Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(2S) 1721-1731 2023

A Comprehensive Review on Paper Cutting Machine Using Solar

Power
P.K. Devan1,a, A. Balaji krishna bharathi1, Dhanasekar S2, Mathesh T. A3, Kamesh T4
1
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, Puduvoyal,Tamil Nadu,
India
2,3,4
Students, Dept. of Mechanical Engg, R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, Puduvoyal,
Tamil Nadu,India
*a Corresponding autho : [email protected]

Abstract
The paper cutting machine using Solar Power is used to cut the papers in equal and accurate
dimensions. The main principle of this method is used to reduce the human power and time
consumption by eliminating the wastage of the raw materials. The manually handed paper cutting
machine which causes improper cutting of the paper. So we made the automatic machine which
eliminates this drawback. The main peculiarity of machine is its automatic working, reduced man power,
required less time. Paper is one of the majorly used material in our day to day activities in taking
information’s down necessary information’s, it is very important that there is a machine that can handle it
at a domestic level to give the desired form for various use. The machine is made up of a motor, an
aurdino board, plastic materials, blade, and belt. The machine also uses code which is programmed on the
aurdino board which helps to set the length of cut and the slider which holds the blade slides to cut the
paper. The machine is tested and the output is evaluated. It is well suited for small scale industries.

Keywords: Solar power, Paper cutting machine, Small Scale Industries

1. Introduction years and there are now several machines quite

Nowadays there are lot of competition in the efficient and adequate to meet these demands of
paper industry. For effective functioning of the the modern manufacturer. Cutting jobs have an
paper industry there is a need for development of important place in the printing industry. All paper
automated systems. That automated system should products from the smallest label to all types of
increase the production and the accuracy and posters, brochures, magazines, books, newspapers
quality of the product. This proposed system is and billboards have to be prepared according to a
used to cut the paper accurately in the industry. In specific size with regards to work quality and
the paper industry for cutting the paper in the large customer satisfaction, cutting is a highly delicate
numbers we use this method. This machine is matter in the printing industry.
manufactured using low cost and efficient method.
This machine aims to reduce the labour power 1.1 Arduino [1]Arduino is an open-
andsaves time in industries by eliminating the source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
paper marking time.The device for cutting or hardware and software. Arduino boards are able
trimming a sheets of paper in any required to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
dimension is known as paper cutting machine. The button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
paper-cutting machine is a recent development in output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
the industrial world. The difficulty of making a publishing something online. You can tell your
successful machine of this kind to meet the new board what to do by sending a set of instructions
demands for accuracy, speed, convenience, and to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you
safety, has been overcome gradually in recent use the Arduino programming language (based

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 A Comprehensive Review on Paper Cutting Machine Using Solar Power

on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), Open source and extensible software - The
based on Processing. Arduino software is published as open source
tools, available for extension by experienced
programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and people wanting to
understand the technical details can make the leap
from Arduino to the AVR C programming
language on which it's based. Similarly, you can
add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino
programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The
plans of the Arduino boards are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit
designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even
There are many other microcontrollers and relatively inexperienced users can build
microcontroller platforms available for physical the breadboard version of the module in order
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX- tounderstand how it works and save money
24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others
offer similar functionality. All of these tools take 4.Solar System:[14]Among all the benefits of
the messy details of microcontroller programming solar panels, the most important thing is that solar
and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino energy is a truly renewable energy source. It can
also simplifies the process of working with be harnessed in all areas of the world and is
microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for available every day. We cannot run out of solar
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over energy, unlike some of the other sources of energy.
other systems: Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have
the sun, therefore sunlight will be available to us
[2]Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively for at least 5 billion years when according to
inexpensive compared to other microcontroller scientists the sun is going to die.
platforms. The least expensive version of the
Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and Reduces Electricity Bills
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less Since you will be meeting some of your energy
than \$50 needs with the electricity your solar system has
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) generated, your energy bills will drop. How much
runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux you save on your bill will be dependent on the size
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems of the solar system and your electricity or heat
are limited to Windows. usage. For example, if you are a business
using commercial solar panels this switch can have
Simple, clear programming environment - The huge benefits because the large system size can
Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for cover large chunks of your energy bills. Moreover,
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users not only will you be saving on the electricity bill,
to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's but there is also a possibility to receive payments
conveniently based on the Processing for the surplus energy that you export back to the
programming environment, so students learning to grid through the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG). If
program in that environment will be familiar with you generate more electricity than you
how the Arduino IDE works. use (considering that your solar panel system is
connected to the grid).

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(2S) 1721-1731 2023

WORKING OF SOLAR PANNEL people know the actual science behind the
process. Before we get to the molecular level, let’s
We all know that solar photovoltaic (PV) panels
take a high-level look at the basic flow of electric
transform sunlight into useable electricity, but few
generation:

[14] To produce an electric current, however, the terminal (p). An electric field is created at the
electrons need to flow in the same direction. This junction between the two layers.When the
is achieved using two types of silicon. The silicon electrons are excited by the photons, they are
layer that is exposed to the sun is doped with swept to the n-side by an electric field, while the
atoms of phosphorus, which has one holes drift to the p-side. The electrons and holes
more electron than silicon, while the other side is are directed to the electrical contacts applied to
doped with atoms of boron , which has one less both sides before flowing to the external circuit in
electron. The resulting sandwich works much like the form of electrical energy. This produces direct
a battery: the layer that has surplus electrons current. An anti-reflective coating is added to the
becomes the negative terminal (n) and the side that top of the cell to minimize photon loss due to
has a deficit of electrons becomes the positive surface reflection.

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 A Comprehensive Review on Paper Cutting Machine Using Solar Power

Working Principle each pentavalent phosphorous atom are shared

through covalent bonds with four neighbour
Conversion of light energy in electrical energy is
silicon atoms, and fifth valence electron does not
based on aphenomenon called photovoltaic
get any chance to create a covalent bond.
effect. When semiconductor materials are
exposed to light, the some of the photons of light This fifth electron then relatively loosely
ray are absorbed by the semiconductor crystal bounded with its parent atom. Even at room
which causes a significant number of free temperature, the thermal energy available in the
electrons in the crystal. This is the basic reason crystal is large enough to disassociate these
for producing electricity due to photovoltaic relatively loose fifth electrons from their parent
effect. Photovoltaic cell is the basic unit of the phosphorus atom. While this fifth relatively loose
system where the photovoltaic effect is utilised to electron is disassociated from parent phosphorus
produce electricity from light energy. Silicon is atom, the phosphorous atom immobile positive
the most widely used semiconductor material for ions. The said disassociated electron becomes
constructing the photovoltaic cell. The silicon free but does not have any incomplete covalent
atom has four valence electrons. In a solid bond or hole in the crystal to be re-associated.
crystal, each silicon atom shares each of its four These free electrons come from pentavalent
valence electrons with another nearest silicon impurity are always ready to conduct current in
atom hence creating covalent bonds between the semiconductor. Although there are numbers
them. In this way, silicon crystal gets a of free electrons, still the substance is electrically
tetrahedral lattice structure. While light ray neutral as the number of positive phosphorous
strikes on any materials some portion of the light ions locked inside the crystal structure is exactly
is reflected, some portion is transmitted through equal to the number of the free electrons come
the materials and rest is absorbed by the out from them. The process of inserting
materials. impurities in the semiconductor is known as
doping, and the impurities are doped are known
The same thing happens when light falls on a
as dopants. The pentavalent dopants which
silicon crystal. If the intensity of incident light is
donate their fifth free electron to the
high enough, sufficient numbers of photons are
semiconductor crystal are known as donors. The
absorbed by the crystal and these photons, in
semiconductors doped by donor impurities are
turn, excite some of the electrons of covalent
known as n-type or negative type semiconductor
bonds. These excited electrons then get sufficient
as there are plenty of free electrons which are
energy to migrate from valence band to
negatively charged by nature.
conduction band. As the energy level of these
electrons is in the conduction band, they leave When instead pentavalent phosphorous atoms,
from the covalent bond leaving a hole in the trivalent impurity atoms like boron are added to a
bond behind each removed electron. These are semiconductor crystal opposite type of
called free electrons move randomly inside the semiconductor will be created. In this case, some
crystal structure of the silicon. These free silicon atoms in the crystal lattice will be
electrons and holes have a vital role in creating replaced by boron atoms, in other words, the
electricity in photovoltaic cell. These electrons boron atoms will occupy the positions of
and holes are hence called light-generated replaced silicon atoms in the lattice structure.
electrons and holes respectively. These light Three valance electrons of boron atom will pair
generated electrons and holes cannot produce with valance electron of three neighbour silicon
electricity in the silicon crystal alone. There atoms to create three complete covalent bonds.
should be some additional mechanism to do that. For this configuration, there will be a silicon
When a pentavalent impurity such as phosphorus atom for each boron atom, fourth valence
is added to silicon, the four valence electrons of electron of which will not find any neighbour

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(2S) 1721-1731 2023

valance electrons to complete its fourth covalent surface also come out from the covalent bond
bond. Hence this fourth valence electron of these and recombine with more nearby holes in the p-
silicon atoms remains unpaired and behaves as type semiconductor. As the covalent bonds are
incomplete bond. So there will be lack of one broken, there will be a number of holes created
electron in the incomplete bond, and hence an in the n-type material near the contact surface.
incomplete bond always attracts electron to fulfil Hence, near contact zone, the holes in the p-type
this lack. As such, there is a vacancy for the materials disappear due to recombination on the
electron to sit. other hand holes appear in the n-type material
near same contact zone. This is as such
This vacancy is conceptually called positive hole.
equivalent to the migration of holes from p-type
In a trivalent impurity doped semiconductor, a
to the n-type semiconductor. So as soon as one n-
significant number of covalent bonds are
type semiconductor and one p-type
continually broken to complete other incomplete
semiconductor come into contact the electrons
covalent bonds. When one bond is broken one
from n-type will transfer to p-type and holes
hole is created in it. When one bond is
from p-type will transfer to n-type. The process
completed, the hole in it disappears. In this way,
is very fast but does not continue forever. After
one hole appears to disappear another neighbour
some instant, there will be a layer of negative
hole. As such holes are having relative motion
charge (excess electrons) in the p-type
inside the semiconductor crystal. In the view of
semiconductor adjacent to the contact along the
that, it can be said holes also can move freely as
contact surface. Similarly, there will be a layer of
free electrons inside semiconductor crystal. As
positive charge (positive ions) in the n-type
each of the holes can accept an electron, the
semiconductor adjacent to contact along the
trivalent impurities are known as acceptor
contact surface. The thickness of these negative
dopants and the semiconductors doped with
and positive charge layer increases up to a
acceptor dopants are known as p-type or positive
certain extent, but after that, no more electrons
type semiconductor.
will migrate from n-type semiconductor to p-type
[15] In n-type semiconductor mainly the free semiconductor. This is because, while any
electrons carry negative charge and in p-type electron of n-type semiconductor tries to migrate
semiconductor mainly the holes in turn carry over p-type semiconductor it faces a sufficiently
positive charge therefore free electrons in n-type thick layer of positive ions in n-type
semiconductor and free holes in p-type semiconductor itself where it will drop without
semiconductor are called majority carrier in n- crossing it. Similarly, holes will no more migrate
type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor to n-type semiconductor from p-type. The holes
respectively. when trying to cross the negative layer in p-type
semiconductor these will recombine with
There is always a potential barrier between n- electrons and no more movement toward n-type
type and p-type material. This potential barrier is region.
essential for working of a photovoltaic or solar
cell. While n-type semiconductor and p-type In other words, negative charge layer in the p-
semiconductor contact each other, the free type side and positive charge layer in n-type side
electrons near to the contact surface of n-type together form a barrier which opposes migration
semiconductor get plenty of adjacent holes of p- of charge carriers from its one side to other.
type material. Hence free electrons in n-type Similarly, holes in the p-type region are held
semiconductor near to its contact surface jump to back from entering the n-type region. Due to
the adjacent holes of p-type material to positive and negative charged layer, there will be
recombine. Not only free electrons, but valence an electric field across the region and this region
electrons of n-type material near the contact is called depletion layer.

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 A Comprehensive Review on Paper Cutting Machine Using Solar Power

Now let us come to the silicon crystal. When Classification of Solar trackers:Solar tracking
light ray strikes on the crystal, some portion of systems have many bases of classification. It can
the light is absorbed by the crystal, and be classified on the basis of the control system
consequently, some of the valence electrons are used, drivers used, tracking strategy used or on
excited and come out from the covalent bond the basis of degree of freedom of the movement
resulting free electron-hole pairs. exhibited by the system.
[16] If light strikes on n-type semiconductor the 1.On the basis of control system used
electrons from such light-generated electron-hole
Closed loop tracking system: Irrespective of the
pairs are unable to migrate to the p-region since
driving system used for the movement of the
they are not able to cross the potential barrier due
tracker, be it some passive system or some pre-
to the repulsion of an electric field across
defined algorithm on the basis of mathematical
depletion layer. At the same time, the light-
calculations based on sun’s trajectory, when
generated holes cross the depletion region due to
sensors are deployed to detect the position of the
the attraction of electric field of depletion layer
sun which is then feed-backed to the system so
where they recombine with electrons, and then
that the comparator/ microprocessor used in the
the lack of electrons here is compensated by
system can detect the error and give the required
valence electrons of p-region, and this makes as
actuating signal to the motors to correct the error,
many numbers of holes in the p-region. As such
then the system is said to be working on the
light generated holes are shifted to the p-region
principles of feedback control system. And the
where they are trapped because once they come
trackers deploying the above mention system are
to the p-region cannot be able to come back to n-
known as closed loop sun trackers. A dual axis
type region due to the repulsion of potential
tracking system proposed by Stamatescu et al.
barrier.
(2014) consists of 4 PV cells as sensors, 2 motors
As the negative charge (light generated and a tri-positional control mechanism. The
electrons) is trapped in one side and positive radiation is measured by sensors and the motors
charge (light generated holes) is trapped in are controlled accordingly.
opposite side of a cell, there will be a potential
Open loop tracking system:[8] This type of
difference between these two sides of the cell.
system uses a controller which gives the driving
This potential difference is typically 0.5 V. This
signal to the motor purely on the basis of current
is how a photovoltaic cells or solar cells
data inputs and operating algorithm of the system
produce potential difference.
alone. It has no feature of observing and
5.Solar Trackers:[15]A system that positions evaluating the output data in regards to the
an object at an angle relative to the Sun. The desired output. Thus it is cheaper and simpler to
most-common applications for solar trackers are implement in comparison with the closed loop
positioning photovoltaic (PV) panels (solar tracking system but it involves no rectification
panels) so that they remain perpendicular to the process and thus the algorithm alone has to
Sun’s rays and positioning space telescopes so ensure that it achieves the desired goal. Al-
that they can determine the Sun’s direction. PV Naima and Yaghbian (1990) constructed a dual
solar trackers adjust the direction that a solar axis microprocessor based sun tracker which
panel is facing according to the position of the used a tracking strategy purely based on the
Sun in the sky. By keeping the panel calculations of the astronomical coordinates of
perpendicular to the Sun, more sunlight strikes the sun. It showed better tracking capability than
the solar panel, less light is reflected, and the conventional sensor controlled counterparts.
more energy is absorbed. That energy can
be converted into power.

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(2S) 1721-1731 2023

2. On the basis of driving system used to be powered and consume energy. When the
trackers are not in proper alignment with the
[17]Passive solar tracking system This system
sun, the sensors receive different illumination
does not involve mechanical drives to orient the
and create a differential signal which is then
panel towards the sun’s radiations. Instead it
used by a comparator or a microprocessor to
uses some low boiling point compressed gas
determine the appropriate movement in the
fluid or shape memory alloys as actuators which
appropriate direction. The required signal is then
on receiving unbalanced illumination, forces the
given to the motors to work accordingly. This
panel to undergo some angular movement so as
process stops at a point where the sensors
to re-establish equilibrium of irradiance by
receive equal illumination and the PV module is
inducing thermal expansion in expansible gases
normally aligned with the sun’s radiations. An
or in on-shape memory alloys. When one side of
active sun tracker was used by Abdelghani-
the liquid gas receives more amount of heat
Idrissi et al. (2018) while experimenting for
energy than the other, then the gas expands and
thermal efficiency enhancement. They found
moves towards the other side of the tracker. It
that the tracker based system showed an overall
causes an unbalanced gravitational pull and
gain of 40% in stored thermal energy in
forces the panel to tilt until a point of equal
comparison to the fixed one.
illumination is reached (Parmar et al., 2015).
Though it is less complex and effective but it Proximity Sensor
fails to give high efficiency at low temperatures. [7]A proximity sensor as shown in fig. 7 is a
Poulek (1994) developed a new low cost shape sensor able to detect the presence of nearby
memory alloy based sun tracker which could objects without anyphysical contact .A
collect up to 40% surplus energy in comparison proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic
to the fixed tilt collectors. field or a beam of electromagnetic
radiation(infrared ,for instance), and looks for
Active solar tracking systems These systems
changes in the field or return signal. The object
use electrical drives and mechanical gear trains
being sensed is often referredto as the proximity
to orient the panels normal to the sun’s
sensor’s target. Different proximity sensor
radiations.[11] It uses sensors, motors and
targets demand different sensors. For example,
microprocessors for the tracking and are more
acapacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric
accurate and efficient than the passive solar
sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an
trackers. But on the other hand they are needed

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 A Comprehensive Review on Paper Cutting Machine Using Solar Power

inductive proximitysensor always requires a

metal target.

1.YAG Laser:[7] Solid state lasers are

constructed by doping a rare earth element or
metallic element into a variety of host materials.
The most common host materials are Y3, A15,
O12 and amorphous glass. The laser rod used in
Laser Technology :[19]Most of the lasers
laser cutting is a synthetic crystal of “Yttrium
used in the manufacturing industry are employed
Aluminum Garnet (YAG)”. The YAG material
for cutting in common materials, such as steel,
is the host material that contains a small fraction
aluminum, stainless, thermoplastics, and other
of neodymium, the active element. The YAG
work pieces [10]. Laser beam cutting (LBC) is a
crystal is an ideal host for the lasing material
process of cutting by heat, which melts the
Nd3+, being physically hard, stable, optically
material and becomes vaporized by the laser
isotropic, and has good thermal conductivity that
heat; the process uses gas to remove the molten
permit laser operation at high average power
metal [11-12]. Figure 1 Principle of laser beam
levels.
cutting (LBC) Figure 1 illustrates a basic of the
lasers cutting, which consisted of operating the
main component such as laser beam, focusing
lens, pressurized gas inlet, laser jet and nozzle,
etc [13]. Inside of the laser cutting, the gas will
be sprayed from the nozzle that is aligned with
the laser or the lateral angle to the laser beam.
There are two types of gases used in the cutting
process; active gas and inert gas respectively.
The examples the active gas can be presented in
terms of nitrogen or air, while the inert gases are
helium or argon, depending on the type of Neodymium YAG is an excellent lasing material
cutting material and the quality of the cut. It can as it produces the highest level of powers than
control the environment around the cutting area, any other doping element. The Nd: YAG laser is
the gas which came out from the nozzle blow discussed due to it is the most common solid
can away those of small parts from the melting state laser that used in the industry. Figure 2
objects. This makes the cuttings area smooth and Structure of YAG laser system. In general, the
clear. The gas usage in the laser is oxygen Nd: YAG is a solid state laser. This means that
therefore; the temperature could be raised higher the medium is a solid crystal and it uses light
from the oxidation effect. As a result, the speed energy as the pump source. Typical solid state
and efficiency of the cutting processes are lasers are pumped optically by the arc lamps or
improved. There are two laser beams projection; flash lamps. The arc lamps typically are used for
pulsed projection and continuous wave (CW) continuous wave (CW) pumping. However, the
projection. flash lamps are operated with the pulsed lasers.
Nowadays, the diode laser pumping is becoming

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(2S) 1721-1731 2023

increasingly popular and will be opened the excited atoms or molecules of the lasing medium
doors to receive new industrial applications to an upper energy state by using electronic
means or kinetic energy transfer. Laser
2.CO2 Laser:A carbon dioxide laser is,
transmission is initiated by spontaneous
generally, using a gas mixture of carbon dioxide
emission and amplified by stimulating emission
(CO2), nitrogen (N2) and helium (He) with a
along the axis of the resonator cavity. The cavity
standard ratio of 1:1:10. The CO2 molecules
mirrors have been reflected the photons back
constitute the active lasing medium, the N2 gas
and front through the laser medium for increased
serves in an energy transfer mechanism and the
amplification. Energy is introduced into the laser
He atoms enhance the population inversion by
through the power supply, but only a fraction of
depopulating the lower energy states. The
the “wall plug” energy which is presented in the
population inversion and lasing transition in a
laser beam as it exits the front Gas Power supply
CO2 laser is established between vibrational and
Back mirror Front mirror Anode Cathode Laser
rotational energy states. Most CO2 lasers are
beam Proc.
pumped by a high pressure electrical discharge.
3.Fiber Laser: Fiber laser has been made huge
advances in the recent years. Consequently, is
not widely recognized in an industrial tool, but
will be implemented in some applications such
as cutting, welding, piercing and drilling etc. It
could be enhanced by the development of more
powerful lasers with high beam quality,
The laser is, normally, requiring a lasing efficiency and also stability. The high power of
medium, power supply and also a resonator fiber laser system consists of a double cladding,
cavity to sustain oscillation (back-front mirror). Ytterbium doped fiber, and also groups of
The lasing medium can, thus be obtained a CO2 multimode high power laser diodes respectively.
glass tube system. The power supply would be

The groups of multimode pump diodes are 6.Working methodology of paper cutting
coupled on the side of an active fiber. A coil of machine
the active fiber with two Bragg gratings form the
laser medium. The Bragg gratings would thus be Working Principle
reflected particular wavelength of laser and [6] The system works by pulling paper inserted
transmit to the others part of the system [8], [19- into the machine body at intervals using a
21]. The laser sources usage in the present stepper motor. As the supply is ON the O-LED
estimation is including of Nd: YAG, CO2 and display shows the quantity and length of the
Fiber lasers. They are, commonly, used in the insulation paper. After setting the length and
industry for laser cutting applications. Table 2 is quantity back stepper motor start to rotate which
characterizing the comparison of difference laser rotates the roller and thus the paper moves
types for applying to the industry towards the cutting side.[21] When the paper
comes out in the given dimension the second
[20] stepper motor having the arrangement of

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 A Comprehensive Review on Paper Cutting Machine Using Solar Power

sliding contact with the razor blade over the Mega controls the device, along with pair of
paper, cutting it in to perfect strips. An Arduino stepper drivers via a custom designed PCB.

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