DIPLOMA IN CYBER SECURITY

(DCS)

SESSION: 2016-2017

DCS02: DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT-1
AIM: To study about different physical equipments used for networking.

1.0 Learning Objective:

At the end of the session you will be able to become familiar with different types
of equipment’s and cables used in the networked lab.

1.1 What is a Computer Network?

Computer network means an interconnected collection of autonomous
computers. Two computes said to be connected if they are able to exchange
information. The connection needs to be done via some transmission media such
as a coaxial cable, twisted pair cable; fiber optics, microwares and
communication satellite can also be used. To interconnect the devices in the
network requires some networking devices such as a hub, a switch or a router
etc. To be autonomous means a device to be able to start or stop of its own.
Benefits of Computer network:
 Resource Sharing
 High Reliability
 Saving Money
1.2 Network Components
1.2.1 Server
Concept of a server is based on one or more personal computers to perform
specific tasks for a number of other PCs. The most common function is disk, file
and print servers.
A Disk Server provides low-level support and performs basic read/write
operation to disk sectors.
A File Sever is a higher-level support mechanism, performing such function as
lockout and dynamic allocation of space on disk. In a star topology the server is
the principal connection point. All nodes, including the server, are connected to a
hub. This enables the server to house and administer software, fie sharing, file
saving and to allocate printers or other peripherals. In a bus topology, the server
acts like arbitrator, each node talks to the server when requesting information.
The server then locates the information on one of the connected clients and sends
it to the requesting client. Servers in any network can be an ordinary node but
having more capabilities of handling the data and having more speed.
1.2.2 Workstation
A node or stand-alone PC that is connected with network is called Workstation.
A workstation is generally a Client.
NIC (Network Interface Card): The network Interface Card (NIC) is the
interface between the PC and physical network connection. It is also called as
Network Adapter Card. The NIC is responsible for the operation that tasks place
in the physical layer of the OSI model. It is only concerned with sending and
receiving) 0s and 1s, using the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard.
In windows, the NIC card is identified in the network property; to use protocol
with NIC you must bind the protocol to the adapter card.
Function of NIC:
 Data Transfer
 Data Buffering
 Frame Construction
 Media Access Control
 Parallel/Serial Conversion
 Data Encoding/Decoding
 Data Transmission/Reception
1.2.3 Cables
To transmit the data the medium must exist, usually in the form of cables or
wireless media. Here are some most commonly used cable types.
1.2.3.1 Thick Coaxial Cables (thick net) (RG-11)
Thick coaxial cables or thick wire is known as the Ethernet standard RG-11.
This cable is mostly used as backbone cable, distributing Ethernet signal
throughout a building, an office complex or other large installation. It is used in
10base5 Ethernet standard. The length may be up to 500 meters with a max of
five segments connected by repeaters. This gives a total distance of 2500 meters.
This is called a network diameter. RG-11 cable is typically orange; with black
rings around the cable every 2.5-meter to allow taps into the cable.
1.2.3.2 Thin coaxial cables (thin net) (RG-58)

RG-58 is typically used for wiring laboratories and offices, or another small
group of computers. The maximum length of thin wire Ethernet segment is 185
meters, which is due to the nature of the CSMA/CD method of operation, the
cable attenuation, and the speed at which signals propagate inside the coax.

Fig: Thin coaxial cables (thin net) (RG-58)

The length is limited to guarantee that collision is detected when machines that
are apart transmit at the same time. BNC connectors are used to terminate each
end of the cable. When many machines are connected to the same Ethernet
segment, a daisy chain approach is used. The BNC connectors allow the network
interface card to the next machine. The machine each end of the cable must use a
terminating resistor to eliminate collision-causing reflection in the cable.

1.2.3.3 Coaxial Cable Connectors

Coaxial connectors are needed to connect coaxial cable to devices. The most
common type of connector used today is the Bayone-Neil-Concelman, in short,
BNC connector.

Coaxial Cable Connector

The three popular types of connectors are: the BNC connector, the BNC T
connector, and the BNC terminator. The BNC connector is used to connect the
end of the cable to a device, such as a TV set. The BNC T connector is used in
Ethernet networks to branch out to a connection to a computer or other device.
The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of
the signal.

Applications

1. Coaxial cable was widely used in analog telephone networks, and later
with digital telephone networks.
2. Cable TV networks use coaxial cables (RG-59) at the network boundaries.
However, coaxial cable has largely been replaced today with fiber-optic
cable due to its higher attenuation.
3. Traditional Ethernet LAN
– 10Base-2, or thin Ethernet, uses RG-58 coax cable with BNC
connectors.
– 10Base-5, or thick Ethernet, uses RG-11 coax cable with specialized
connectors.
1.2.3.4 Twisted pair cables
Twisted pair is probably the most widely used cabling system in Ethernet in
networks. Two copper wires twist around each other to form the twisted pair
cable. Depending on category several insulated wire strands can reside in the
cable.
Twisted pair is available in two basic types
a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Fig: Twisted pair cables

Unshielded Twisted Pair
Mostly the UTP is used. A twisted pair segment can’t exceed 100 meters. This
limitation is the only drawback to twisted pair. Twisted pair is used for 10/100
based Ethernet networks. UTP cables are wired as straight through or crossover
cables. Straight through cables typically connect the computer’s networks
interface can’t to be a port on the hub. Crossover cables are used for NIC to
communication and for hub-to-hub connections when no crossover port is
available.
Category Descriptor
1 Used for voice for data.
2 Contains four twisted pair and a data transmission up to 4 Mbps.
Used for some token ring network.
3 Contains four twisted pair and a data transmission up to 10 Mbps.
Used for some token ring network.
4 Contains four twisted pair and a data transmission up to 16 Mbps.
Used for some token ring network.
5 Contains four twisted pair and a data transmission up to 100 Mbps.
Used for some token ring network.
Category-5 cables can be purchased or crimped as either straight through or
crossed. A category-5 cable has 8 thin. Colours coded wires inside that run from
one end of the cable to the other. Ethernet networks for communication use only
wires 1, 2, 3 and to be connected in both jacks. Straight through cables are used
for connecting to a hub. Crossed cables are used for connecting a hub to another
hub (there is an exception: some hubs are a built in uplink port that is crossed
internally, which allows you to uplink hubs with a straight cable instead.) In a
straight through cable wires 1, 2, 3…. and 6 at the other end. In a crossed cable,
one order of the wires change from one end to the other wire 1 becomes 3 and 2
becomes 6.
For PC 2 PC Communication without HUB (Cross Cable Connection)
Sl. No. One Site Second Site Pin Configuration
01 Orange White Green White Transmit
02 Orange Green Transmit
03 Green White Orange White Receive
04 Blue Blue Not Use
05 Blue White Blue White Ground
06 Green Green Receive
07 Brown White Brown White DTR
08 Brown Brown DTS
For PC 2 PC Communication with HUB (Simple Cable Connection)

Sl. No. One Site Second Site Pin Configuration

01 Orange White Orange White Transmit
02 Orange Green Transmit
03 Green White Orange White Receive
04 Blue Blue Not Use
05 Blue White Blue White Ground
06 Green Green Receive
07 Brown White Brown White DTR
08 Brown Brown DTS
For One Cable in Two PC Communication through HUB (Simple Cable
Connection)

First Connection
Sl. No. One Site Second Site Pin Configuration
01 Orange White Green White Transmit
02 Orange Orange Transmit
03 Green White Green White Receive
04 Green Green Receive
Second Connection:
Sl. No. One Site Second Site Pin Configuration
01 Blue Green White Transmit
02 Blue White Orange Transmit
03 Brown White e Green White Receive
04 Brown Green Receive
Shielded Twisted Pair It is 150Ω cable containing additional shielding that
protects signals against electromagnetic Interference (EMI) produced by electric
motors power lines etc. It is primarily used in Token Ring Network & where
UTP cable would provide insufficient protection against interface. Wires within
cables are encased in a metallic sheath that is conductive as copper in wires. This
sheath when properly grounded converts it ambient noise into current, like
antenna. This current is carried to wires within where it creates an equal and
opposite current flowing in twisted pair thus getting cancelled and no noise
signal is resulted.

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Connector

The most common Unshielded Twisted-Pair connector is RJ45. RJ stands for
registered jack.

Inside the Ethernet cable, there are 8 color coded wires, with all eight pins used
as conductors. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs and each pair has a common
color theme. RJ45 specifies the physical male and female connectors as well as
the pin assignments of the wires.

RJ45 uses 8P8C modular connector, which stands for 8 Position 8 Contact. It is a
keyed connector which means that the connector can be inserted only in a single
way. RJ45 is used almost exclusively to refer to Ethernet-type computer
connectors.

Characteristics of twisted pair cable

1. Requires amplifiers every 5-6 km for
analog signals
2. Requires repeaters every 2-3 km for
digital signals
3. Attenuation is a strong function of
frequency
4. Susceptible to interference and noise
Applications
Fig: Unshielded Twisted-Pair
1. Used in telephone lines to provide Connector
voice and data channels.
2. The local loop –the line connecting the subscriber to the central telephone
office- commonly consists of UTP cables.
3. DSL lines are also UTP cables.
4. LANs such as, 10Base-T and 100Base-T use UTP cables.
1.2.3.5 Fibre Optic.
Fibre Optic relies on pulsed as light to carry information. Two types of plastic or
glass with different physical properties are used (the inner core and the outer
cladding) to allow a beam of light to reflect off the boundary between the core
and cladding. Some fibre optic cables allow many different paths other allow one
single mode. They are called multimode and single mode fibres. A popular
multimode fibre has core/cladding dimensions of 62.5/125 nanometres.

Fiber Optic cable connector

EXPERIMENT-2

Aim: To study different internetworking devices in a computer network.

1.0 Learning Objective: At the end of the session you will be able to be
familiar with different types of internetworking devices and their functions.

1.1 REPEATER

A Repeater is a purely electrical device that extends maximum distance a LAN

cable can span by Amplifying signals passing through it. A Repeater connects
two segments and broadcasts packets between them. Since signal loss is a factor
in the maximum length of a segment, a Repeater is used to amplify the signal
and extend the usable length.

Repeaters

A common Ethernet rule is that no more than four repeaters may be used to join
segments together. This is a physical limitation designed to keep collision
detection working properly. Repeaters operate at layer 1 (Physical layer) of the
OSI model.
1.2 BRIDGES
The networks bridge provides an inexpensive and easy way to connect network
segments. A bridge provides Amplification function of a repeater plus, ability to
select filter packets based on their addresses. When network grows in size, it is
often necessary to partition it in to smaller group of nodes to help isolate traffic
and improve performance. One way to do this is to use bridge, the operation of it
is to keep one segment traffic to that side and other side will cross the bridge.
The bridge learns which packets should cross it as it is used.

Bridged network
1.3 ROUTERS
A router is a device that connects two LANs together to form an inter-network.
A router is the basic building block of the Internet. Each router connects two or
more networks together by providing an interface for an Ethernet network and
ring network to which it is connected.

Routers
The router examines each packet of information to detection weather the packet
must be translated form on one network to another network performing a
function similar to a bridge. Unlike a ridge, a router can connect network that use
different technologies, addressing methods, media type, frame format and
speeds. A router is a special purpose device designed to interconnect networks.
Such that three networks can be connected using two routers. Routers maintain
routing tables in their memories to store information about the physical
connection on he network; the router examines each packet of data, checks the
routing table and then forwards the packet if necessary. Every other router in the
path (between any state destinations) performs a similar procedure. Note that a
router does not maintain any state information about the packets; it simply
moves them along the network. Routers are operated at layer 3(network) of OSI
model.
1.4 GATEWAYS
A gateway is node in a network that serves as an entrance to another network. In
enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The
gateway is also associated with both a switch, which provides the actual path for
the packet in and out of the gateway. It is also known as a computer system
located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites
and terrestrial networks. A gateway can operate at any layer of the OSI or
TCP/IP reference model. The hub of a gateway, also called a protocol converter,
is much more complex than that of a router or switch. Typically a gateway must
convert from one protocol stack to another. E.g. a gateway may connect a
TCP/IP network to an IPX. /SPX network. A Circuit Level Gateway function
provided by Application level gateway products enables trusted users on private
network to access Internet services with all security of a proxy server. An
Application Level Gateway provide much stricter form of security that packet
filters, but they are designed to regulate access only for a particular application.
1.5 HUBS
Hubs are also called concentrators; expand one Ethernet connection into many.
For example, a four-port hub connects up to four machines via UTP cables. The
hub provides a star connection for the four ports. Many hubs contains a single
BNC connectors as well to connect the hub to existing 10base2 network wiring,
the hub can also be connected via one of its ports. One pot is desired to operate
in either straight through or crossover mode, selected by a switch on the hub.
Hubs that can connect in this fashion are called stackable hubs. A hub is similar
to a repeater, expect it broadcasts data received by any port to all other ports on
the hub. Most hubs contain a small amount of intelligence as well. Examining
received packets and checking them for integrity. If a bad packet arrives or the
hub determines that a port is unreliable. It will shut down the line under the error
condition is appears. The hub also acts like a repeater. Because of its slight delay
when processing a packet, the numbers of hubs that may be connected in a series
are limited.

There are three types of HUB passive hub, active hub and intelligent hub.
The Passive hubs do not process data signals with only purpose to combine the
signal from several networks cables segments. All devices attached to the
passive hub receive another packets that pass through the hub .Hub does not
clear up or amplify the signals, on the contrary absorbs a small part of the signals
that is why the distance between a hub and a computer should not be more than
half of the permissible distance between two computers. Passive hubs have
limited functionality so are inexpensive and easy to configure. It has four ports
with four BNC (British Naval Connectors) female connectors to configure
networks station or terminated with a 93 Ω BNC Terminator. The active hubs
incorporate electronic components that amplify and cleanup the signals, that flaw
between devices on the network. The process of cleaning up signal is called
“signal regeneration”. The benefits of signals regeneration are:
 A network is more robust i.e. less sensitive errors.
 Distance between devices can be increased.
Active hubs cost is considerable more than passive hub (active hub function
impart as multi port repeaters). Intelligent hubs are enhanced active hubs the
following functions add intelligence to a hub. Intelligent Hubs are units have
form of integrated management capability.
Hub Management A hub supports networks network management protocols
that enable the hub to send packets to central network console. Theses protocols
enable network console to manage or control hub.
Switching hubs
Switching hubs include circuitry that quickly routes signals between ports on the
hub. Insured of repeating a packet to all ports on the hub, it repeats a packet only
to the port that connects to the destination computer for the packet.
1.6 SWITCHES
It is similar to a bridge, with some important enhancement. First, as witch may
have multiple ports, thus directing packets to several different segments further
partitioning and isolating network traffic in as way similar to router. For
example, if 8-port n way switch is there it can route packets from any input to
any output.

Some or all of incoming packet is called store and forward, which stores the
received packet before examining it to for error before retransmitting. Bad
packets are not forwarded. A switch typically has auto-sensing 10/100 mbps
ports and will just the speed of each port accordingly; furthermore, a managed
switch supports SNMP for further control over network traffic. Switches
operated at layer 2 (Data Link) of OSI model.
EXPERIMENT-3

Aim: To study the working of Basic Networking Commands.

1.0 Learning objective:
At the end of the session you will be able to be familiar with working of
different networking commands like: hostname, ifconfig, ping, host, telnet, ftp,
net, arp, Winipcg, nslookup etc.
Networking Commands: The following commands are essentially used for
network management.
1.1 hostname
This command is used for finding host/domain name and IP address.
Example:
hostname with no options displays the machines host name
hostname –d displays the domain name the machine belongs to
hostname –f displays the fully qualified host and domain name
hostname –i displays the IP address for the current machine
1.2 ifconfig
This command will display the assigned IP address of ETHERNET
adapter.
Ubuntu : ifconfig | grep inet
Windows : ipconfig
1.3 ping
This command is used for checking the network connectivity.
Ping verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP device by sending
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages. If
received, the corresponding Echo Reply messages are displayed, along
with round-trip times. Otherwise, a timed-out request or an ICMP
unreachable message is displayed.
(i.e. You can “ping” an IP address to see if a machine is alive. If there is
no response, you know something is wrong)
1.4 host
This command is used for mapping name to IP addresses?
Example: host www.google.com
www.google.com has address 74.125.200.147
www.google.com has address 74.125.200.106
 www.google.com has address 74.125.200.103
www.google.com has address 74.125.200.104
www.google.com has address 74.125.200.105
www.google.com has address 74.125.200.99
www.google.com has IPv6 address 2404:6800:4003:c00:: 69
1.5 telnet
This command is used for connecting to a host on a particular port.
Example: telnet osou.ac.in 80
telnet command is also used to make a connection to a remote machine
and execute programs as if one were physically present.
telnet (data are travelled without encryption; not secured)
1.6 ftp
This command allows you to send and receive files between two
computers.
1.7 net
net command is used for checking/starting/stopping networking services,
users, messaging, configuration and so on... ?
1.8 arp
This command is used for displaying or manipulating the ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) information on a network device or computer.
Explanation: The ARP protocol maps Layer 3 IP addresses to Layer 2
MAC addresses. If a packet must move across networks, the Layer 2
MAC address changes with each hop across a router, but the Layer 3
address never changes. ARP cache stores ARP address mappings. If the
entry was learned dynamically, it will eventually be deleted from cache. If
the entry was manually inserted in ARP cache, it is a static entry and will
remain until the computer is turned off or the ARP cache is manually
flushed.
On Windows, arp displays and modifies entries in the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) cache, which contains one or more tables that are used to
store IP addresses and their resolved Ethernet or Token Ring physical
addresses. There is a separate table for each Ethernet or Token Ring
network adapter installed on your computer. Used without parameters,
arp displays help.
 1.9 Winipcg
This command is used to know the IP configuration of the PC in a
graphical form. It shows the following in the windows command prompt.
 IP Address
 Subnet Mask
 Type of H/W used for communication & it’s address
1.10 nslookup
This command displays information from Domain Name System (DNS)
name servers.
NOTE: If you write the command as above it shows as default your pc's
server name firstly.
1.11 netstat
This command is used for finding connection to and from the host?
Example:
netstat nap| grep port will display process id of application which is using
that port
netstat a or netstat –all will display all connections including TCP and
UDP
netstat tcp or netstat –t will display only TCP connection
netstat udp or netstat –u will display only UDP connection
netstat g will display all multicast network subscribed by this host.
EXPERIMENT-4
Aim: To assign IP address to the PC connected to the internet.
1.0 Learning Objective: At the end of the session you will be able to know how to
assign IP address to a PC connected to the Internet.
1.1 Assigning IP address in Windows 7 or Windows 10
Step-1

To assign or change the computer’s IP address in Windows, type network and

sharing into the Search box in the Start Menu and select Network and Sharing Center
when it comes up. If you’re in Windows 7 or 10 it’ll be in the start menu.

Step-2
Then when the Network and Sharing Center opens, click on Change adapter settings.
This will be the same on Windows 7 or 10.
Step-3

Right-click on your local adapter and select Properties.

Step-4

In the Local Area Connection Properties window highlight Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IPv4) then click the Properties button.
Now select the radio button Use the following IP address and enter in the correct IP,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway that corresponds with your network setup. Then
enter your Preferred and Alternate DNS server addresses. Here we’re on a home
network and using a simple Class C network configuration and Google DNS.

Step-5

Check Validate settings upon exit so Windows can find any problems with the
addresses you entered. When you’re finished click OK.

Step-6

Now close out of the Local Area Connections Properties window.

Windows will run network diagnostics and verify the connection is good. Here we had
no problems with it, but if you did, you could run the network troubleshooting wizard.
Step-7

Now you can open the command prompt and do an ipconfig to see the network
adapter settings have been successfully changed.
EXPERIMENT-5

AIM: To connect the computers in Local Area Network

1.0 Learning Objective: At the end of the session you should be able to learn how to
connect your PC to a Local Area Network.

1.1 PROCEDURE ON THE HOST COMPUTER

On the host computer, follow these steps to share the Internet connection:
1. Log on to the host computer as Administrator or as Owner.
2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
3. Click Network and Internet Connections.
4. Click Network Connections.
5. Right-click the connection that you use to connect to the Internet. For example, if
you
Connect to the Internet by using a modem, right-click the connection that you want
under Dial-up / other network available.
6. Click Properties.
7. Click the Advanced tab.
8. Under Internet Connection Sharing, select the Allow other network users to
connect through this computer's Internet connection check box.
9. If you are sharing a dial-up Internet connection, select the Establish a dial-up
connection whenever a computer on my network attempts to access the Internet
check box if you want to permit your computer to automatically connect to the Internet.
10. Click OK. You receive the following message:
When Internet Connection Sharing is enabled, your LAN adapter will be set to use IP
address 192.168.0.1.
Your computer may lose connectivity with other computers on your network. If these
other computers have static IP addresses, it is a good idea to set them to obtain their IP
addresses automatically. Are you sure you want to enable Internet Connection Sharing?
11. Click Yes.
The connection to the Internet is shared to other computers on the local area network
(LAN). The Network adapter that is connected to the LAN is configured with a static IP
address of 192.168.0.1 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0

1.2 PROCEDURE ON THE CLIENT COMPUTER

To connect to the Internet by using the shared connection, you must confirm the LAN
adapter IP configuration, and then configure the client computer.
To confirm the LAN adapter IP Configuration, follow these steps:
1. Log on to the client computer as Administrator or as Owner.
2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
3. Click Network and Internet Connections.
4. Click Network Connections.
5. Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
6. Click the General tab, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the connection uses the
Following items list, and then click Properties.
7. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click Obtain an IP
address automatically (if it is not already selected), and then click OK.
Note: You can also assign a unique static IP address in the range of 192.168.0.2 to
192.168.0.254.
For example, you can assign the following static IP address, subnet mask, and default
gateway:
8. IP Address 192.168.31.202
9. Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
10. Default gateway 192.168.31.1
11. In the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, click OK.
12. Quit Control Panel.
EXPERIMENT-6
Aim: Creating a Network topology using CISCO packet tracer software.

Learning Objective:

At the end of this session you should be able know how to create a network topology
using CISCO packet tracer software.

Apparatus ((Software): Packet tracer Software (Open Source)

Version: This lab is based on Packet Tracer 5.0.
Packet Tracer – Creating a New Topology
What is Packet Tracer? Packet Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis
Frezzo and his team at Cisco Systems. Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic
tool that displays the various protocols used in networking, in either Real Time or
Simulation mode. This includes layer 2 protocols such as Ethernet and PPP, layer 3
protocols such as IP, ICMP, and ARP, and layer 4 protocols such as TCP and UDP.
Routing protocols can also be traced.

Step 1: Start Packet Tracer

Step 2: Choosing Devices and Connections
We will begin building our network topology by selecting devices and the media in
which to connect them. Several types of devices and network connections can be used.
For this lab we will keep it simple by using End Devices, Switches, Hubs, and
Connections.
Single click on each group of devices and connections to display the various choices.
The devices you see may differ slightly.
Step 3: Building the Topology – Adding Hosts

Single click on the End Devices.

Single click on the Generic host.

Move the cursor into topology area. You will notice it turns into a plus “+” sign.

Single click in the topology area and it copies the device.

Add three more hosts.

Step 4: Building the Topology – Connecting the Hosts to Hubs and Switches

Adding a Hub

Select a hub, by clicking once on Hubs and once on a Generic hub.

Add the hub by moving the plus sign “+” below PC0 and PC1 and click once.

Connect PC0 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections.

Click once on the Copper Straight-through cable.

Perform the following steps to connect PC0 to Hub0:

1. Click once on PC0

2. Choose FastEthernet
3. Drag the cursor to Hub0
4. Click once on Hub0 and choose Port 0
 5. Notice the green link lights on both the PC0 Ethernet NIC and the Hub0 Port 0
showing that the link is active.

1 2 3 4 5

Repeat the steps above for PC1 connecting it to Port 1 on Hub0. (The actual hub port
you choose does not matter.)

Adding a Switch

Select a switch, by clicking once on Switches and once on a 2950-24 switch.

Add the switch by moving the plus sign “+” below PC2 and PC3 and click once.
Connect PC2 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections.

Click once on the Copper Straight-through cable.

Perform the following steps to connect PC2 to Switch0:

1. Click once on PC2

2. Choose Fast Ethernet
3. Drag the cursor to Switch0
4. Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/1
5. Notice the green link lights on PC2 Ethernet NIC and amber light Switch0
FastEthernet0/1 port. The switch port is temporarily not forwarding frames,
while it goes through the stages for the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) process.
6. After a about 30 seconds the amber light will change to green indicating that the
port has entered the forwarding stage. Frames can now forwarded out the
switch port.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Repeat the steps above for PC3 connecting it to Port 3 on Switch0 on port
FastEtherent0/2. (The actual switch port you choose does not matter.)

Move the cursor over the link light to view the port number. Fa means FastEthernet,
100 Mbps Ethernet.

Step 5: Configuring IP Addresses and Subnet Masks on the Hosts

Before we can communicate between the hosts we need to configure IP Addresses and
Subnet Masks on the devices.

Click once on PC0.

Choose the Config tab and click on Settings. It is here that you can change the name
of PC0. It is also here where you would enter a Gateway IP Address, also known as
the default gateway and the DNS Server IP Address. We will discuss this later, but
this would be the IP address of the local router. If you want, you can enter the Gateway
IP Address 172.16.1.1 and DNS Server IP Address 172.16.1.100, although it will not be
used in this lab.

Click on Interface and then Fast Ethernet. Although we have not yet discussed IP
Addresses, add the IP Address to 172.16.1.10. Click once in the Subnet Mask field to
enter the default Subnet Mask. You can leave this at 255.255.0.0. We will discuss this
later.
Also, notice this is where you can change the Bandwidth (speed) and Duplex of the
Ethernet NIC (Network Interface Card). The default is Auto (auto negotiation), which
means the NIC will negotiate with the hub or switch. The bandwidth and/or duplex can
be manually set by removing the check from the Auto box and choosing the specific
option.

Bandwidth - Auto

If the host is connected to a hub or switch port which can do 100 Mbps, then the
Ethernet NIC on the host will choose 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet). Otherwise, if the hub
or switch port can only do 10 Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose 10
Mbps (Ethernet).

Duplex - Auto

Hub: If the host is connected to a hub, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose
Half Duplex.

Switch: If the host is connected to a switch, and the switch port is configured as Full
Duplex (or Auto negotiation), then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Full
Duplex. If the switch port is configured as Half Duplex, then the Ethernet NIC on the
host will choose Half Duplex. (Full Duplex is a much more efficient option.)

The information is automatically saved when entered.

To close this dialog box, click the “X” in the upper right.
Repeat these steps for the other hosts. Use the information below for IP Addresses and
Subnet Masks.

Host IP Address Subnet Mask

PC0 172.16.1.10 255.255.0.0

PC1 172.16.1.11 255.255.0.0

PC2 172.16.1.12 255.255.0.0

PC3 172.16.1.13 255.255.0.0

Verify the information

To verify the information that you entered, move the Select tool (arrow) over each host.

Deleting a Device or Link

To delete a device or link, choose the Delete tool and click on the item you wish to
delete.

Step 6: Connecting Hub0 to Switch0

To connect like-devices, like a Hub and a Switch, we will use a Cross-over cable.
Click once the Cross-over Cable from the Connections options.

Move the Connections cursor over Hub0 and click once.

Select Port 5 (actual port does not matter).

Move the Connections cursor to Switch0.

Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/4 (actual port does not matter).

The link light for switch port FastEthernet0/4 will begin as amber and eventually
change to green as the Spanning Tree Protocol transitions the port to forwarding.
Step 7: Verifying Connectivity in Real-time Mode

Be sure you are in Real-time mode.

Select the Add Simple PDU tool used to ping devices.

Click once on PC0, then once on PC3.

The PDU Last Status should show as Successful.

Retting the Network

At this point we will want to reset the network, whenever you want to reset the network
and begin the simulation again, perform the following tasks:

Click Delete in the PDU area.

Now, Power Cycle Devices and confirm the action.

Waiting for Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Note: Because Packet Tracer also simulates the Spanning Tree Protocol (later), at
times the switch may show amber lights on its interfaces. You will need to wait for the
lights to turn green on the switches before they will forward any Ethernet frames.
Step 8: Verifying Connectivity in Simulation Mode

Be sure you are in Simulation mode.

Deselect all filters (All/None) and select only ICMP.

 1

2
Select the Add Simple PDU tool used to ping devices..

Click once on PC0, then once on PC3.

Continue clicking Capture/Forward button until the ICMP ping is completed. You
should see the ICMP messages move between the hosts, hub and switch. The PDU
Last Status should show as Successful. Click on Clear Event List if you do not want
to look at the events or click Preview Previous Events if you do. For this exercise it
does not matter.
Step 9: Saving the Topology

Perform the following steps to save the topology (uses .pkt file extension).

Opening Existing Topologies

Opening Existing PT Topologies

*****