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Uploaded by
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/ 38
Common Geometric
* Math Formulas
Maths) Notes) &airicks 4 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
RECTANGLE OF LENGTH b AND WIDTH a
Area = ab
Perimeter = 20+ 2b
%
Fig. 4-1
PARALLELOGRAM OF ALTITUDE k AND BASE b
Area = bh = absine
«
Perimeter = 2a + 26
6
Fig. 4-2
TRIANGLE OF ALTITUDE h AND BASE b
Area = $bh = jab sing a ¢
= Vals— ah(s— s— 0)
where s = (a+b +c) = semiperimeter
6
Perimeter = atb+e Fig. 4-3
TRAPEZOID OF ALTITUDE f AND PARALLEL SIDES a AND b
Area = $h(a+b)
1
ws) /\
= at b+ Kesea + esc 4)
/
Perimeter = a+ b+ *(Ghe +
Fig. 4-4 6 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
REGULAR POLYGON OF x SIDES EACH OF LENGTH b
&
ren = frbPeot = = gros sonteld
49 Area. nb: tT nb ‘sin (#/n)
4.10 Perimeter = nb
Fig. 4-5
CIRCLE OF RADIUS 7
4.11 Area = cr?
4.12 Perimeter = 207
Fig. 4-6
SECTOR OF CIRCLE OF RADIUS 7
4.13 Area = 4r% [gin radians]
L e
4.14 Are length s = re
+
Fig. 4-7
“raplus OF CIRCLE INSCRIBED IN A TRIANGLE OF SIDES a,b,c
_ Vals — als — bis —2)
45 r=
where # = f(a+b +0) = semiperimeter
3
Fig. 4.8
RADIUS OF CIRCLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A TRIANGLE OF SIDES a,b,c
416 Roe ee ee Se
ava(e—ay(e— B)(e~ 0)
where s = 4(a-+b + ¢) = semiperimeter a,
Fig. 49 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
a
REGULAR POLYGON OF n SIDES INSCRI
ID IN CIRCLE OF RADIUS r
= bye? sin 2 in 360°
417 Area = gnr?sin2Z = gr? gin? f \
180°
. \ J
4.18 Perimeter = 2nr sin = Quy sin
REGULAR POLYGON OF 7 SIDES CIRCUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE OF RADIUS r
o a \
4.19 Area = nrttan™ = nr? tan 180
420 Perimeter = nr tanZ = 2nr tan 80° q p
S
Fig. 4-22
SPHERICAL CAP OF RADIUS 7 AND HEIGHT h
440 — Volume (shaded in figure) = {rh2(3r— h)
441 Surface area = 2rrh
Fig. 4-28
FRUSTRUM OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADII a,b AND HEIGHT hk
4.42 Volume = {eh(a?+ab +02 1
443 Lateral surface area = (a + b) Wh? + (b—a)?
= x(a+by
Fig. 4-24 10
444
445
446
AAT
4.48
GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
SPHERICAL TRIANGLE OF ANGLES A,B,C ON SPHERE OF RADIUS r
Area of triangle ABC = (A+B+C—z)r?
Fig. 4-25
TORUS OF INNER RADIUS a AND OUTER RADIUS b
Volume = 4o%a+ 6)(6— a)?
at tp
Surface area = 7%b2— a?)
Fig. 4-26
ELLIPSOID OF SEMI-AXES a, b,c
Volume = 4rabe
Fig. 4-27
PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION
Volume = $nb%a 5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
55
5.6
DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR A RIGHT TRIANGLE
Triangle ABC has a right angle (90°) at C and sides of length a,b,c. The trigonometric funetions of
angle A are defined as follows.
sineof A = sinA
cosine of A = cos
tangent of A = tanA
cota
cotangent of A
secant of A = sec
cosecant of A = esc
Blo
hypotenuse
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
‘adjacent,
‘opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
EXTENSIONS TO ANGLES WHICH MAY BE GREATER THAN 90°
Consider an xy coordinate system [see Pig, 5-2 and 5-8 below]. A point P in the xy plane has coordinates
(2,y) where « is considered as positive along OX and negative along OX’ while y is positive along OY and
negative along OY’. The distance from origin O to point P is positive and denoted by r = Vx? + y?-
The angle A described counterclockwise from OX is considered positive. If it is described clockwise from
OX it is considered negative. We eall X’OX and YOY the « and y axis respectively.
‘The various quadrants are denoted by I, II, III and IV called the first, second, third and fourth quad-
rants respectively. In Fig. 5-2, for example, angle A is in the second quadrant while in Fig. 5-3 angle A
is in the third quadrant.
x
1
‘rR » a
eT
ut
y
Fig. 5-2
Iv
11
ye
Fig. 5-3 12 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
For an angle A in any quadrant the trigonometric functions of A are defined as follows.
57 sina = y/r
5.8 cosA = xfr
5.9 tanA = yf
5.10 cotA = 2/y
5.1 secA = r/x
5.12 eseA = rly
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS
MN equal to the radius r.
A radian is that angle @ subtended at center O of a circle by an arc
Since 27 radians = 360° we have L
M
5.13 Lradian = 180°/r = 57.2957 95130 8232...°
5.14 1° = 2/180 radians = 0.01745 32925 19943 29576 92... .radians
Fig. 5-4
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
5.15 tana = Sind 5.19 sin? A + cost
_ 1 _ cos
5.16 cota = ph, = S04 5.20
5.17 seed = 1 5.21
eos
~ 1
BIB eed = tT
SIGNS AND VARIATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Quadrant sin A cos A tan A cot A see A ese A
1 + + + + + +
Oto1 Ltoo toe 2 too to tol
|
1 4 - — - ~ *
1 too —2 too Oto-=» | -»to-t Ito»
loom) a | + | t | — |
Oto-1 =1t00 Oto 2to0 | ~1to-# == to-1
= + = ; =
w 1100 Otol == t00 0to~» ~ tol TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 13
EXACT VALUES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ANGLES
eee otticha] sna | cmd | tin | etd ek) ct
0° 0 ° 1 0 © | 1 we
15° vi | ao/—VvB) | ao+ve) | 2-ve | a4 y8 | eva) vo+ve
soo | w/6 4 v3 v3 va | oava 2
oe 42 Ww? 1 r | vB v2
60° #/3 Av3 3 v3 4v3 2 ava
Te | Br/i2 | 4¥6 + V2) | Hve—v2) | 24+v3 | 2-Vv3 | yYe+v2 | Ve- v2
90° r/2 1 0 | 0 0 te 1
ws | tena | qo/e+v8) | -ve—v8)| 24 Vi) eV) | we ev) VE ve
120° | ari v3 -\ V8 -Av3 -2 av3
135° B/4 4v2 Ave -1 -1 ~v2 v2
150° | br/6 t -W3 1a ~v3 -3V38 2
165° | uz | pv6— V2) | -(v6 + V2) | -@-V3)| -@+ V3) | -WWb-V2)| VO 4 VB
woe |g 0 -1 0 =e -1 te
rose | sr/a2 |—y(ve—v2)| —4(ve+v2)| 2-Vve | 2+ VB | -WE-v2)|-We+ v2)
210° Tr/6 -3 -W3 Ws ve | -ava -2
225° | Br/d ~W2 -W2 1 1 -vi ~vz
240° 4n/3 -W3 -4 va Wwe | 2 BV
255° 17/12 |—-pve+V2)] ~LVe-y2)) 2+ VB 2-3 | 1. Fig. 10-12
G 38 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER C(%, yo) AND MAJOR AXIS PARALLEL TO = AXIS
10.18 Length of major axis A‘A = 2a
10.19 Length of minor axis B'B = 2b
10.20 Distance from center C to focus F or F’ is
ec = Va —b?
fara
10.21 Eccentricity = « = £ = ———
10.22 Equation in rectangular coordinates: Fig. 10-13
ea) _
( = 30) +o -1
ape
10.23 Equation in pol: if Cit 2 = Sante toot
quation in polar coordinates if Cis at 0: r8 =
10.24 Equation in polar coordinates if C is on v axis and F’ is atO: 9 r =
10.25 If P is any point on the ellipse, PF + PF” = 2a
Ig the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange and y in the above or replace @ by Jr — 6 [or
90° — 9).
PARABOLA WITH AXIS PARALLEL TO z AXIS
If vertex is at A(2r9,¥q) and the distance from A to focus F is a> 0, the equation of the parabola is
10.26 (yy)
4a(2— sq) if parabola opens to right (Fig. 10-14]
10.27 w-0
= ~4a(¢—2») if parabola opens to left [Fig. 10-15]
If focus is at the origin [Fig. 10-16] the equation in polar coordinates is
10.28
Fig. 10-14 Fig. 10-15 Fig. 10-16
In case the axis
parallel to the y axis, interchange # and y or replace @ by 47 — @ [or 90° — 9}. FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 39
HYPERBOLA WITH CENTER C(z0, ¥0) AND MAJOR AXIS PARALLEL TO z AXIS —
Fig. 10-17
10.29 Length of major axis A’A = 2a
10.30 Length of minor axis B’B = 2b
10.31 Distance from center C to focus For F) = ¢ = Vat
Vere
10.32 Eccentricity « = £ = —~—
(w= 20 _w—wo®
10.33 Equation in rectangular coordinates: a eat
2
10.34 Slopes of asymptotes G’H and GH!’ = +5
‘oni wnatesifCisat0: = ab
10.35 Equation in polar coordinates if CisatO: 1? = gpa
2
10.36 Equation in polar coordinates if C is on X axis and F’isat 0: ¢ = ;@=— Ue
10.37 If P is any point on the hyperbola, PF — PF’ = ++2a [depending on branch]
If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y in the above or replace @ by 47 —@
[or 90° — 6]. 1] SPECIAL PLANE CURVES
LEMNISCATE
11.1 Equation in polar coordinates: AS UR
oa,
r= = at cose
11.2 Hquation in rectangular coordinates: (io™~
(+P = ery)
11.3 Angle between AB’ or A'B and x axis = 45° A | Y
11.4 Area of one loop = 4a Fig, 11-1
CYCLOID
Ws Equations in parametric form:
fe = al — sing)
Ly = a(t ~ cos ¥)
11.6 Area of one arch = Sra?
11.7 Arc length of one arch = 80
This is a curve deseribed by a point P on a circle of radius
@ rolling along x axis. Fig. 1-2
HYPOCYCLOID WITH FOUR CUSPS
11.8 Equation in rectangular coordinates:
22/3 4 Pid = QP
11.9 Equations in parametric form:
fe = a costs
ly = asin’ s
11.10 Area bounded by curve = fra?
11.11 Are length of entire curve = 6a
This is a curve described by a point P on a circle of radius
a/4 as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.
40 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES 41
CARDIOID
11.12 Equation: + = a(i + cos ¢)
11.13 Area bounded by curve = }ra®
11.14 Arc length of curve = 8a
This is the curve described by a point P of a circle of radius
a as it rolls on the outside of a fixed circle of radius @. The
curve is also a special case of the limacon of Pascal [see 11.32},
Fig. 11-4
CATENARY
VIB Kquation: y= S(eve4-0-1!9) = a cosh®
This is the curve in which a heavy uniform chain would
hang if suspended vertically from fixed points A and B.
THREE-LEAVED ROSE
W116 Equation: 97 = a cos 39
The equation r=asin89 is a similar curve obtained by
rotating the curve of Fig. 11-6 counterclockwise through 30° or
/6 radians, a 5-5 -»
In general r=acosno or r=asinng has n leaves if
n is odd.
Fig.11-6
FOUR-LEAVED ROSE
VL.17 Equation: =r = a cos2e
‘The equation r=asin2s is a similar curve obtained by
rotating the curve of Fig. 11-7 counterclockwise through 45° or
a/4 radians.
In general r=acosng or r=asinng has 2n leaves if
n is even.
Fig. 11-7 42 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES
EPICYCLOID
11.18 Parametric equations:
2 (a0) core ~ eos (*45)e
[y= +0) sine bsin(2E De
This is the curve deseribed by a point P on a circle of
radius 6 as it rolls on the outside of a circle of radius a.
The cardioid [Fig. 11-4] is a special case of an epicycloid.
GENERAL HYPOCYCLOID
11.19 Parametric equations:
= = (a-b) cose + boos (*4)e
vy = (@-5)sing — oain(*5 5)
This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of
radius 6 as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.
If b=a/4, the curve is that of Fig. 11-3.
TROCHOID
x = ag—bsing
11.20 Parametric equations:
y = a—beose
This is the curve described by a point P at distance & from the center of a circle of radius a as the
circle rolls on the x axis.
If 0 , the curve is as shown in Fig. 11-11 and is called a prolate eyeloid.
If 6 =a, the curve is the eycloid of Fig. 11-2.
\y
Fig. 11-10 Fig. 11-11 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES 43
TRACTRIX
a=
11.21 Parametric equations: & _
‘This is the curve deseribed by endpoint P of a taut string
PQ of length a as the other end @ is moved along the 7
axis. Fig. 1-12
WITCH OF AGNESI
11.22 Equation in rectangular coordinates: y
fa = 20cote
11.23 Parametric equations: |v = act eos2e
In Fig. 11-18 the variable line OA intersects y = 2a
and the circle of radius a with center (0,a) at A and B
respectively. Any point P on the “witch” is located by con-
structing lines parallel to the x and y axes through B and
A respectively and determining the point P of intersection, Fig. 1-13
FOLIUM OF DESCARTES
11.24 — Equation in rectangular coordinates:
+ y> = Bary .
11.25 Parametric equations:
oe = et 2
t+ 8
3at?
1+¢@
: ‘
11.26 Area of loop = $a? \
11.27 Equation of asymptote: «+y+a = 0 Fig. 1-14
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
11,28 Parametric equations:
[x = alcoss + ¢ sin 4)
Ly = afsing — 9 cos 4)
‘This is the curve described by the endpoint P of a string
as it unwinds from a circle of radius a while held taut, 44 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES
EVOLUTE OF AN ELLIPSE
11.29 Equation in rectangular coordinates:
(ax)® + (by)? = (a? — B29
11,30 Parametric equations:
ax = (a?—b%) costo
by = (a2 — 6%) sind a
This curve is the envelope of the normals to the ellipse
2%/a2 + y2/b2 =1 shown dashed in Fig, 11-16.
Fig. 11-16
OVALS OF CASSINI
11.31 Polar equation: r+ a4 — 2a%r? cos2e = bt
This is the curve described by a point P such that the product of its distances from two fixed points
[distance 2a apart] is a constant 82.
‘The curve is as in Fig. 11-17 or Fig. 11-18 according as ba respectively.
If b=a, the curve is a lemniscate [Fig. 11-1),
v y
P
Fig, 11-17 Fig. 11-18
LIMACON OF PASCAL
11.32 Polar equation: +r = b+acose
Let 0@ be a line joining origin O to any point Q on a cirele of diameter a passing through 0. Then
the curve is the locus of all points P such that PQ = 6.
The curve is as in Fig. 11-19 or Fig. 11-20 according as b> a or b
