Chapter 2

1. Prove or disprove: A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C).

Ans: True, since
.

2. Prove that by giving a containment proof (that is, prove that the left
side is a subset of the right side and that the right side is a subset of the left side).
Ans: : Let .  x  A  B  x  A or or
. Reversing the steps shows that .

3. Prove that by giving an element table proof.

Ans: The columns for and match: each entry is 0 if and only if A and B
have the value 1.

4. Prove that by giving a proof using logical equivalence.

Ans: .

5. Prove that by giving a Venn diagram proof.

Ans:

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6. Prove that A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C) by giving a containment proof (that is,
prove that the left side is a subset of the right side and that the right side is a subset of the
left side).
Ans: A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C): Let x  A  (B  C).  x  A and x  B  C
 x  A and x  B, or x  A and x  C  x  (A  B)  (A  C). Reversing the
steps gives the opposite containment.

7. Prove that A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C) by giving an element table proof.

Ans: Each set has the same values in the element table: the value is 1 if and only if A has
the value 1 and either B or C has the value 1.

8. Prove that A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C) by giving a proof using logical equivalence.

Ans:

9. Prove that A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C) by giving a Venn diagram proof.

Ans:

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 10. Prove or disprove: if A, B, and C are sets, then A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C).
Ans: False. For example, let A  12, B  1, C  2.

11. Prove or disprove A  (B  C)  (A  B)  C.

Ans: True, using either a membership table or a containment proof, for example.

Use the following to answer questions 12-15:

Use a Venn diagram to determine which relationship, , =, , is true for the pair of sets.

12. A  B, A  (B  A).
Ans: .

13. A  (B  C), (A  B)  C.
Ans: .

14. (A  B)  (A  C), A  (B  C).

Ans: .

15. (A  C)  (B  C), A  B.
Ans: .

Use the following to answer questions 16-20:

In the questions below determine whether the given set is the power set of some set. If the set is
a power set, give the set of which it is a power set.

16. aaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaa.
Ans: Yes aaa.

17. a.
Ans: Yes, a.

18. aa.
Ans: No, it lacks .

19. aa.
Ans: Yes, a.

20. a.
Ans: No, it lacks a and .

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 21. Prove that for all sets S and T.
Ans: Since (De Morgan's law), the complements are equal.

Use the following to answer questions 22-33:

In the questions below mark each statement TRUE or FALSE. Assume that the statement
applies to all sets.

22. A  (B  C)  (A  B)  C.
Ans: False

23. (A  C)  (B  C)  A  B.
Ans: False

24. A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C).
Ans: True

25. A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C).
Ans: False

26. .
Ans: True

27. If A  C  B  C, then A  B.
Ans: False

28. If A  C  B  C, then A  B.
Ans: False

29. If A  B  A  B, then A  B.
Ans: True

30. If A  B  A, then B  A.
Ans: False

31. There is a set A such that  P(A)   12.

Ans: False

32. A  A  A.
Ans: False

33. Find three subsets of 123456789 such that the intersection of any two has size 2
and the intersection of all three has size 1.
Ans: For example, {1,2,3}, {2,3,4}, {1,3,4}.

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 34. Find

Ans: [-1,1].

35. Find ( ).

Ans:

36. Find [ ].

Ans: {1}.

37. Find ( ).

Ans:

38. Suppose U = {1, 2, ..., 9}, A = all multiples of 2, B = all multiples of 3, and C = {3, 4, 5,
6, 7}. Find C - (B - A).
Ans: {4,5,6,7}.

39. Suppose S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Find

Ans: 32.

Use the following to answer questions 40-43:

In the questions below suppose A  xy and B  xx. Mark the statement TRUE or
FALSE

40. x  B.
Ans: False

41.   P(B).
Ans: True

42. x  A  B.
Ans: False

43.  P(A)   4.
Ans: True

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Use the following to answer questions 44-51:

In the questions below suppose A  abc. Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.

44. bc  P(A).

Ans: True

45. a  P(A).

Ans: True

46.   A.
Ans: True

47.   P(A).

Ans: True

48.   A  A.
Ans: True

49. ac  A.
Ans: True

50. ab  A  A.
Ans: False

51. (cc)  A  A.
Ans: True

Use the following to answer questions 52-59:

In the questions below suppose A  12345. Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.

52. 1  P(A).

Ans: True

53. 3  P(A).

Ans: True

54.   A.
Ans: True

55.   P(A).

Ans: True

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 56.   P(A).
Ans: True

57. 24  A  A.
Ans: False

58.   P(A).

Ans: False

59. (11)  A  A.
Ans: True

Use the following to answer questions 60-62:

In the questions below suppose the following are fuzzy sets:

F  07Ann01Bill08Fran03Olive05Tom,
R  04Ann09Bill09Fran06Olive07Tom.

60. Find and .

Ans: ,

61. Find F  R.
Ans: 07Ann09Bill09Fran06Olive07Tom.

62. Find F  R.
Ans: 04Ann01Bill08Fran03Olive05Tom.

Use the following to answer questions 63-72:

In the questions below, suppose A  abc and B  bc. Mark the statement TRUE or
FALSE

63. c  A  B.
Ans: True

64.  P(A  B)   64.

Ans: True

65.   P(B).
Ans: True

66. B  A.
Ans: False

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 67. c  B.
Ans: False

68. ab  A  A.
Ans: False

69. bc  P(A).

Ans: True

70. bc  P(B).

Ans: True

71.   A  A.
Ans: True

72. c  P(B).

Ans: True

Use the following to answer questions 73-85:

In the questions below determine whether the set is finite or infinite. If the set is finite, find its
size.

73. x  x  Z and x2  10.

Ans: 7.

74. P(abcd), where P denotes the power set.

Ans: 16.

75. 1357….
Ans: Infinite.

76. A  B, where A  12345 and B  123.

Ans: 15.

77. x  x  N and 9x2  1  0.

Ans: 0.

78. P(A), where A is the power set of abc.

Ans: 256.

79. A  B, where A  abc and B  .

Ans: 0.

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 80. x  x  N and 4x2  8  0.
Ans: 0.

81. x  x  Z and x2  2.

Ans: 0.

82. P(A), where A  P(12).

Ans: 16.

83. 1101001000….
Ans: Infinite.

84. S  T, where S  abc and T  12345.

Ans: 15.

85. x  x  Z and x2  8.

Ans: 5.

86. Prove that between every two rational numbers ab and cd
(a) there is a rational number.
(b) there are an infinite number of rational numbers.
Ans: (a) Assume . Then .

(b) Assume . Let m1 be the midpoint of . For i  1 let mi be the

midpoint of ..

87. Prove that there is no smallest positive rational number.

Ans: If , then .

Use the following to answer questions 88-96:

In the questions below determine whether the rule describes a function with the given domain
and codomain.

88. f  N  N where .
Ans: Not a function; f(2) is not an integer.

89. h  R  R where .
Ans: Function.

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90. g  N  N where g(n)  any integer  n.
Ans: Not a function; g(1) has more than one value.

91. F  R  R where .
Ans: Not a function; F(5) not defined.

92. F  Z  R where .
Ans: Function.

93. F  Z  Z where .
Ans: Not a function; F(1) not an integer.

94. G  R  R where

Ans: Not a function; the cases overlap. For example, G(1) is equal to both 3 and 0.

95. f  R  R where

Ans: Not a function; f(3) not defined.

96. G  Q  Q where G(pq)  q.

Ans: Not a function; f(12)  2 and f(24)  4.

97. Give an example of a function f  Z  Z that is 1-1 and not onto Z.

Ans: f(n)  2n.

98. Give an example of a function f  Z  Z that is onto Z but not 1-1.

Ans: .

99. Give an example of a function f  Z  N that is both 1-1 and onto N.

Ans:

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100. Give an example of a function f  N  Z that is both 1-1 and onto Z.

Ans: f(n) 

101. Give an example of a function f  Z  N that is 1-1 and not onto N.

Ans:

102. Give an example of a function f  N  Z that is onto Z and not 1-1.

Ans:

103. Suppose f  N  N has the rule f(n)  4n  1. Determine whether f is 1-1.

Ans: Yes.

104. Suppose f  N  N has the rule f(n)  4n  1. Determine whether f is onto N.

Ans: No.

105. Suppose f  Z  Z has the rule f(n)  3n2  1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: No.

106. Suppose f  Z  Z has the rule f(n)  3n  1. Determine whether f is onto Z.

Ans: No.

107. Suppose f  N  N has the rule f(n)  3n2  1. Determine whether f is 1-1.
Ans: Yes.

108. Suppose f  N  N has the rule f(n)  4n2  1. Determine whether f is onto N.
Ans: No.

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109. Suppose f  R  R where f(x)  x2.
(a) Draw the graph of f.
(b) Is f 1-1?
(c) Is f onto R?

Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) No.

110. Suppose f  R  R where f(x)  x2.

(a) If S  x  1  x  6, find f(S).
(b) If T  345, find f1(T).
Ans: (a) 0123
(b) [612).

111. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the position of a 1 bit in the bit string S.
Ans: No; there may be no 1 bits or more than one 1 bit.

112. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the number of 0 bits in S.
Ans: Yes.

113. Determine whether f is a function from the set of all bit strings to the set of integers if f(S)
is the largest integer i such that the ith bit of S is 0 and f(S)  1 when S is the empty string
(the string with no bits).
Ans: No; f not defined for the string of all 1's, for example S  11111.

114. Let f(x)  x33. Find f(S) if S is:

(a) 210123.
(b) 012345.
(c) 15711.
(d) 261014.
Ans: (a) 31029.
(b) 0292141.
(c) 041114443.
(d) 272333914.

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115. Suppose f  R  Z where f(x)  2x  1.
(a) Draw the graph of f.
(b) Is f 1-1? (Explain)
(c) Is f onto Z? (Explain)

Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) Yes.

116. Suppose f  R  Z where f(x)  2x  1.

(a) If A  x  1  x  4, find f(A).
(b) If B  34567, find f(B).
(c) If C  98, find f1(C).
(d) If D  040506, find f1(D).
Ans: (a) 1234567.
(b) 5791113.
(c) (9272].
(d) .

117. Suppose g  R  R where .

(a) Draw the graph of g.
(b) Is g 1-1?
(c) Is g onto R?

Ans: (a)
(b) No.
(c) No.

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 118. Suppose g  R  R where .

(a) If S  x  1  x  6, find g(S).

(b) If T  2, find g1(T).
Ans: (a) 012.
(b) [57).

119. Show that x    x.

Ans: Let n  x, so that n  1  x  n. Multiplying by 1 yields n  1  x  n, which
means that n    x.

120. Prove or disprove: For all positive real numbers x and y, x  y  x  y.
Ans: False: x  y  15.

121. Prove or disprove: For all positive real numbers x and y, x  y  x  y.
Ans: True: , ; therefore ; since is an integer at
least as great as xy, then .

122. Suppose g  A  B and f  B  C where A  1234, B  abc, C  2710, and f

and g are defined by g  (1b)(2a)(3a)(4b) and f  (a10)(b7)(c2). Find f  g.
Ans: (17)(210)(310)(47).

123. Suppose g  A  B and f  B  C where A  1234, B  abc, C  2710, and f

and g are defined by g  (1b)(2a)(3a)(4b) and f  (a10)(b7)(c2). Find f1.
Ans: (2c)(7b)(10a).

Use the following to answer questions 124-127:

In the questions below suppose g  A  B and f  B  C where A  B  C  1234, g 

(14)(21)(31)(42) and f  (13)(22)(34)(42).

124. Find f  g.
Ans: (12)(23)(33)(42).

125. Find g  f.
Ans: (11)(21)(32)(41).

126. Find g  g.
Ans: (12)(24)(34)(41).

127. Find g  (g  g).

Ans: (11)(22)(32)(44).

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Use the following to answer questions 128-131:

In the questions below suppose g  A  B and f  B  C where A  1234, B  abc, C 

2810, and g and f are defined by g  (1b)(2a)(3b)(4a) and f  (a8)(b10)(c2).

128. Find f  g.
Ans: (110)(28)(310)(48).

129. Find f1.

Ans: (2c)(8a)(10b).

130. Find f  f1.

Ans: (22)(88)(1010).

131. Explain why g1 is not a function.

Ans: g1(a) is equal to both 2 and 4.

Use the following to answer questions 132-133:

In the questions below suppose g  A  B and f  B  C where A  abcd, B  123, C 

2368, and g and f are defined by g  (a2)(b1)(c3)(d2) and f  (18)(23)(32).

132. Find f  g.
Ans: (a3)(b8)(c2)(d3).

133. Find f1.

Ans: (23)(32)(81).

134. For any function f  A  B, define a new function g  P(A)  P(B) as follows: for every S
 A, g(S)  f(x)  x  S. Prove that f is onto if and only if g is onto.
Ans: Suppose f is onto. Let T  P(B) and let S  x  A  f(x)  T. Then g(S)  T, and g
is onto. If f is not onto B, let y  B  f(A). Then there is no subset S of A such that
g(S)  y.

Use the following to answer questions 135-139:

In the questions below find the inverse of the function f or else explain why the function has no
inverse.

135. f  Z  Z where f(x)  x mod 10.

Ans: f1(10) does not exist.

136. f  A  B where A  abcB  123 and f  (a2)(b1)(c3).

Ans: (1b)(2a)(3c).

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 137. f  R  R where f(x)  3x  5.
Ans: .

138. f  R  R where f(x)  2x.

Ans: does not exist.

139. f  Z  Z where f(x)  {

Ans: f1 (5) is not a single value.

140. Suppose g  A  B and f  B  C, where f  g is 1-1 and g is 1-1. Must f be 1-1?

Ans: No.

141. Suppose g  A  B and f  B  C, where f  g is 1-1 and f is 1-1. Must g be 1-1?

Ans: Yes.

142. Suppose f  R  R and g  R  R where g(x)  2x  1 and g  f(x)  2x  11. Find the
rule for f.
Ans: f(x)  x  5.

Use the following to answer questions 143-147:

In the questions below for each partial function, determine its domain, codomain, domain of
definition, set of values for which it is undefined or if it is a total function:

143. f  Z  R where f(n)  1n.

Ans: Z, R, Z  0, 0.

144. f  Z  Z where f(n)  n2.

Ans: Z, Z, Z, total function.

145. f  Z  Z  Q where f(mn)  mn.

Ans: Z  Z, Q, Z  (Z  0), Z  0.

146. f  Z  Z  Z where f(mn)  mn.

Ans: Z  Z, Z, Z  Z, total function.

147. f  Z  Z  Z where f(mn)  m  n if m  n.

Ans: Z  Z, Z, (mn)  m  n, (mn)  m  n.

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 148. For the partial function f  Z  Z  R defined by , determine its
domain, codomain, domain of definition, and set of values for which it is undefined or
whether it is a total function.
Ans: Z  Z, R, (mn)  m  n or m  n, (mn)  m  n or m  n.

149. Let f  12345  123456 be a function.

(a) How many total functions are there?
(b) How many of these functions are one-to-one?
Ans: (a) 65  7776.
(b) 6  5  4  3  2  1  720.

Use the following to answer questions 150-156:

In the questions below find a formula that generates the following sequence a1a2a3….

150. 59131721….
Ans: an  4n  1.

151. 33333….
Ans: an  3.

152. 1520253035….
Ans: an  5(n  2).

153. 109080706….
Ans: an  1  (n  1)10.

154. 113151719….
Ans: an  1(2n  1).

155. 2,0,2,0,2,0,2,....
Ans: an  1(  1)n+1.

156. 0,2,0,2,0,2,0,....
Ans: an  1 + (  1)n.

157. Find the sum 14  18  116  132  .

Ans: 12.

158. Find the sum 2  4  8  16  32    228.

Ans: 229  2.

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159. Find the sum 2  4  8  16  32    228.
Ans: .

160. Find the sum 1  12  14  18  116  .

Ans: 2/3.

161. Find the sum 2  12  18  132  1128  .

Ans: 8/3.

162. Find the summ 112 + 113 + 114 + ... + 673.

Ans: 220,585.

163. Find
Ans: -84.

164. Find

Ans: 25.

165. Rewrite so that the index of summation has lower limit 0 and upper limit 7.

Ans:

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