Standardization Training Program Level 2 ECSS

Standards

Training Course in ECSS-E-ST-31C

“Space Engineering - Thermal Control General
Requirements”

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use © 2017 by European Space Agency

27/10/2017
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ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ECSS Training Program - Benoit Laine | 27/10/2017 | Slide 2
 Content of the training
• Introduction
• Characteristics of the ECSS system
• ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
• Types of requirements
• Application of Standard to a specific project
• Structure of ECSS-E-ST-31C general requirements document
• #1: Scope of Document - #2: Normative References
• #3: Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
• #4: Requirements
• #5: Document requirements definition (DRD) list
• DRD Annexes (normative)
• Tailoring
• Conclusion
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 Characteristics of ECSS System (1/4)
• ECSS = European Cooperation for Space Standardization
• Established in 1993, it is an organization which works to develop a single
coherent set of space standards within the European space community

• Cooperative effort between ESA,

National Space Agencies (ASI, UKSA,
CNES, DLR, NSO, and NSC) and
European industry (represented by
Eurospace)

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 Characteristics of ECSS System (2/4)
ECSS
• Is driven by a partnership of industries and space agencies
• Is written in consensus by industry and agency experts
• Is a consistent set of documents
• Makes maximum use of existing and commonly used international standards
• Has flexibility through tailoring
• Is recognized by the European Space Community as:
• the single developing body for European Space standards
• the source of requirements for its Space activities
• Standards define the requirements rather than the means

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 Characteristics of ECSS System (3/4)
• Key aspect of ECSS is the documentation architecture, designed to facilitate the
organisation and retrieval of information within the ECSS system (see next slides).
• Basically four main branches: Management (M), Product Assurance (Q),
Engineering (E), and Sustainability (U) and three hierarchical levels

Level 1 (ECSS-S-ST-00 “ECSS system – Description, Implementation and

general requirements”) - Describes the ECSS system of documents,
explains its implementation in space projects, and specifies that the
customer (at any level of the customer-supplier chain) shall perform the
tailoring for its suppliers, and the supplier has to respond with an
implementation document.

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 Characteristics of ECSS System (4/4)
• Level 2 (ECSS-M-ST-10, ECSS-M-ST-40, ECSS-Q-10, ECSS-E-ST-10, ECSS-E-
ST-31, ...) - Describe the required objectives and functions for all aspects in the
individual domain (project organization, configuration management, product
assurance, system engineering, thermal control, etc.)
 The Thermal Control Standard ECSS-E-ST-31C is located here
• Level 3 - Describe methods, procedures and recommended tools to achieve the
requirements of Level 2 documents. Define the requirements for interfaces and
performance of the specified product.
 ECSS-E-ST-31-02C “Two-phase heat transport equipment” is located
here.
In addition, there are different handbooks providing guidelines,
typical/recommended engineering methods, etc.
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 Characteristics of ECSS System (5)

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 Characteristics of ECSS System (6)
ECSS engineering
standards (1)

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 Characteristics of ECSS System (7)
ECSS engineering
standards (2)

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 Characteristics of ECSS System (8)
ECSS engineering
Handbooks (HB)
and Technical
Memorandums
(TM)

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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
• Existing standards:
ECSS-E-ST-31C
ECSS-E-ST-31-02C
• Existing Handbooks:
ECSS-E-HB-01 and
ECSS-E-HB-03
Standard in
preparation: ECSS-E-
ST-31-04C

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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
ECSS-E-ST-31C: Thermal control general requirements (2008) – to be updated
• Rather short (65 pages) and generic
• To be used on thermal subsystem level
• Typical user: responsible subsystem engineer in a system team and
thermal engineer in a thermal department
• Useful to responsible engineers of other subsystems to understand
thermal interfaces
• Document includes requirements for
• All mission phases
• Interfaces to equipment thermal control
• Interfaces to other subsystems
• The entire temperature range
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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
ECSS-E-HB-31-03A: Thermal analysis handbook (2016) – very good reference (65p)

Purpose : to provide thermal analysts with practical guidelines which support efficient and high
quality thermal modelling and analysis. I.e. improve:

a) comprehension of the context, drivers & constraints for thermal analysis campaigns

b) quality of thermal models through the use of a consistent process for thermal modelling

c) credibility of thermal model predictions by rigorous verification of model results & outputs

d) long term maintainability of thermal models via better model management, administration
and documentation;

e) efficiency of inter-organisation collaboration by setting out best practice for model transfer
and conversion.

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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
ECSS-E-HB-31-03A: Thermal analysis handbook (2016)

Modelling guidelines (configuration, version control, modelling process, modularity)

Model verification (checks)

Uncertainty analysis (sources of uncertainties, stochastic, typical values)

Model transfer, conversion and reduction (reference results, documentation)

Annex: specific guidelines for modelling (MLI, Heat pipes, layered materials, …)

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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
ECSS-E-ST-31-02C: Two-phase heat transport equipment (TPHTE)
• To be used on equipment level (heat pipe, loop heat pipe,…)
• Typical user: responsible thermal design engineer for TPHTE
• Useful to responsible thermal subsystem engineers in system teams to
understand TPHTE interfaces
• Document includes requirements for
• Design and verification of the different TPHTE
• Qualification process of TPHTE
• Detailed qualification test program
• Necessary development and verification documents (DRD)
Applicable to all flight hardware of space projects, covering spacecraft and
launchers
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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
ECSS-E-HB-31-01, 16 parts: Thermal design handbook (2001) – but old material!
Part 1: View factors Part 9: Radiators
Part 2: Holes, Grooves and Cavities Part 10: Phase-Change Capacitors
Part 3: Spacecraft Surface Temperature Part 11: Electrical Heating
Part 4: Conductive Heat Transfer Part 12: Louvers
Part 5: Structural Materials: Metallic and Composite Part 13: Fluid Loops

Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling

Part 7: Insulations Part 15: Existing Satellites

Part 8: Heat Pipes Part 16: Thermal Protection System

• Intended to be used as supporting material in space projects and applications

• Collection of data gathered from many projects and technical journals which provides
descriptions and recommendation to be considered in the thermal design process
• Handbook has unfortunately not been updated for some time
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 ECSS Documents for Thermal Control
ECSS-E-ST-31-04C: Exchange of thermal model data for space applications
• Objective : to define and describe the standard protocol for Exchange of
Thermal Model Data for Space Applications (commonly known as STEP-TAS
protocol).
• Intended users: tools developers

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 3 Types of requirements (1)
• Documentation Requirements: for production and use of project documents
• 4.9.3b: The TCS supplier shall deliver the documentation as detailed in Table 5-1

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 3 Types of requirements (2)
• Process Oriented Requirements: stating what task shall be performed
• Usually not quantifiable, and not possible to verify on the product
• Compliance to these requirements is performed by reviewing and accepting plans
(e.g. System Engineering Plan) or analyses (e.g. thermal analysis)
• Closure by reviewing the completed process (way of working), i.e. accepting how
something has been designed, manufactured, or analysed. This can be done by
reviewing the associated documentation (Plan, Analysis), or by an audit process.
Examples:
• 4.2.1a: TCS performance requirements for all mission phases shall be specified and agreed
with the system authority
• 4.2.1b: The mission phases shall be represented by a coherent set of thermal design cases
covering the extreme range of conditions experienced by an item during its lifetime
• 4.5.2.1a: Verification by analysis shall be performed through thermal analytical modelling and
corresponding prediction
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 3 Types of requirements (3)
• Product Oriented Requirements
• Requirements related to specific technically related issues, describing a product
property or functionality
• Always quantifiable, and can be verified on the product
• Compliance of these requirements is illustrated by verification of the
requirements (by Test, Analysis, Inspection or Review of Design)
• Closure is performed by checking the actual verification of the individual
requirement (i.e. Verification Control Document)
Example:
• 4.1.1a: The design of the TCS shall meet requirements of all mission phases up to
the end of the operating lifetime

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 Types of requirements (4)
These requirement type definitions have not been systematically implemented into
the ECSS system, but would have several advantages:
• Easy distinction between requirement types (when listed in dedicated sections of
the Standard)
• Process requirements may be easily introduced in Statement of Work (SOW) and
product requirements into technical specifications
• Requirement verification can be more easily traced. Product requirements are
most often tracked through VCD (Verification Control Document) and
documentation / process requirements through compliance status lists

The thermal control Standard contains only few product related requirements
(temperature, environment, lifetime requirements, etc.). Most of the requirements
are process related (what to for do verification, modelling, analysis, testing, etc.)
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 Relation of Standard to a specific project (1)
The requirements are generic -> does not constitute a TCS specification.
The procurement of a specific thermal subsystem cannot be based on this ECSS
document alone.
• Documentation and process requirements, called out in this Standard, are generally
introduced into the Statement of Work (SOW) of a specific project
• Technical / product requirements need to be captured in a technical specification. Standard
can be seen as a “guideline” for writing a detailed, project dedicated, technical specification.

References to the need for a technical specification are already given, for example:
4.2.1a: TCS performance requirements for all mission phases shall be specified and agreed with
the system authority
4.2.1g: The TCS shall conform to the following requirements to be specified in the TCS
specification
4.2.2a: Temperatures… shall not exceed values … specified in the TCS specification
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 Relation of Standard to a specific project (2)
Examples for translation of ECSS requirement in Subsystem specification
ECSS Specification
4.2.1e: Minimum and maximum design temperatures Quantitative values for design temperatures are
shall be provided (defined) specified for all units

4.2.1f: Acceptance and qualification margins shall be Quantitative values for margins are specified for all
defined units
4.2.1g: The TCS shall conform to required Quantitative values for temperature gradients,
temperature gradients, stability, uniformity, heat flux, stability, uniformity, heat flux, etc. are specified for all
etc. units
4.2.2b3: A TPS shall support mechanical and thermo- Quantitative load values are specified for relevant
mechanical loads parts of the TPS

4.4.5a: The TCS shall conform to the total lifetime Lifetime is quantitatively specified. Mission phases are
covering expected combinations of mission phases specified in detail.

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ECSS Training Program - Benoit Laine | 27/10/2017 | Slide 24
 Structure of ECSS document
In order to facilitate the use of the ECSS system, the breakdown of main clauses is
the same for all ECSS standards:
• Clause 1: Scope
• Clause 2: Normative References
• Clause 3: Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
• Clause 4: Requirements
• Clause 5: Documentation requirements
• DRDs as normative annexes
Any informative text as informative annexes
The following slides summarizes and discusses the main clauses of Thermal
Standard ECSS-E-ST-031C

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 Clause 1: Scope of ECSS-E-ST-031C (1)
In general: The purpose of the Scope clause is to describe, in a few lines, the
standard as a whole in such a way that the reader can assess if the standard is
applicable or not to a particular case.

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 Clause 1: Scope of ECSS-E-ST-031C (2)
• defines requirements for the discipline of thermal engineering.
• defines the requirements for the definition, analysis, design, manufacture,
verification and in‐service operation of thermal control subsystems of
spacecraft and other space products.
• requirements are applicable to the complete temperature scale. Some are
applicable only for the cryogenic or high temperature range.

Standard applicable to all flight hardware of space projects, including spacecraft

and launchers.
Standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a space
project in conformance with ECSS‐S‐ST‐00.

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 Clause 1: Scope of ECSS-E-ST-031C (3)
The Standard covers requirements for the entire life cycle of the subsystem:

• Ground and pre-launch (4.1.2)

• Launch and ascent (4.1.3)
• Planetary orbital phases (4.1.4)
• Interplanetary phases (4.1.5)
• Planetary natural environment (4.1.6)
• Docking, docked and separation phases (4.1.7)
• Descent, entry and landing (4.1.8)
• Post-landing phases (4.1.9)

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 Clause 1: Scope of ECSS-E-ST-031C (4)
Standard applicable for the complete temperature range (as defined in the standard)
• Cryogenic temperature range (below 200 K)
• Conventional temperature range (200 to 470 K)
• High temperature range (above 470 K)

Specific requirements related to the extreme temperature ranges are called out in
the following clauses (see also Annex G and H):
• 4.2.2 for requirements in the high temperature range
• 4.2.3 for requirements in the cryogenic temperature range
• 4.5.2.2 for verification by test in the cryogenic temperature range
• 4.5.2.3 for verification requirements of thermal protection system (TPS)

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 Clause 2: Normative References
“Normative references” list the documents referred to in requirements.
The Thermal Control Standard calls the following ECSS documents:
• Glossary of terms (S-ST-00-01)
• Verification, testing, space environment standards (E-ST-10-02, 10-03, 10-04)
• Project management (configuration and information management) (M-ST-40)
• Space product assurance:
• Quality assurance, safety (Q-ST-20, 40)
• Materials, mechanical parts and processes (Q-ST-70)
• Cleanliness and contamination control (Q-ST-70-01)
All referenced documents are undated, meaning that the latest issue / revision of a
referenced document is applicable
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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (1)
Purpose:
• List the terms defined in other standards which are applicable to the thermal control standard
(definition of terms shall not be repeated throughout the ECSS system)
• Present the terms specific to the thermal control standard together with their definitions
(these terms are unique in the ECSS system and appear only in the thermal control standard)
• List the abbreviations used in the standard, and their expanded meaning

Very important to ensure experts have the same understanding of specific terms
used in thermal control engineering
For example the clause lists 26 temperature-related terms
Most important temperature definitions and the relation to each other are explained
in the following slide (Figure 3.1 from the standard)

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (2)

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.2 acceptance temperature range

temperature range obtained from the qualification temperature range after

subtraction of qualification margins specified for the operating and non-operating
mode and the switch-on condition of a unit

NOTE 1 The acceptance temperature range is the extreme temperature

range that a unit can reach, but never exceed, during all envisaged mission phases
(based on worst case assumptions).

NOTE 2 Temperature range used during acceptance tests to verify specified

requirements and workmanship

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.3 calculated temperature range

temperature range obtained by analysis or other means for the operating

and non-operating mode and the minimum switch-on condition of a unit, based on
worst case considerations (i.e. an appropriate combination of external fluxes,
materials properties and unit dissipation profiles to describe hot and cold conditions)
excluding failure cases

NOTE The calculated temperature range plus any uncertainties is limited to

the specified design temperature range. During the course of a project these
uncertainties change from initial estimates into a value determined by analysis.

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.16 minimum switch-on temperature

minimum temperature at which a unit can be switched from the non-

operating mode to the operating mode and functions nominally when the unit
temperature is brought back to the relevant operating mode temperatures

NOTE Also referred to as start-up temperature.

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.28 temperature difference

difference in temperature of two points at a given time

3.2.1.29 temperature gradient

spatial derivation of temperature in a point at a given time

NOTE It is expressed by a temperature divided by unit length.

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.22 radiative sink temperature
virtual black body radiation temperature used to define the equivalent
radiative thermal load on an item
NOTE 1 The radiative sink temperature includes both the natural
environment load (solar, planetary albedo and infrared fluxes) and the radiative
exchanges with other items.
NOTE 2 The radiative sink temperature is typically used to provide a
simplified interface for an item, to provide a means for parameter studies thus
avoiding extensive calculations or to define adequate radiative boundary conditions
for thermal tests.
See NOTE 3 and 4 in Standard for formula for calculation of sink
temperature
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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.27 system interface temperature point
physical point appropriately located on the structure of the system which
can be used to evaluate the heat exchanged by conduction between a unit and the
spacecraft system

3.2.1.31 temperature reference point (TRP)

physical point located on a unit and defined in the unit ICD to provide a
simplified representation of the unit temperature
NOTE 1 The TRP is used for coherent verification at unit, subsystem and system
level.
NOTE 2 Depending on the unit dimensions and interface complexity, more than one
temperature reference point can be defined.
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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)
3.2.1.8 geometrical mathematical model (GMM)
mathematical model in which an item and its surroundings are represented by
radiation exchanging surfaces characterized by their thermo‐optical properties
NOTE The GMM generates the absorbed environmental heat fluxes and the radiative couplings
between the surfaces.

3.2.1.38 thermal mathematical model (TMM)

numerical representation of an item and its surroundings represented by
concentrated thermal capacitance nodes or elements, coupled by a network made of
thermal conductors (radiative, conductive and convective)
NOTE 3 Numerical representation can be performed by lumped parameter, finite difference or
finite element methods.

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 Clause 3: Terms, definitions & abbreviated terms (3)

3.2.1.41 Uncertainties
Inaccuracies in temperature calculations due to inaccurate physical, environmental
and modelling parameters

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 Thermal Analysis – Uncertainties & Margins
Uncertainties in thermal modeling:
− numerical uncertainties
− ‘Physical’ uncertainties
o material properties (anisotropy, batch differences)
o optical surface properties (literature vs. real values; wavelength
dependence, specularity, opacity)
o contact uncertainties (surface roughness, pressure, interstitial
medium)
o geometrical uncertainties (simplified geometry, no harness, etc.)
o control uncertainties (thermostat switching, PID settings, etc.)
• Model uncertainties are the responsibility of the thermal analyst
• Model uncertainties can be reduced through test and sensitivity analysis (typical
values: +/- 15 K @ Phase 0/A, +/- 10 K @ Phase B/C.

• All results (calculated temperature) produced with computer models have uncertainties
(predicated temperatures) – as each measurement has a measurement uncertainty.
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 Thermal Analysis – Uncertainties & Margins
• Uncertainties:
• Geometry -> simplifications (holes, bolts, harness), …
− Modeling Uncertainties
• Material properties -> bulk, anisotropy, …
• Optical surface properties -> substrate, literature data,
wavelength, opacity, specularity, …
− Numerical Uncertainties
• Conductive interfaces -> geometry, contact conductance, …

• Margins
− Design Margin : project specific
− Acceptance Margin : typical ±5K
− Qualification Margin : typical ±5K

Uncertainty ≠ Margin
- Uncertainty is inherent to model
- Margin is systematic “safety”

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 Clause 4: Requirements (1)
All requirements for the TCS are listed in Clause 4 and broken down in the following
sub-clauses:
• 4.1: Mission
• 4.2: Performance
• 4.3: Requirements towards other subsystems
• 4.4: Design
• 4.5: Verification
• 4.6: Production ad manufacturing
• 4.7: In-service requirements
• 4.8: Product assurance
• 4.9: Deliverables
The next slides give an overview over the requirements

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 Clause 4: Requirements (2)
Clause 4.1: Mission -> includes requirements for all mission phases:

• Ground and pre-launch (4.1.2)

• Launch and ascent (4.1.3)
• Planetary orbital phases (4.1.4)
• Interplanetary phases (4.1.5)
• Planetary natural environment (4.1.6)
• Docking, docked and separation phases (4.1.7)
• Descent, entry and landing (4.1.8)
• Post-landing phases (4.1.9)

Very generic related to meet the requirements for different mission phases

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 Clause 4: Requirements (3)
Clause 4.2: Performance – most important TCS performance requirements:
4.2.1g: The TCS shall conform to the following requirements to be specified in the
TCS specification:
• Temperature gradients
• Temperature stability
• Temperature uniformity
• Heat flux
• Electrical power allocation for heating and cooling
• TM/TC allocation for TCS parameter
• Mass allocation for TCS, etc…
Specific requirements for the high and cryogenic temperature range (if different from the
nominal range) as well as TCS functional requirements are given in Clauses 4.2.2, 4.2.3 and
4.2.4
Tailoring and translation into specific project requirement necessary
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 Clause 4: Requirements (3)
Clause 4.3: Requirements wrt other subsystems shall be captured
• from other subsystems affecting TCS
• from TCS on other subsystems
• Mechanical (4.3.2) -> requirements related to Interface Control Document (e.g.
dimensions, mass, fixation, materials, heat capacities, alignment, forbidden zones, etc.);
strength vs mechanical loads; issue thermal ICD
• Electrical (4.3.3) -> requirements related to heat dissipation, harness, TCS power budget,
voltage, EMC
• 4.3.4.1 Propulsion -> thrusters temperature, plume interaction, heat soak back; possible
modification of thruster operation, if predicted temperatures are too high
• 4.3.4.2 Attitude control -> respect attitude requirements; agreement for thermally
unacceptable attitudes

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 Clause 4: Requirements (3)
• Telemetry/Telecommand (4.3.5) -> command and telemetry allocation to TCS
• Data Handling and Software (4.3.6) -> TCS related software requirements
(heater control, sensors)
• Launcher (4.3.7) -> launcher requirements affecting TCS (e.g. launcher
envelope, venting requirements, depressurization profile, accessibility, launch
pad air-conditionning, heat fluxes from fairing, etc.)
• Ground Support Equipement (4.3.8) -> requirements affecting TCS interfaces;
TCS specific Ground Support Equipment requirements

Tailoring and translation into specific project requirement necessary

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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.4 Design
• General (4.4.1): Use materials compatible to environment - Be documented in
design description

• Budget allocation (4.4.2) -> TCS shall define budgets for mass, size, power,
energy, TM/TC, operational aspects

• Parts, materials and processes (4.4.3) -> Use of space qualified parts, materials
and processes

• EEE components (4.4.4) -> Use of space qualified EEE components

• Lifetime (4.4.5) -> TCS design shall conform to the total lifetime

• Predictability and testability(4.4.6) -> Design shall enable the demonstration of

performance requirements (Cl. 4.2) by analysis and test
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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.4 Design
• Flexibility(4.4.7) -> the design shall be able to accommodate modifications of TCS
requirements and shall offer trimming capabilities
• Integration and accessibility (4.4.8) -> Accessibility to allow for integration, (de-)
mounting, inspection, maintenance
• Reliability (4.4.9) -> TCS shall demonstrate required reliability figures by analysis
and test, meet system requirements (i.e. single point failure avoidance)
• Interchangeability (4.4.10) -> TCS shall meet system interchangeability requirements
• Maintenance (4.4.11) -> TCS shall specify maintenance procedures, no in-orbit
maintenance
• Safety (4.4.12) -> Reference to ECSS-Q-ST-40 and ECSS-Q-ST-40-02
• Availability (4.4.13) -> Plan for in-time availability of resources and items with
limited lifetime

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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.5 Verification
Verification requirements are process requirements (not related to product properties)
General verification requirements are contained in
• ECSS-E-ST-10-02 (Verification)
• ECSS-E-ST-10-03 (Testing)

The thermal Standard contains requirements specific to TCS

• 4.5.2.1: Requirements for analysis, modelling, TCS testing and documentation
• Cases to be verified to be agreed with the system authority
• Thermal balance, thermal vacuum and climatic tests are required (the latter
one may be tailored away)
• 4.5.2.2: Requirements related to cryogenic control system (CCS)
• 4.5.2.3: Requirements related to High temperature TPS

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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.5 Verification
4.5.3: Requirements dedicated to Thermal Balance Test (TBT)
Regarded as TCS performance verification & (when applicable) as TCS qualification test
• 4.5.3.1: Requirements related to test performance
• Documentation: Test specification, procedures, test report
• Purpose of TBT to verify
• Thermal mathematical model
• Suitability of TCS design
• Performance of TCS hardware
• Sensitivity of TCS with respect to parameter changes
• Two different steady-state test cases + transient case
• Solar simulation, when behaviour is governed by solar environment
• Critical hardware flight representative
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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.5 Verification
• 4.5.3.2: Requirements related to test success criteria
• Steady-state conditions, when temperature sensor readings meet predefined
temperature variation over a predefined time period
• 4.5.3.3: Requirements related to correlation success criteria
• Test correlation for steady-state and transient modes based for units on unit
temperature reference points (TRP)
• Correlation is successful, when
• Deviations between measured and predicted temperatures as specified
• Temperature mean deviation as specified
• Temperature standard deviation as specified
• Deviations between measured and predicted heating / cooling power
within specification
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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.6 Prod. & manufacturing
• Procurement (4.6.1) ref to ECSS-Q-ST-70 (#5.6) addressing in detail
procurement of materials and ECSS-Q-ST-70 (#6.6) addressing procurement of
mechanical parts, ECSS-Q-ST-20 (#5.4) for QA requirements for procurement
• Manufacturing process (4.6.2) -> procedures to be approved by customer
• Number of samples, prototypes, components to be agreed with customer
• in accordance with QA requirements as specified in ECSS-ST-Q-20 (cl. 5.5)
• Quality management (4.6.3) -> according to ECSS-Q-ST-20 (cl. 5.1.1)
• Cleanliness and contamination (4.6.4) -> according to ECSS-Q-ST-70-01 (cl.
5.1 & 5.2)
• TCS shall define cleanliness requirements for TCS H/W

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 Clause 4: Requirements – 4.6 Prod. & manufacturing
• Integration (4.6.5) -> Procedures for all levels of integration to be defined
• Identification and marking (4.6.6) -> according to ECSS-M-ST-40 (cl. 5.3.1.5)
• Packing, handling, transportation (4.6.7) -> requirements shall be defined
• Items containing hazardous material or those subjected to special
packaging, handling and transportation shall be identified
• Storage (4.6.8) ->
• Storage conditions shall not to cause degradation to thermal H/W
• Storage devices and storage procedures shall be defined
• Repair (4.6.9) -> Repair procedures, tools and material shall be defined

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 Clause 4: Requirements
• Clause 4.7: In-service requirements
• Support the system during S/C commissioning, operational phases,
special events, in-orbit anomalies; provide input to operational
documentation
• Examples: Thermal simulation of S/C
• De-freezing of fluid systems
• Support Cryogenic Control System (CCS) by
• adjusting operational parameters to compensate for degradation
• De-contamination of cryogenic areas
• Clause 4.8: Product assurance -> requirements for TCS are specified at system
level and based on ECSS-Q-ST-20 Quality assurance, ECSS-Q-ST-40 Safety
qand ECSS-Q-ST-70 Materials, mechanical parts and processes
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 Clause 4: Requirements
• Clause 4.9: Deliverables
• All deliverables (hardware, documents, software, mathematical models)
shall be specified in the Statement of Work (SOW)
• TCS shall deliver all H/W in accordance with the specifications
• TCS shall deliver subsystem documents as listed in Table 5-1
• Document requirements definitions (DRD) exist for each required
document
• DRD defines the expected content for each document
• TCS shall provide inputs to higher level system documents (AIV and test
plans, DDP, drawings, interface documentation, budgets, design
definition / justification, etc.)

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 Clause 5: Document requirements definition (DRD)
Document requirements definitions (DRD) serve to ensure:
a. completeness and consistency of information within the documents,
b. that the information contained in the document conforms to its defined
scope, and correctly implements its interfaces with other documents, and
c. that portions of a document can be generated or maintained by separate
organizational groups and seamlessly integrated into a coherent whole.
• Table 5-1 lists and summarizes the DRDs that are called up in the previous clauses
and that are defined in annexes of this Standard or other relevant Standards.
• The first issue of a document is created in the project phase as indicated in the
following list and delivered for the indicated project review.
• The document is then updated in additional issues for follow-on project phases and
reviews. The creation of a completely new document shall be avoided.
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 Clause 5: Document requirements definition (DRD)

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 Clause 5: Document requirements definition (DRD)

Missing: delivery of thermal models

DRD’s are given in normative annexes to the Standard:
Annex A, Annex B, etc.
“normative” means: these annexes are part of the list of requirements to be met
“informative” Annexes contain information
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 DRD Annexes (normative) (1)

The structure of each DRD is the same for all documents:

1. DRD identification
1.1 Requirement identification and source document
1.2 Purpose and objective
2 Expected response
2.1 Scope of content
<1> Introduction
<2> Applicable and reference documents
<3> Definitions and abbreviations
<4> and following sections: Content is document specific
2.2 Special remarks
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 DRD Annexes (normative) (2) - Example
Annex A (normative)
TCS mathematical model specification
A1. DRD identification
A1.1 Requirement identification and source document
This DRD is called from ECSS-E-ST-31, requirement 4.5.2.1d.
A1.2 Purpose and objective
The TCS mathematical model specification specifies requirements for development and
delivery of mathematical models to be used for thermal analysis.
A2 Expected response
A2.1 Scope of content
<1> Introduction
a. The TCS mathematical model specification shall contain a description of the
purpose, objective, content and the reason prompting its preparation.
b. Any open issue, assumption and constraint relevant to this document shall be
stated and described.

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 DRD Annexes (normative) (2) - Example
<2> Applicable and reference documents
a. The TCS mathematical model specification shall list the applicable and
reference documents in support to the generation of the document.
<3> Definitions and abbreviations
a. The TCS mathematical model specification shall list the applicable directory or
glossary and the meaning of specific terms or abbreviations utilized in this
document.
<4> Definition of subassemblies, interfaces and nodal breakdown
a. The TCS mathematical model specification shall specify the subassemblies, for
which mathematical models are required.
b. The TCS mathematical model specification shall define conductive, convective
and radiative interface nodes and their characteristics.
<5> Node number and node identification
a. The maximum number of nodes for a subassembly model shall be given.
b. A method of identification and numbering of nodes shall be presented.

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 DRD Annexes (normative) (2) - Example
<6> Modelling rules
a. The model hierarchy shall be described.
b. The document shall describe the applied modelling rules for thermal items
c. Control algorithms for thermal components shall be described.
<7> Software tools
a. The software tools to be used for development of the mathematical models shall
be described.
<8> Test cases
a. The thermal mathematical model shall be delivered together with the
definition and results of representative test cases.
A2.2 Special remarks
None

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 Tailoring
• The ECSS document contains requirements
• for a variety of thermal products (spacecraft and launcher elements, equipment)
• related to different missions (Earth orbiting spacecraft, exploration spacecraft …),
different temperature ranges
• Requirements are of generic nature and therefore not defined for a specific project
• Consequently, it is necessary to select from the ECSS document a set of suitable
requirements for each project case => this selection process is called tailoring
ECSS definition of tailoring (ECSS P-001B):
• Process by which individual requirements of specifications, standards and related documents
are evaluated and made applicable to a specific project by selection, and in some exceptional
cases, by modifications of existing or by addition of new requirements.
• Tailoring is, according to ECSS rules, a task of the customer.
• In most cases tailoring is performed by the contractor and approved by the customer
• The exact process of tailoring is not yet fully defined and is still improving.
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 Tailoring
• Examples for ECSS requirements tailoring
• Project A
• Tailoring performed by ESA (as Customer). Reference: AAA.ESA.SA.RS.0074,
“Tailoring of ECCS-E Engineering Standards“

• The table lists requirements which are not applicable for Project A
• All other thermal requirements of E-ST-31C are then applicable
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 Conclusion
• ECSS-E-ST-31C defines a set of requirements, which are applicable for thermal control
design and verification tasks in all spacecraft projects
• In addition technical terms are defined, which shall be used by all ECSS users to avoid
misunderstandings in technical discussions
• The document covers requirements for the entire temperature range and includes
requirements for all mission phases, for interfaces to equipment thermal control and other
subsystems
• Requirements are mostly generic and need to be translated into project specific
(quantitative) requirements
• A set of requirements specific to a project must be generated by a tailoring process

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