Power System Analysis

SUBJECT CODE- BTEEC501

Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni M.E. (Electrical Power System), B.E (Electrical Engineering)
 UNIT-I Modeling of Power System 07 Hours

Content

➢ Complex power flow, balanced and reactance diagrams of a power system.

➢ Per unit system, Per unit representation of transformers, synchronous
machines, representation of loads.
➢ Graph theory and its applications for formation of primitive network and Z
and Y matrices, incidence matrices, Y-bus and Z-bus matrices.

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 2

 What is Power System ?
➢ The power system is a network which
consists of generation, distribution and
transmission system.
➢ It uses the form of energy (like coal and
diesel) and converts it into electrical
energy.
➢ The power system includes the devices
connected to the system like the
synchronous generator, motor,
transformer, circuit breaker, conductor, etc.

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 3

 What is Power System ?
➢ The three basic elements of electrical engineering are resistor, inductor and capacitor.
➢ The resistor consumes ohmic or dissipative energy whereas the inductor and capacitor store in
the positive half cycle and give away in the negative half cycle of supply the magnetic field and
➢ If I is the current flowing for a period of t seconds through a resistance of R ohms, the heat
dissipated will be 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒕 watt sec.
➢ In case of an inductor the energy is stored in the form of magnetic field. For a coil of L
𝟏
Henries and a current of I amperes flowing, the energy stored is given by 𝑳𝑰𝟐 .
𝟐

➢ The energy is stored between the metallic plates of the capacitor in the form of electric field
𝟏
and is given by 𝑪𝑽𝟐 where C is the capacitance and V is the voltage across the plates.
𝟐

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 4

 Single Line Diagram
➢ Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the simple symbol for each
component.
➢ The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows the main connections
and arrangement of the system components along with their data (such as output rating,
voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).
➢ It is not necessary to show all the components of the system on a single line diagram, e.g.,
circuit breaker need not be shown in the load flow study but are the must for a protection study.
➢ In the single line diagram, the system component is usually drawn in the form of their
symbols. Generator and transformer connections, star, delta and neutral earthing are indicated
by symbols drawn by the side of the representation of these elements.

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 5

 Single Line Diagram
➢ Circuit breakers are represented by rectangular blocks. The figure shown below represents the single
line diagram of a typical block system.

Fig.1.1 Single Line Diagram of Power System.

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 6

 Impedance Diagram
➢ The impedance diagram on single-phase basis for use under balanced conditions can be easily drawn from the SLD.
The following assumptions are made in obtaining the impedance diagrams.
Assumptions:
1. The single phase transformer equivalents are shown as ideals with impedances on appropriate side (LV/HV),
2. The magnetizing reactance's of transformers are negligible,
3. The generators are represented as constant voltage sources with series resistance or reactance,
4. The transmission lines are approximated by their equivalent π-Models,
5. The loads are assumed to be passive and are represented by a series branch of resistance or reactance and
6. Since the balanced conditions are assumed, the neutral grounding impedances do not appear in the impedance
diagram.

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 7

 Impedance Diagram
➢ In order to calculate the performance of a power system under load condition or upon the occurrence of a fault, the
one line diagram is used to draw the single-phase or per phase equivalent circuit of the system.
➢ Refer the one-line diagram of a sample power system shown in Fig. 1.1 SLD.
➢ The impedance diagram does not include the current limiting impedances shown in the one-line diagram because no
current flows in the ground under balanced condition.
➢ Fig.1.2 combines the equivalent circuits for the various components to form the per-phase impedance diagram of the
system

Fig.1.2 Per-phase impedance diagram

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 8

 Reactance Diagram
➢ To simplify our calculation of fault current by omitting all static loads, all resistances, the shunt admittance of each
transformer, and the capacitance of the transmission line, the impedance diagram reduces to the per-phase reactance
diagram of Fig. 1.3
Additional assumptions:
1. The resistance is often omitted during the fault analysis. This causes a very negligible error since, resistances are
negligible.
2. Loads are Omitted.
3. Transmission line capacitances are ineffective & Magnetizing currents of transformers are neglected.

Fig.1.3 Per-phase reactance diagram

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 9

 Per Unit Representation
➢ During the power system analysis, it is a usual practice to represent current, voltage, impedance, power, etc., of an
electric power system in per unit or percentage of the base or reference value of the respective quantities. The
numerical per unit (pu) value of any quantity is its ratio to a chosen base value of the same dimension. Thus a pu
value is a normalized quantity with respect to the chosen base value.
Definition-
“The per-unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of actual value in any unit to the base or reference
value in the same unit. Any quantity is converted into per unit quantity by dividing the numeral value by the chosen base
value of the same dimension. The per-unit value is dimensionless.”

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 10

 Per Unit Representation
➢ The base values can be selected arbitrarily. It is usual to assume the base values as given below
Base voltage = rated voltage of the machine
Base current = rated current of the machine
Base impedance = base voltage /base current
Base power = base voltage x base current
Firstly the value of base power and the base voltage are selected, and their choice automatically fixes the other base
values.
As
So

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 11

 Per Unit Representation
Putting the value of base current from the equation (1) in equation (2) we get-

Putting the value of base current from the equation (1) in the equation (3) we get

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 12

Advantages of Per Unit System

1. Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.

2. Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various transformation ratios is greatly simplified.
3. The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power system problems.
4. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent in per unit of the equipment rating. If the any
data is not available, it is easier to assume its per unit value than its numerical value.
5. The ohmic values of impedances are refereed to secondary is different from the value as referee to primary.
However, if base values are selected properly, the p.u impedance is the same on the two sides of the transformer.
6. The circuit laws are valid in p.u systems, and the power and voltages equations are simplified since the factors of
√3 and 3 are eliminated.

30-08-2023 Prepare By- Prof. B. R. Aloni 13