Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga del Sur National High School
Senior High School
Sta. Maria, Pagadian City

Name: _________________________________________________ Grade and Section: __________________

Subject: General Mathematics Quarter: 1 Week: 1-2

What I Need to Know

The module contains two lessons:
• Lesson 1 – Representing Real-Life Situations Using Functions
• Lesson 2 – Evaluating Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. recall the concepts of relations and functions.
2. define and explain functional relationship as a mathematical model of situation;
and
3. represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise function.
4. recall the process of substitution.
5. identify the various types of functions; and
6. evaluate functions.

Lesson Representing Real-Life Situations Using

1 Functions

Welcome to the first lesson of your General Mathematics. This lesson will give you the practical
application of functions in a real-life scenario including the piece-wise function. When you are in Grade 8,
you already encountered relation and function. But in this module, let’s take into a deeper sense on how
this topic can be useful in our daily life. Are you all ready?

What’s In
Before we proceed in representing real-life scenario using function, let’s go back to where we start.
What have you remembered about relations and functions?

A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is called the domain
of the relation, and the set of all second elements is calledthe range.

A function is a relation or rule of correspondence between two elements (domainand range) such that each
element in the domain corresponds to exactly one elementin the range.
To further understand function, let’s study the following.
Given the following ordered pairs, which relations are functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
C = {(1,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)}
D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)}
You are right! The relations A and B are functions because each element in the domain corresponds to a unique
element in the range. Meanwhile, relations C and Dare not functions because they contain ordered pairs with the same
domain [C = (0,1) and (0,-1), D = (a,b) and (a,d)].

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 How about from the given table of values, which relation shows a function?

A. x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2 4 6 8 10 12

B. x 4 -3 1 2 5
y -5 -2 -2 -2 0

C. x 0 -1 4 2 -1
y 3 4 0 -1 1

That’s right! A and B are functions since all the values of x corresponds to exactly one value of y. Unlike table C,
where -1 corresponds to two values, 4 and 1. We can also identify a function given a diagram.
On the following mapping diagrams, which do you think represent functions?

Domain Range

A.

B.

C.

Jana Ken

Dona Mark

Maya Rey

You are correct! The relations A and C are functions because each element in the domain corresponds to
a unique element in the range. However, B is a mere relation and not function because there is a domain which
corresponds to more than one range.

How about if the given are graphs of relations, can you identify which are functions? Do you still
remember the vertical line test? Let’s recall.

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Using the vertical line test, can you identify the graph/s of function?

Yes, that’s right! A and C are graphs of functions while B and D are not because they do not pass the
vertical line test.

In Mathematics, we can represent functions in different ways. It can be represented through words,
tables, mappings, equations and graphs.

What is It

Functions as representations of real-life situations

The situations above all illustrate functions. The function rule in the first situation is the product price. The
input (domain) is the money used by Mark combined with selected button while the output (range) is the
product. This also shows a one-to-one correspondence where a specific amount corresponds to a specific
product.
The diameter-circumference relationship is also a function. The diameter is the input while the circumference
is the output. What’s the function rule? As they divide each circumference by its diameter they would notice a
constant ratio which is a rough approximation of pi.
A weekly salary is a function of the hourly pay rate and the number of hours worked. This function was
being illustrated by the third situation where Margareth was being paid for her doing a specific job. This
could also illustrate a many-to-one relationship where the employees (domain) including Margareth is
receiving the same amount of salary (range).

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 Then lastly, the length of a shadow is a function of its height and the time of day. This is what the group of
students applied to measure the height of the Narra tree. The same function rule (ratio) by which we compare
the length of an upright ruler to its shadow will help us find the unknown input (the height of the large object)
whenwe measure its shadow.
All the given situations above can be illustrated using what we call a function machine.

The Function Machine

Function can be illustrated as a machine where there is the input and the output. When you put an object
into a machine, you expect a product as output after the process being done by the machine.

For example, when you put an orange fruit into a juicer, you expect an orange juice as the output and
not agrape juice. Or you will never expect to have two kinds of juices - orange and grapes.

INPUTS

OUPUTS

You have learned that function can be represented by equation. Since output (y) is dependent on input (x), we can say that y
is a function of x. For example, if a function machine always adds three (3) to whatever you put in it. Therefore, we can derive
an equation of x + 3 = y or f(x) = x+ 3 where f(x) = y.

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer and write the chosen letter onsheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is not true about function?

a. Function is composed of two quantities where one depends on the other.
b. One-to-one correspondence is a function.
c. Many-to-one correspondence is a function.
d. One-to-many correspondence is a function.
2. In a relation, what do you call the y values or the output?
a. Piecewise
b. Range
c. Domain
d. Independent

3. Which of the following tables is NOT a representation of functions?a.

x 2 1 0 1

y 3 6 7 2

b.
x -2 -1 0 1

y 0 -3 0 3

c.
x -1 -2 -3 -4

y 1 2 3 4

d.
x 0 2 4 6
y 6 5 4 3

4. In this table, what is the domain of the function?

x 1 2 3 4 5

y a b c d e

a. D: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
b. D: {a, b, c, d, e}
c. D: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
d. y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, a, b, c, d}

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 Lesson Evaluating Functions
2

Finding the value of “x” for most of the students is what Mathematics is all about.Sometimes, it seems
to be a joke for the students to evaluate an expression, like what is shown by the illustration.

Find x.
Here it is!

If you want to learn how to find the value of “y”, well then, you are in the right page. WELCOME to your second
module!

What’s In

Solutions:

Given the following expressions, find its value if x = 3.

1. x −9
= x−9
= (3) − 9
= −6

2. 3x + 7

= 3x + 7
= 3(3) + 7
= 9+7
= 16

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 What’s New

Types of Functions
Read and analyze some of the common types of functions that you might encounteras you go on with
this module.

Types of Description Example

Function
Constant A constant function has the same output y=7
Function value no matter what your input value is.
Because of this, a constant function has
the form f (x) = b , where b is a constant
(a single value that does not change).
Identity Function TThe identity function returns the same f (2) = 2
value and uses as its argument. It can be
expressed as f (x) = x , for all values of x.

Polynomial A polynomial function is defined by

Function y = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n , where n is a
0 1 2
non-negative integer and a , a , a
,…, n ∈ R.
Linear The polynomial function with degree one. It y = 2x + 5
Function is in the form y = mx + b
Quadratic If the degree of the polynomial function is two, y = 3x 2 + 2x + 5
Function then it is a quadratic function. It is expressed
as y = ax 2 + bx + c , where a ≠ 0
and a, b, c are constant and x is a
variable.
Cubic A cubic polynomial function is a y = 5x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x +
Function polynomial of degree three and can be
denoted by f (x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d ,
where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c, and d are
constant & x is a variable.
Power Function A power function is in the form y = axb f (x) = 8x 5
where b is any real constant number.
Many of our parent functions such as
linear and quadratic functions are
functions.

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 Rational Function A rational function can be represented by
p(x) x 2 − 3x + 2
a rational fraction say, in which f (x) =
q(x) x2 − 4
numerator and denominator are polynomial
functions of x, where q(x) ≠ 0.
Exponential This function is in the form y = 2x
function y = ab x , where x is an exponent and a
and b are constants. (Note: only b is
raised to the power x; not a.) If the base b
is greater than 1, then the result is
exponential growth.
Logarithmic Logarithmic functions are the inverses of y = log7 49
Function exponential functions and vice versa.
Logarithms are very useful in permitting us
to work with very large numbers while
manipulating numbers of a much more
manageable size. It is written in the form y
= logb x x  0, where b  0 and b 1
Absolute Value he absolute value of any number, c, is
Function represented in the form of |c|. If any
function f: R→ R is defined by f (x) = x , it
y = x−4 +2
is known as absolute value function. For
each non-negative value of x, f(x) = x and
for each negative value of x, f(x) = -x, i.e.,
f(x) = x, if x ≥ 0; – x, if x < 0.
Greatest Integer If a function f: R→ R is defined by f(x) = f (x) = x + 1
Function [x], x ∈ X, round-off it to the integer less
where x is the
than the number. Suppose that the given
interval is in the form of (x, x+1), the greatest integer
value of greatest integer function is x function
which is an integer.
What is It

Learning the different types of function is essential in this lesson. Because you will
encounter those types as we proceed with evaluating functions.

When we say evaluating function, is the process of determining the value of the function at
the number assigned to a given variable. Just like in evaluating algebraic expressions, you just
need to: a.) replace each letter in the expression with the assigned value and b.) perform the
correct order of operations in the expression.

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