FORENSIC SCIENCE

Narco-Analysis and Brain mapping

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Ajay Ranga
UILS, PU, Chandigarh

SUBMITTED BY:
Seema Goel
BA LL.B. (Hons.)
185/13
Section-B

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly indebted to my teacher for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the
project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement, which help me in completion of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends in developing the project and people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE NO.

Abstract 4

Introduction 5

Meaning and concept of Narco Analysis test 6-7

Procedure 8-9

Narco Analysis in India 10-11

Case studies 11-17

Conclusion 17

Brain mapping 18-22

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 ABSTRACT
The revolution in scientific technology is waving like fast flowing air and water in the
modern world of advancement. The field of law is also under the shadow of scientific
advancement. Judicial system, particularly the criminal justice system, is not
untouched with the advancement of science. A volcano has emerged in the age old
established laws of crime detection and investigation with the introduction of view
techniques of crime detections like Brain Mapping, Narco-Analysis, Hypnosis, P-300
and Polygraph Test in laws of evidence and criminal jurisprudence. While walking on
the path of technology we can not forget that we are human beings creation of God not
Robots.
The Most important function of scientific investigation is to convert suspicion into
reasonable certainty of either guilt or innocence. The foundation of criminal justice
system is to prove the guilt of accused beyond all reasonable doubt and to protect the
innocent from wrongly conviction. This is all possible by the search of truth. On the
way of Scientific evidences such as biological evidence cannot tell a lie and decision
arrived at by such an evidence is said to be justice through science. The latest
technique to elicit truth from suspect has become a topic of debate in context of its
admissibility that is Narco Analysis. A generally acceptable scientific evidence which
is to be acceptable to courts of law and scientific community is known as "Forensic"
evidence. Such evidence must satisfy the test of admissibility according to the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872.

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 INTRODUCTION

As science has outpaced the development of law or at least the laypersons

understanding of it, there is unavoidable complexity regarding what can be admitted
as evidence in court. Narco analysis is one such scientific development that has
become an increasingly, perhaps alarmingly, common term in India. The term Narco
Analysis is derived from the Greek word narkç (meaning "anesthesia" or "torpor") and
is used to describe a diagnostic and psychotherapeutic technique that uses
psychotropic drugs, particularly barbiturates, to induce a stupor in which mental
elements with strong associated affects come to the surface, where they can be
exploited by the therapist. The term narco-analysis was coined by Horseley .Narco
analysis poses several questions at the intersection of law, medicine and ethics.

MEANING AND CONCEPT OF NARCO-ANALYSIS TEST

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Generally it is viewed that if a drug is given to person which repress his power to
reasoning without affecting the memory and speak, it is possible to made him to speak
truth. The underlying theory is that a person is able to lie by using his imagination, but
due to the influence of drug a person losses his self control as a result of which he
fails to imagine the fact and would speak the truth. In this state it is very difficult for
him to tell lies, rather he would talk about which he had the knowledge. The
utilization of such drug in police work or interrogation is alike to the traditional
psychiatric practice of Narco- Analysis and the only difference in the two procedures
is the difference in the objectives.1
A new terminology had been added in the field of Criminal investigation through
forensic science in the year 1936, which is known as Narco-Analysis test2. The term
‘Narco-Analysis’ is derived from the Greek word Narco (meaning “anesthesia” or
“torpor”) and is used to describe diagnostic and psychotherapeutic techniques that
used psychotropic drugs, particularly barbiturates to induce a stupor in which mental
element with strong associated effect come to the surface, where they can be exploited
by the therapist.3 It is also known as drug hypnosis or a truth serum or a combination
of hypnosis or narcosis. Thus it is method to make human thought and communication
manageable.4 According to Webster Dictionary, “Narco-Analysis means psycho
analysis in a state which is similar to sleep and this state is achieved by use of drugs.
These drugs are known as ‘truth drugs’ or ‘truth serum’.” According to the online
Merriam Webster’s Medical Dictionary, Psychotherapy that is performed under
1
Critical Study on validity of Narco-Analysis with reference to Article 20(3) of the Indian
Constitution available at www.goole.com
2
Gujarat Law Herald sponsored by the Bar Council of Gujarat, 2009(2), 44.
3
Robert house, a Texas obstetrician used the drug scopolamine on two prisoner in 1922
4
Naresh Kumar and Ved Pal Singh,”Narco-Analysis test in investigation process: Law and
judiciary” XIV, MDU Law Journl108 (2009).

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sedation for the recovery of repressed memories together with the emotion
accompanying the experience is designed to facilitate an acceptable integration of the
experience in the patient’s personality. It can also be defined as a psychotherapy that
is conducted while the patient is in sleep like state induced by barbiturates or other
drugs, particularly as a means of releasing repressed thoughts, feelings or memories.
It’s use is limited to such situation when there is compelling, instant requirement for a
patient’s responses.5

5
M.Sivananda Reddy, “Narco-Analysis and Truth Serum” ,Criminal Investigation Departiclements
of Andhra Pradesh ,available at www.cidap,gov.in /document/Narco-Analysis

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 PROCEDURE
Narco-Analysis test is also known as “truth Serum test”. They are the drugs
sometimes used clinically. Some of them are seconal, Hyoscine (scopolamine),
Sodium Penthonol, Sodium Amythal and Phenobarbital. These drugs produce a state
of semi-consciousness in the subject and the reasoning faculty of the individual
becomes ineffective. These drugs works on the principle of inhibiting the thought
filtration procedure of the brain. The principle behind this is that when we lie, our
thoughts are filter by the brain and decides by the brain what is to be exposed and
what has to be unrevealed. By application of this procedure a person can no longer sift
his idea and to speak the truth, or so is supposed. 6 Thus this test is a scientific
procedure to obtain information from an individual in a natural sleep-like state and a
person is liable to lie by using his imagination .In the Narco-Analysis test, the
subject‘s inhibition are down by prying with his nervous system at the molecular
level. In this state, it becomes difficult although possible for him to lie. In such a sleep
like state efforts are made to get “probative truth” about the offence. 7 Narco-Analysis
test is conducted by 3 gram of Sodium Pentothal 8 dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled
water and the solution is administered intravenously along with 10% of dextrose over
periods of three hours with the help of a qualified anaesthetist. It is a barbiturate
(thiopental sodium) making the neural membrane more permeable to Chloride ions,
resulting in the general inhibition, starting with the cortex and working down to the
lower brain regions with increasing biological effects at just neural inhibitory effect to
create an alcohol-like disinhibition”. At of normal behaviours restraints. A higher
dosage may create a stupor and inhibit independent thought and actions to a greater

6
Rajesh Punia “Narco-Analysis Investigating Tool or A Torture” 115CriLJ 22(2009)
7
Lakshman Sriram, “Narco-Analysis and Hard fact”24, Frontline 97, (2007).
8
Yellowish White powder Alliaceous, garlic like odor soluble in water alcohol

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extent.9 Essentially, the drug is used to reduce resistance to the hypnotist, who then
has to frame question and evoke response in a way likely to produce accurate answer.
However this possess many problems .Too little narcotics and the subject may be able
to fake through the situation ,too much and they may become unconscious, the
accuracy of answer may be effected .Sodium Pentothal binds GABA(gamma amino
butyric acid) (Chloride channel super complex, which is the primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter channel in brain ) forming a complex at a site ,which exerts control
over the permeability of chloride ions in to neural membrane leading to the attainment
of “the state of disinhibition”. At a dose, which does not cause sleep, or rather
unconscious, disinhibition”. At does remove the barrier of inhibition and it is difficult
for anyone to lie at this stage.

NARCO ANALYSIS IN INDIA

9
Vikas Gupta,“Constitutional validity of Narco-Analysis test in Forensic Science” 49Journal of The
Indian Law Institute 531 (2008).

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A few democratic countries, India most notably, still continue to use Narcoanalysis.
Narcoanalysis is not openly permitted for investigative purposes in most developed
and democratic countries. My interest in narcoanalysis test was revived when it caught
the attention of media and critics thereby raising several issues regarding its validity
as a scientific tool of investigation and its admissibility in court of law infringement of
individual fundamental rights and questions its value as evidence. In India, the Narco
analysis test is done by a team comprising of an anesthesiologist, a psychiatrist, a
clinical/forensic psychologist, an audio-videographer, and supporting nursing staff.
The forensic psychologist will prepare the report about the revelations, which will be
accompanied by a compact disc of audio-video recordings. The strength of the
revelations, if necessary, is further verified by subjecting the person to polygraph and
brain mapping tests. Narcoanalysis is steadily being mainstreamed into investigations,
court hearings, and laboratories in India.

Lie detection test comes under the general power of investigation (Sections 160-
167,Cr.P.C.). But it must be realized that it is prerogative of the person to allow
himself/herself to be put to polygraph test or not and it should not be left to the
discretion of police. Unless it is allowed by law it must be seen as illegal and
unconstitutional.10 But if it is conducted with free consent’ of the person it may be
permitted. ‘Free consent’ means it is voluntary and is not given under coercive
circumstances. Voluntariness can be understood by the example- If a person says, “I
wish to take a lie detectors test because I wish to clear my name”. It shows his/her
voluntariness but it is still to be shown that whether this voluntariness was under
coercive circumstances or not. If a person is told by police “If you want to clear your
name take a lie detector test” or” take a lie detector test and we will let you go” then it

10
See Kharak singh’s case ,1964(1)SCR332

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 shows that police has linked up the freedom to go with the lie detector test and as such
it cannot be held voluntary. These kinds of statements are
held to be self incriminatory.
Narcoanalysis was also used in the interrogation of Ajmal Kasab, the main accused
in the 26/11 attacks in Mumbai.

CASE ANALYSIS :

1. Aarushi Talwar-Hemraj Double Murder Case11

The body of Aarushi Talwar was found in her bedroom in house No. L-32, Jalvayu
Vihar, Sector 25, Noida, on the night of 15-16.5.2008. In the first information report
Dr. Rajesh Talwar, her father pointed the needle of suspicion at Hemraj, a domestic
help in the household of the Talwars. On 17.5.2008 the dead body of Hemraj was
recovered from the terrace of the same house, i.e., house No. L-32, Jalvayu Vihar,
Sector 25, Noida, where Aarushi’s murder had also allegedly been committed.

First hand Investigations conducted by the police revealed the following points-

No blood of Hemraj was found on the bed sheet and pillow of Aarushi. There is no
evidence to prove that Hemraj was killed in the room of Aarushi.
Dragging mark on steps only indicate that murder has taken place somewhere other
than the terrace.
On the clothes of Dr. Rajesh Talwar, only the blood of Aarushi was found but there
was no trace of blood of Hemraj.
The clothes that Dr. Nupur Talwar was wearing in the photograph taken by Aarushi in
the night of the incident were seized by CBI but no blood was found during forensic
examination.
Murder weapons were not recovered immediately after the offence. One of the murder
weapon i.e. sharp edged instrument could not be recovered till date and expert could
not find any blood stain or DNA of victims from golf stick to directly link it to the
crime.
There is no evidence to explain the finger prints on the scotch bottle (which were
found along with blood stains of both the victims on the bottle).

11
2013(83) ALLCC 283.

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 The guards of the colony are mobile during night and at the entrance they do not make
any entry. Therefore, their statements regarding movement of persons may not be
foolproof.
The exact sequence of events between (in the intervening night of 15-16/05/2008)
00.08 mid night to 6:00 AM in the morning is not clear. No evidence has emerged to
show the clear role of Dr. Rajesh Talwar and Dr. Nupur Talwar, individually, in the
commission of crime.
A board of experts constituted during earlier investigation team has given an opinion
that the possibility of the neck being cut by khukri cannot be ruled out, although
doctors who have conducted postmortem have said that cut was done by surgically
trained person with a small surgical instrument.
There is no evidence to explain the presence of Hemraj’s mobile in Punjab after
murder.
The offence has occurred in an enclosed flat hence no eye witness are available.
The blood soaked clothes of the offenders, clothes used to clean the blood from the
flat and stair case, the sheet on which the Hemraj was carried and dragged on the roof,
the bed cover which was used to cover the view from the steel iron grill on the roof
are not available and hence could not be recovered. All the above findings raised
suspicions as to whether the murders were committed by Dr. Rajesh and Nupur
Talwar. Therefore they were subjected to narcoanalysis test to confirm their
involvement in the crime. The CBI carried out narco-analysis test on Nupur Talwar
between February 8 and February 12, 2010 and on Rajesh Talwar between February
15 and 20, 2010 at the Forensic Science Laboratory in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
However, the investigations drew a blank.

No concrete evidence could be collected even after conducting the narco-test of the
Talwar couple that could help in further investigations in the case. The test was
conducted to find out if Nupur Talwar or Rajesh Talwar knew anything about the
case, but they knew nothing different about the murder of the teenage girl.
In this particular case, the results of the narcoanalysis were admissible in court
however, two years after the analysis; the Supreme Court of India ruled it
unconstitutional but let investigators use the test results for leads.

2. In Ramachandran Reddy v. State of Maharashtra,12 Bombay H.C. upheld the

legality of the use of P300 or Brain mapping and Narco-Analysis test .It was held by
the court that the evidence produced under the effect of Narco-Analysis test is
admissible. With the passing of the time as crimes are going hi-tech, the criminals
become professionals, who are taking new techniques into consideration in
12
2004 All MR (Cri) 1704

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 committing the crimes. So the use of Narco-Analysis has really been significant in
detecting the crime. It was further s held by the court that this test involve minimal
bodily harm.

3. In Selvi v. State of Karnataka,13 the SC has laid down the principle about conducting
of Narco-Analysis that Narco-Analysis test cannot be conducted on the accused
person without taking the consent from the accused person. If such test conducted on
the accused person, it would be violative of Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution. It
was further held by the Court that this test should be conducted in the presence of the
expert.

The right against self incrimination is designed to prevent the use of law or the legal
process to force from the lips of the accused person the evidence necessary to convict
him. Though the right has been defined broadly its scope has been confined by
judicial interpretation to evidence that is testimonial in nature .in other words, it has
been held that the protection is available only to evidence which require a volitional
act on the part of the accused person thus rendering it testimonial or communicative in
nature and it will not protect taking of blood sample, fingerprints etc from the
accused. The protection would be available only from the time the person is charged
of an offence. It does not extend to the pre-accusation or investigation stage, if a strict
interpretation of Article 20(3) is done. The immunity will not be available to a person
against whom no accusation has been made when a compulsory process or notice is
13
AIR 2010 SC 340.

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 issued directing him under pain or penalty to produce a document though ultimately it
may incriminate him for the commission of an offence. The Constitution incarnation
stimulating the ban on self-incrimination has been enshrined in Article 20(3) of the
Constitution of India .However, the question that arises today is whether the law
enforcement authorities can be allowed to garner truth from every quarter in order to
discover guilt and fulfil the final tryst of the justice system with the society. Article
20(3) of Indian Constitution is based upon a maxim i.e. “no man, not even the accused
himself can be compelled to answer any question, which may tend to prove him guilty
of a crime he has been accused of”. This right had its origin in a protest against the
unjust method of interrogating accused person .The privileged against self-
incrimination remain an important safeguard in the criminal jurisprudence. The right
given under Article 20(3) is non-derogable basic Human Right and cannot be taken
away under any circumstance whatsoever. Even in case of emergency, this right
cannot be taken suspended. The provision given under Article 20(3) embodies the
principle of protection against compulsion of Self-Incrimination, which is one of the
fundamental. Canon of the British system of Criminal jurisprudence and which has
been adopted by the federal American system and incorporated in the Federal
Constitution. The Fifth Amendment of the American Constitution provides that “no
person shall be compelled in any case to be a witness against himself”. It has also to a
substantial extent, been recognized in the criminal administration of justice in this
country by the incorporation into various statutory provisions. Analyzing the terms, in
which the guarantee is contained in our Constitution, it may be stated to consist of the
following three components-
o It is a right pertaining to a person accused of an offence.
o It is a protection against compulsion to be a witness ,and
o It is a protection against such compulsion resulting in his giving evidence against
himself.

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 Article 20(3) would not include signature, thumb impression, impression of the palm
or foot or fingers, or specimen of hand writing, or exposing a part of his body by an
accused for the purpose of identification. This does not amount to furnishing evidence
against himself. The self-incrimination must mean covering information based upon
the personal knowledge of the person giving the information and cannot include
merely the mechanical process of producing document in court which may throw light
on any point in controversy, but which do not contain any statement of the accused
person based on his personal knowledge. The Narco Analysis, P300 or Brain Mapping
and lie detector tests are the main tests which are conducted by Forensic Experts. In
case of lie detector and Brain Mapping test, the
prior permission of the court is not required to be taken because in these tests,
injection of any drug is not involved where in Narco-Analysis test, the subject is given
an injection of a drug under the supervision of anaesthetist so the prior permission of
the court is required. The Narco-Analysis test was subjected to great criticism by
defence lawyers by whom it was termed as violation of Article 20(3) of Indian
Constitution, but it has been permitted to be conducted on the accused person by
various High Courts. in India and it has been found to be very convicting .The
argument about violation of Constitution has been repelled by holding that rights
under Article 20(3) is not absolute. In this test the statement made by the accused
person are recorded on audio and video cassettes, and the reports of the expert is
helpful in collecting evidence.

4. In Ranjit Singh Brahamjeet Singh Sharma v. State of Maharashtra and

Another,14 which is also known as Abdul Karim Telgi case, the accused person was
involved in the fake stamp paper case. The accused person was brought for the
Polygraph test .He was first interviewed and interrogated and it was found that he was
concealing some relevant information .It was also found that he was also suspected to
14
AIR 2005 SC 2277.

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 be lying about involvement of politician and police officer in fake stamp papers .On
next day he was produced for brain mapping test. It was held by the court regarding
the report of admissibility of brain mapping test that no material placed on report to
show as to how far the report can be relied on. Whether the scientific tests are
admissible or not, will depend upon its genuineness .whether the brain mapping test is
so developed that the report so as to enable a court to place reliance on it, is a matter
which requires further consideration. In this case, the court left the question undecided
about the admissibility of the brain mapping test.

5. In Abhay Singh v. State of U.P,15 It was held by Justice Barkat Ali Zaidi that hairs
and nails of the accused can be taken for utilisation during the investigation even if the
accused does not agree for the same. If that invasion of the accused is permissible, the
principle should be applicable to Narco-Analysis and Brain mapping Tests also. It
means that other scientific test may also be conduct on the accused person without
his/her consent. The discovery of the truth is the desideratum of investigation ad all
efforts have to be made to find out the real culprit, because one guilty person, who
escapes, is the hope of one million .Court have therefore to adopt a helpful attitude in
all efforts made by the prosecution for discovery of the truth .If the Narco-Analysis
and Brain-Mapping test can be helpful in finding out the facts relating to the offence,
it should be conduct on the accused person.

CONCLUSION
There is urgent need for the application of forensic science in the criminal justice
delivery system. The use of scientific or forensic evidence in criminal trials not only
identifies the actual guilty but also prevents the innocent from being convicted
wrongly. The principle of the Indian legal system is based on the fact that until
proved guilty, a person is innocent and an innocent cannot be convicted even if a
hundred criminals are surrendered.
With the above objective in mind, subjecting a person to narcoanalysis without his
consent will be surely undermining his individual rights which are absolutely negating
the principle of a right based society.

15
2009 Cri.L.J2189 (All) LK Bench

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The use of scientific proof in a forensic setting has proven problematic for both judges
and attorneys because most of them are not technically trained. Much of the difficulty
encountered by courts when facing scientific evidence lies not in a lack of
understanding the underlying science but in the task of choosing between competing
scientific explanations.
Law is a living process, which changes according to the changes in society, science,
and ethics and so on. The Legal System should imbibe developments and advances
that take place in science as long as they do not violate fundamental legal principles
and are for the good of the society. The Central government must make a clear policy
stand on narco analysis because what is at stake is India’s commitment to individual
freedoms and a clean criminal justice system.

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 BRAIN MAPPING
Before you start understanding Human brain mapping, you must know something
about the most amazing human brain. The human brain is a challenging object to
study and explore. Its vast potential is beyond our imagination, but we surely can
learn step by step, gradually. And, who knows, we may unravel the complete truth one
day! After all, we are discovering about what we really have in us, at the top floor of
our body.
Brain mapping is one such tool which solves many of our queries.

WHAT IS BRAIN MAPPING?

Brain mapping is a set of techniques used in neuroscience. As it says in its name, it

gives the map of the brain. A map is used for navigation. Similarly, the brain mapping
gives the map of the brain which helps us in navigating it. A brain map identifies the
spatial properties of the brain along with the biological characteristics.

In easy words, it can be said that it is a tool for studying the anatomy and function of
the brain. It makes the use of imaging, immunohistochemistry, cellular biology,
engineering, nanotechnology and many more methodologies

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HOW IS BRAIN MAPPING DONE?

The billions of neurons, all are working together to make living possible. The number
of neurons differs from organism to organism, and so does the abilities. Why is the
human brain so special and what makes it so special? How is it different from other
brains? Thus, brain mapping aims to provide answers to all questions. It gives the
anatomical study of the brain along with the impacts it has due to the environment.

As the new techniques are continuously being discovered and the rest are being
refined, brain mapping is getting stronger and more efficient, giving us more
descriptive details about the brain.

The scientists use various methods to study brain anatomy and function. The visuals
of a normal brain are compared to that of unhealthy brain, and the observations are
noted down so that some conclusion can be derived. Also, they compare brain
structures of different mammals. The activity of neurons is also put under surveillance
and the records are maintained accordingly.

WHO INVENTED THIS TEST?

American neurologist Dr.Lawrence A Farwell. An expert in brain wave science, he

called his technique 'brain-wave fingerprinting' or 'brain mapping test.'

Dr.Farwell found that a MERMER (Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted

Electro Encephalographic Response) is initiated in the accused when the brain
recognises information pertaining to the crime.

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WHAT IS BRAIN MAPPING USED FOR?

Brain mapping is used to identify the functional differences according to the regions
in brain. We know that brain is an organ which has many parts. Each part has its own
specific function, and you would be surprised to know, to some extent, this variation
varies from person to person even. Brain mapping thus helps us to learn about the
brain and its functions, along with the chances of regions prone to acquiring tumours
or brain abnormalities.

It is not a technique used by commoners to explore brain; rather it is something made

for the man of science. There is a lot to reveal about brain. The sudden connection of
neuron and transfer of signal with the magnificent speed is a question to ponder upon.
Brain mapping answers it all.

Also, it explains the learning process of humans. Earlier it was thought that the IQ
levels remain same throughout, but the plasticity of brain reveals the fact that the

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learning process fluctuates and can be increased. How amazing! So, when are you
exercising your brain now?

For the medical professionals, brain mapping brings answers to many injuries and
brain disorders. This in turn fetches a set of effective treatments and better methods of
diagnosis.

HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING

Brain mapping is essential to study each brain capacity, but human brain mapping
tops the priority list. Why? Human brain needs to be understood from the grassroots’
level. The cortex human brain possesses is the most advanced; hence it is also called
neo-cortex. The abilities hidden in this coiled walnut-like structure are not unravelled
yet. Mysteries still remain hidden and the curiosity takes a complete new level.

Also, from the medical point of view, doctors should know the details of human brain
so that they can combat the mental disorders and other issues effectively. The better
diagnosis and early treatment could be done if there is plenty of knowledge.

BRAIN MAPPING TEST

Brain mapping test is a test used to reveal the hidden information a suspect or criminal
might cover. It is a technique used to interpret the behavior of the suspect and then
compared to the observations made by the investigating officers.

The forensic science officers use the brain mapping test with different unusual
technologies in order to find that whether a suspect can relate to the crime scene
efficiently. The information stored inside the brain is corresponding to the crime
scenario or not, this is what is extracted through this test.

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The test is done by asking a few questions before undergoing the actual “process”. No
more questions are asked then. Some sensors are attached to the head of the person
and he or she is made to sit in front of a computer monitor. A few visuals and audio
sounds are made and if the person relates to any of these visuals or sounds, then the
sensors record the electrical activity and reveals that there is some connection of the
image or sound with the crime scene. This test is also called the brain wave finger
printing and has 99.99% efficiency. In crime investigation, this technique finds great
use!

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Anil Aggarwal, textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology, 10 th ed., 2012, Avichal
publishing co., New Delhi
2. Arun Kumar Pathak, Narco analysis, brain mapping & Lie Detector tests, 2010,
Pustak Sadan Prakashan, Allahabad
3. Arun Kumar Pathaka, Narco Analysis and Brain Mapping, 2010, Pustak Sadan,
Prakashan, Allahabad
4. Naresh Kumar and Ved Pal Singh,”Narco-Analysis test in investigation process: Law
and judiciary

WEBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.cidap,gov.in /document/Narco-Analysis
2. http://healthlove.in/health/mind/brain/brain-mapping-eeg-qeeg-prism-functional-
human-brain-mapping-test-techniques/
3. www.santoshraut.com
4. https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/scientific-evidence-narcoanalysis/

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