
absolute value of the difference between measured three-phase stator current and his estimate one by HOSMO.

Fi ( I sa ) I sa Iˆsa (11)

Fi ( I sb ) I sb Iˆsb (12)

Fi ( I sc ) I sc Iˆsc (13)

Suitable residuals are computed and processed by a threshold-based fault detection logic for achieving a quick and
computationally detection of the faulty conditions. A simplest fault detection strategy could be designed.
Generated residuals in the case of fault absence and parametric variations are established in the aim to define
threshold .

4. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.1. Simulation results

In order to illustrate IM behavior in both healthy and faulty cases and shows the impact of fault severity on IM
variables, simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK. It includes an 11 kW IM, 4-pole, 50 Hz,
380/660 V, 1450 tr/min, 48 stator slots and 32 rotor bars in open loop, whose rating are summarized in the
Appendix.
In the initial stage, until t=2.5s, the short-circuit level kcc is set to zero, with an insulation resistance Rf fixed to
t=2.5s (kcc=0.125 and Rf =2
-phase stator current have been shown in Figs. 2 (a) and (b), respectively. As it’s
clear, stator currents are balanced in healthy case. According to Fig. 2(a), measured three-phase stator current have
been unbalanced at the incipient level of the fault (t=2.5s). It can be revealed that the affected phase current Isa
variation becomes constables and the amplitude of Isa increase. The estimated three-phase stator current are
similar (close to healthy case) after application of ITSC fault as shown in Fig. 2(b). As a conclusion, unbalanced
measured three-phase stator current and unaffected estimated ones after fault occurring. Fig. 3 shows residuals Fi,
in the case of ITSC fault in current a-phase at t= 2.5s. Any adaptive thresholding technique can be utilized for
unsupervised online FDI ( =1.7A). The analyze of residuals shows that all residuals are affected and exceed their
maximum value. However, only the first residual (11) according to affected current a-phase increases more than
others residuals. That allows the identification of affected phase.
(a)

Fig. 2. Stator current variation (a) measured three-phase stator current (b) estimated three-phase stator current.

Fig. 3. Three-phase residue currents of an IM with ITSC fault in a-phase

4.2. Experimental results

Experimental studies are performed for a on a laboratory three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine with the
same specifications to confirm the simulation results and verify the proposed method. This machine supplied by
the grid, is specially modified enabling to realize inter-turn short circuits. The output connections to the terminal

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 P R O C E E D I N G S O F CIEI 2 0 1 6

block can short circuit an elementary section housed in a slot, which corresponds to 12.5% of full phase winding.
To create the inter-turn short circuit, two tapping points were taken out per phase from the neutral of the stator

suitable resistance between tapping point and ungrounded neural. The tests consist in measuring and analyzing the
three-phase stator current in order to validate the proposed diagnosis method. The measurements are performed
using sensors.

From Figs. 4(a) and (b), it can be observed that the behavior of the faulty and healthy IM are similar to simulated
ones. The measured three-phase stator current of the IM (see Fig 4(a)) indicate that under no fault the stator
currents are balanced in steady state. However with fault occurrence (t=2.5s), the three-phase stator current in the
faulty IM are unbalanced, the affected phase current Isa variation becomes constables and the amplitude of Isa
increase. Besides, the estimated three-phase stator current still not affected as illustrated in Fig. 4 (b). Fig. 5 shows
three residuals Fia, Fib and Fic. Residuals evaluation shows that all experimental residuals are affected and exceed
their maximum value. However, Fia increases more than others residuals. That allows the identification of affected
phase.

Fig. 4 Stator current variation (a) measured three-phase stator current (b) estimated three-phase stator current.

Fig. 5. Three-phase residue currents of an IM with ITSC fault in a-phase

5. CONCLUSION

In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed for simulating IM under ITSC fault. Then, a HOSMO-
based fault FDI has been investigated. This strategy is based on calculating the difference between measured
three-phase stator current and estimated ones. That provides sets of residuals, allowing for rapid detection of an
ITSC fault occurrence. This method has the capability of detecting the ITSC fault appearance and identifying the
faulty phase. Experimental results confirm the theoretical approach.

6. APPRENDIX
Table 1. Induction machine parameters and its nominal values are given as follow:
Pn Np Rs Rr Ls Lr ls lr Msr J f
11kW 4 1.2 0.16 H 0.16 H 0.011H 0.0075H 0.157 H 0.1 0.003
Kgm² N.m.s

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