Collins| English for Exams READING FOR IELTS Els Van Geyte & Rhona Snelling Se @ POWERED BY COBUILDContents Unit title Introduction U 10 1 12 Family matters Health care Getting an education Water Non-verbal clues Scientists at work The job market Life's journey Community spirit On the move Culture Practice exam ‘Answer key Sample answer sheet Text credits Topic Family and relationships Health and fitness Education Nature and the environment Language and communication Science and technology Employment and finances Youth and life stages People and places Holidays and travel Culture and modern society Page 16 24 34 42 50 60 68 78 86 94 102 12 143 144.Introduction Who is this book for? Reading for IELTS will prepare you for the IELTS Reading test whether you are taking the test for the first time, or resitting the test. It has been written for learners with band score 5-5.5 who are trying to achieve band score 6.5 or higher. The structured approach and comprehensive answer key have been designed so that you can use the materials to study on your own. However, the book can also be used as a supplementary reading skills course for IELTS preparation classes. The book provides enough material for approximately 5O hours of classroom time. Content Reading for IELTS is divided into 12 units. Each unit focuses on a topic area that you are likely to encounter in the IELTS Reading test. This helps you to build up a bank of vocabulary and ideas related to a variety of the topics. As in the IELTS test, the texts are taken from authentic sources. These may contain narratives, logical arguments, descriptions or discussions. Some of the texts contain visuals. Units 1-11 cover the task types that you will see in the IELTS Reading test. Every exercise is relevant to the exam. The aims listed at the start of each unit specify the key skills, techniques and language covered in the unit. You work ‘towards Unit 12, which provides a final practice IELTS Reading test. Additionally, the book provides examination strategies telling you what to expect and how best to succeed in the test. Exam information is presented in clear, easy-to-read boxes. Exam tips in each unit highlight essential exam techniques and can be rapidly reviewed at a glance ‘There are also Watch Out! boxes that will help you avoid common errors made in the exam. Finally, the Exam tutor at the end of each unit gives you the opportunity to revise and consolidate the exam skills you have studied. Unit structure Each of the first 11 units is divided into three parts. Part 1 Language development introduces vocabulary related to the topic, often in the context of short reading texts, A range of exercises gives you the opportunity to learn and use the vocabulary in a variety of contexts. The focus is on strategies and activities that will help improve your reading skills, for example, working out the meaning of unknown words through word components, or by examining word forms. The vocabulary is presented using Collins CCOBUILD dictionary definitions. Part 2 Exam skills provides step-by-step exercises and guidance on specific task types that appear in the exam. Each nit covers typical text types found in the the exam and focuses on different task types and skils. Exam information and Exam tips show you how to approach each task type and will help you develop successful test-taking strategies. Part 3 Exam practice provides exam practice for the same tasks that you did in Part 2, using the same question and text types. The format follows the actual exam. Each unit also includes an Exam tutor checklist after the exam practice that will help you assess your readiness for the actual exam.Answer key ‘A.comprehensive answer key is provided for all sections of the book, including notes on why certain answers are correct or incorrect. Using the book for self-study If you are new to IELTS, we recommend that you work systematically through the 12 units in order to benefit from its progressive structure. If you are a more experienced learner, you can use the aims listed at the start of each unit to select the most useful exercises. Each unit contains between three to four hours of self-study material. Having access to someone who can provide informed feedback on the reading practice exercises is an advantage. However, you can stil learn a lot working alone cr with a study partner willing to give and receive peer feedback. Part 1; Language development Ideally, you should begin each unit by working through the Part 1: Language development exercises. ry to answer the quettions withaut looking at a dictionary in arder to develap the = 20 Reading for IELTSUnit 2 Completing tables exam tip 6 Scan the passage below and complete the table with the missing _ Scan the passage to match the information 1-8. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each —_Paragraphs/ points to the relevant answer. The first one has been done for you. parts of the completion task. Then read the relevant paragraph again to find the missing information. Legislation (laws) ‘Type of payment For whom? 1 Family Allowances financial payment Children under but not ‘Act 1945 2 The National Insurance * unemployment benefit All workers who pay weekly Act 1946 3 4____into a national + retiement pension insurance scheme * maternity benefit widow's pension 5 TheNational_____—s«6 people who did not pay into the national insurance scheme and did not receive those benefits 1 a free health services at the point 8 of delivery, based on need In the UK, the Family Allowances Act 1945 introduced a financial payment for children under 15. ‘This did not apply for the first child but applied for all subsequent children. “The National Insurance Act 1946 allowed for the payment of unemployment benefit, sickness benefit ‘and retirement pension, maternity benefit and widow's pension for all who, when in work, paid weekly from their wages into the national insurance scheme. ‘The National Assistance Act 1948 provided a ‘safety net’ ~ a minimum income for people who did not pay into the national insurance scheme and were, therefore, not eligible for those benefits. ‘The National Health Service Act 1946: before the introduction of the National Health Service (NHS), if people needed to see a doctor or have hospital treatment they normally had to pay. A national service was central to the post-war welfare reforms and was based on three principles: 1 That health services should be free to all atthe point of delivery (when they are actually used). 2 That the service would be truly national, covering the whole population in all parts of the country. 3 That access to services would be based on clinical need (not on the ability to pay). Healthcare 27Part 3: Exam practice Table completion Complete the tables on the next page. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. The rising problem of obesity has helped to make diabetes treatments the biggest drug bill in primary care, with almost £600 million of medicines prescribed by doctors last year, according to the NHS Information Centre in the UK. Analysts said that young people contracting the condition, which is often associated with obesity, were helping to push up costs as doctors tried to improve their long-term control of the disease and prevent complications. A total of 32.9 million diabetes drugs, costing £599.3 million, were prescribed in the past financial year. In 2014-15 there were 24.8 million, costing £458 million. More than 90 percent of the 2.4 million diabetics in England have type 2 diabetes, with the remainder suffering from type 1, the insulin-dependent form of the disease. There are thought to be 500,000 undiagnosed cases of diabetes. While rates of type 1 have shown slight increases in recent years, type 2 has risen far more rapidly — a trend linked to the increasing number of people who are overweight or obese. Almost one in four adults in England is obese, with predictions that nine in ten will be overweight or obese by 2050. Obesity costs the NHS £4.2 billion annually. This year the Government started a £375 million campaign aimed at preventing people from becoming overweight by encouraging them to eat better and exercise more. ‘An NHS Information Centre spokeswoman who worked on the report, which was published yesterday, said that diabetes was dominating the primary care drug bill as better monitoring identified more sufferers and widely used medications for other conditions such as statins became cheaper. She said that the data suggested a growing use of injectable insulin in type 2 diabetes care, which was helping to push up costs, Doctors agreed that more expensive long-acting insulin, which can cost about £30 per item, was being used more often, as well as more expensive pills and other agents. The report, an update of the Centre's June publication Prescribing for Diabetes in England, shows that ‘the number of insulin items prescribed last year rose by 300,000 to 5.5 million, at a total cost of £288.3 million. It marked an 8 percent rise on the £267 million spent in the previous year. However, while the number of anti-diabetic drugs, which are mostly in tablet form, also rose, the cost dropped slightly to £168.1 million “Type 2 is increasing. We are seeing it in younger people, and because itis a progressive disease, people are needing an increasing number of interventions as time goes by,” the spokeswoman said, adding that long-acting insulins such as glargine were now common. “For people who are struggling to control their type 2 diabetes it makes sense, but it is quite a big clinical change from five or ten years ago.” Other anti-diabetic items, such as use of the subcutaneous injection exenatide, have also increased and cost £14.3 million, Laurence Buckman, chairman of the British Medical Association's general practice committee, said that he had observed a trend with drugs such as exenatide, which costs £80 per item, 22 Reading for IELTSHe said that younger patients could start on cheaper tablets such as metformin, which costs £3.70 per box, but were needing increasingly sophisticated treatments to keep their condition in check. "You are talking about an ever larger number of people getting a large range of drugs to reduce long- ‘term complications. Type 2 is a common chronic illness that is getting commoner. It's in everyone's interest to treat people early and with the most effective drugs, and these are the more expensive tablets and long-acting insulins,” he said. Glossary rimary care: heath care provided nthe community when peop 7 primary . community 9, when people Qexam tip Imake fit appointment with a doctor Some passages have a glossary for words that IELTS candidates are not ‘2 hormone produced inthe pancreas (an organ in the body) which regulates the amount of glucose (a type of sugat in te blood. Lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes. expected to know. ‘obese: very overweight subcutaneous: applied under the skin Peer) insulin exenatide metformin een ea diabetes last year 4 diabetes 2014-15 458 insulin last year 5 insulin two years ago [6 Health care 233 Getting an education Language development | Words related to studying; Words related to education; Useful verbs, Nouns and adjectives Exam skills | Matching summaries; Analysing strategies; Identifying key words in questions; finding specific information; Writing short answers Exam practice | Short-answer questions Part 1: Language development Words related to studying 24 Complete sentences 1-6 with the correct words from the box. Change the form, if necessary. Then answer the questions. cram expel graduate qualify reception suspend truant 1 ifyou for an examination, you learn as much as possible in a very short time and just before you take the examination. How do you normally prepare for an exam? 2. When you from university, you have successfully completed a degree course. Do you know anyone who has recently graduated? 3 When people 5 a doctor, they have passed the necessary examinations to work in that profession. 00 you know anyone who has recently qualified as a doctor, lawyer or similar profession? 4 ifapupilis from school, they have to leave the schoo! permanently because they have behaved badly. if a pupil is they are asked to leave for a period of time because they have behaved badly, but they can return. Can you give examples of bad behaviour that would lead to this? 5 Inthe UK, a class isa class that children go into when they first start school at the age of four or five. How old are children when they start school in your country? 6 A pupil who plays is a pupil who stays away from school without permission. How were these pupils punished at your school? Reading for IELTSUnit 3 Words related to education 2 Read the text and find the correct term in italics for the definitions 1-5. If you send your child to a boarding school you might be paying fees of almost £8,000 per term. Eton will charge £7,896 a term from September, a rise of 5.8% on last year's tees. Winchester's fees have gone up 5% from £7,457 to £7,833 a term. Day schools are cheaper, but even these are charging an average of £2,796 a term, or £8,388 a year. If you plan to send your child to a private schoo! for secondary education, it will cost you about £150,000, according to an independent adviser. Of course, there is no need to pay for your child's education, as a state schoo! will cost you nothing. Plus, the school will probably be closer to where you live. A school where the students go home every evening and do not live at the school. 2 Aschool which is not funded by the government, and which parents have to pay for their children to goto. 3 Asschool which some or all of the pupils live in during the school term. 4 Asschool that is funded and controlled by the government, and which parents do not pay for. 5 Any type of school for pupils between the ages of 11 and 18. 3 Read the text below and work out the meaning of the words @exam ee a i i is and sentences 1-6 by using the context. The options are on page 26. snaseniaioe Wea you work out the meaning. ‘A grandmother has set up her own school for her autistic grandson, Joshua, seven, was unable to cope at the local school and his parents were struggling to have his needs met. “1 used to take Joshua to his mainstream school,” says his mother. “He would (1) how! all the way there in the car. He clearly didn’t want to go. | used to feel like a monster.” She took Joshua out of the school on the advice of his teachers, but (2) hit a brick wall with the local education authority. They wanted to place him in a school for 90 children with a huge range of learning difficulties. This is contrary to the opinion of experts (3) autism, which recommends specialist care in small units, Now, Joshua is (4) flourishing in a small school for autistic youngsters. “It is costing us £15,000 a year but it’s worth it to see Joshua making progress. He is a different child.” The special needs school recently passed its first inspection from the Office for Standards in Education with a (5) glowing report. Despite this, the education authority has refused to pay for Joshua's education there. Receiving a diagnosis of a learning disability can be a blow to families, and the realisation that ‘you face years of fighting to obtain the education that will help your child is (6) devastating. ‘Many parents cannot face the struggle and many children are denied the chance to improve their quality of life, Getting an education 25,1 howl 4 flourishing cry loudly to express pain or unhappiness a. flowering b sing loudly b_ developing rapidly and successfully run quickly studying 2. hita brick wall 5 glowing a. have an accident a. satisfactory b_ agree about most things b_ expressing approval © be unable to make progress with an intense colour and shine 3. autism 6 devastating a a type of mental condition, present from a. difficult in the beginning early childhood b_ not pleasant b atype of cold or flu © causing shock or distress ¢ a mental iiness characterised by a refusal toeat Useful verbs, nouns and adjectives 4 Complete the table with nouns from the texts in Exercises 2 and 3. Verb Noun Adjective | When you find a new word, torise 1 e remember that you may know x 2 on | another form of the word. For 5 | example, progressive: progress a an | means “to move forward or do to progress 4 progressive better’, so maybe progressive to inspect 5 s | describes something that is to diagnose 6 diagnostic i Oe anced to realise 7 - 26 Reading for IELTSUnit 3 Part 2: Exam skills 0 Exam information: Short-answer questions This task tests your ability to find and understand specific information in a passage that contains a lot of factual information and detail. You will be given a passage and a set of questions. You will have to read the passage and use the detailed information ‘to answer each question with a short answer (not a sentence). Matching summaries 1 Skim-read the passage and match the summaries to the paragraphs. There are two extra summaries you do not need. 1 Plans to allow universities in the UK to charge unlimited tuition fees were today greeted with dismay from students and lecturers but welcomed by vice-chancellors at top-flight institutions. Fees of up to £6,000 a year would go directly to universities, but above that figure they would pay a levy that would increase for each additional £1,000, restricting the extra income, under proposals set out by a review of higher education funding. Graduates would also repay their loans later and over a longer period. 2. Lord Browne of Madingley proposed a new system under which one graduate in five in lower- paid jobs would repay less than today but higher-earning graduates would pay more, His proposals, following a review of higher education finance lasting almost a year, will form the basis of a new system for funding universities in the future. “Under these plans universities can start to vary what they charge’ he said, ‘but it will be up to students whether they choose the university. The money will follow the student, who will follow the quality. The student is no longer taken for granted, the student isin charge” 3 Aaron Porter, president of the National Union of Students said: “If adopted, Lord Browne's review would hand universities a blank cheque and force the next generation to pick up the tab for devastating cuts to higher education. The only thing students and their families would stand to gain from higher fees would be higher debts. A market in course prices between universities would increasingly put pressure on students to make decisions based on cost rather than academic ability or ambition?” 4 The review recommends: + Graduates would not start to repay student loans until they earn £21,000 a year. This threshold would rise in line with earnings to protect graduates with lower incomes. The current threshold is £15,000. + Repayments would stay at 9 percent of income but graduates with higher earnings would pay a higher interest rate of 2.2 percent above inflation, equal to the Government’ cost of borrowing, Lower-paid graduates would continue to pay no real interest rate on loans + Student loans would be paid over a maximum of 30 years, after which they would be written off. The current maximum is 25 years. + Student support should be simplified, with a flat living loan of £3,750 for all undergraduates and maintenance grants of up to £3,250. Full grants would go to students whose family income ‘was £25,000 or less and partial grants to those with household income up to £60,000. Getting an education 2728 5 Professor Steve Smith, president of Universities UK, which represents vice-chancellors, said: “We are extremely pleased that Lord Browne’s proposals build on the fair and progressive elements of the current system. No parent or student would have to pay tuition fees upfront, only a graduate would pay when they are earning £21,000 per year. This will be crucial in supporting those from disadvantaged backgrounds through university” 6 But union leaders and representatives of newer universities warned of the ‘devastating’ impact. ‘on families ifthe recommendations are implemented, Professor Les Ebdon, chair of million+, which represents new universities, said: “There is a real risk that some students who would have gone to university will decide not to go and that opportunity and social mobility will be fatally undermined” 7 Lord Browne, the former group chief executive of BP, said that despite higher fees, the number of people going to university should expand. His plans allow for a 10 percent increase in the ‘number of student places over the next four years. Part-time students would also have access to student loans to cover the cost of their tuition fees, giving more people a second chance to study for a degree later in life, he said. His plans would create a market in higher education, with. many research universities likely to charge £6,000 or £7,000 a year, a handful of top universities charging higher fees, but many newer universities that focus on teaching charging less. Paragraph ___ : Advice for graduates seeking employment Paragraph ____: Defence of the plans Paragraph __ : Detailed information about the review recommendations Paragraph Introduction of the plans Paragraph: More background and some details Paragraph ___: The reaction of students Paragraph ____: The reaction of the NUS Paragraph __ : The reaction of unions and newer universities Paragraph: The reaction of universities Reading for IELTSAnalysing strategies 2 Look at the exam question in the box about the passage in Exercise 1 on pages 27-28. Which of the strategies 1-4 do you think would be useful to find the answer? In what order would you do the useful strategies? 1 underlining the words you know in the text 2 underlining the key words in the questions 3 skim-reading the text to get a general understanding 4 scanning the text to find the relevant information From the point of view of students, what would be the negative consequences of higher tuition fees? Identifying key words in questions 3 Underline the key words or phrases in questions 1-10. ° Exarnitip 1. Who is against the proposed changes to student tuition fees? iUetie ley wore nal 2 How could a future loan repayment schedule be described in aaiealeiseen yet comparison to today’s? the questions to help you find 3. According to the official statement from the National Union of mavanioreannie ila Students, who will suffer financially? Pour alate mercy Ojo 4. From the point of view of students, what would be the negative time in school? consequences of higher tuition fees? In the future, what may become the deciding factor for students choosing a university? ‘What will happen to the maximum period of repayment? What will students whose parents earn a total of £55,000 receive? ‘According to Universities UK, who would especially benefit from the new system? ‘According to newer universities, what might happen to the number of people who are able ‘to move up in society? 10 Who may ask for fees of over £7,000? warvanu Finding specific information 4 scan the passage in Exercise 1 on pages 27-28 and answer questions 1-10 in Exercise 3. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in your answers. 1 students and lecturers _ 2 3 4 5 Seava Getting an education 29Writing short answers 5 Read questions 1-10 and the student's answers in the table. Then rewrite the answers using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. ° Exam tip To reduce the number of words in your answer, change the Questions 11 How much do they need to pay? 2 How will students finance their education? 3 How did the university react to the news? 4 What are the disadvantages of cramming? 5 Give one reason why students nt want to choose accommodation on campus? 6 What do students need to do before they can qualify as a lawyer? 7 What do parents consider when they choose a school? 8 What are the advantages of home schooling? 9 Why isit a good idea to send children to nursery school? 10 Give a reason why some students have been punished. form of the words (e.g a trip for two days = a two-day trip) or ‘use commas ina list (.g. bus, bike, car). Student's answers Short answers They need to pay £6,000 per year. £6,000 per year With a combination of loans and salaries from part-time jobs. They immediately released a statement to the press. There is a possibility that students will become too tired. Itis closer to their place of study. They need to complete a course that lasts for four years. They look at a number of different factors: location, cost and school results. The lessons are planned with individual students in mind and the teachers know the students very well. ‘The children develop their ability to be social. They had a mobile phone on them. 30 Reading for IELTS6 Rewrite answers 1-6 in NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. Do not use any verbs in your answers. Question: What sort of technical difficulties has the schoo! been having? ‘Answer: There have been problems with the systems that we used for the computers. ‘computer system problems 1. Q: What action do they need to take first? A: They need to correct the information in the timetables. 2 Q: What idea has the Head Teacher come up with? A: Her idea is to change the way the college communicates. 3. Q: Name one of the aims that are mentioned on the final ist ‘A: The school library wants to increase the number of books it lends out. 4 Q: Whats the main priority in terms of after-school activities? ‘A; They would like to put on plays, such as Romeo and Juliet, during term time only. 5 Q: What else would they like to increase? A: They also aim to do more sports activities after school ‘What aspect of the school’s performance still needs to be determined? A: They need to assess how satisfied the students are. 7 Answer questions 1-6. Try to use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in your answers. How did you use to travel to school? by bus o iz Do you remember the name of your first school teacher? exer eD) ‘What were your three favourite subjects in secondary school? eas By tes ina f hol? Bocas Mi ‘What is your favourite memory of your time at school answer (9, use NO MORE What did you usually eat at school? ‘What would you like to study at college or university? DARDS The instructions will say how auswns Getting an education 31Part 3: Exam practice Exam tip : The questions are inthe same Short-answer questions order as the information in the passage. Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, answer the following questions. 1 Why do private providers feel they need to pay as much as children’s centres? 2. What is the most a senior nursery worker could earn? 3. Out of all children, how many take up places in private nurseries? 4 What types of nurseries do fathers and mothers prefer? Parents in the UK will soon face a sharp increase in nursery fees when the new government- subsidised children’s centres drive up staff costs for private daycare. Children’s centres are offering up to £7,000 a year more for managers and nursery nurses to staff their premises, forcing private providers to match the pay offer or risk losing their best employees Fees are private nurseries’ only source of income so they have no option but to pass on the 12-15 per cent salary increases to parents. Salaries account for 80 percent of running costs and fees are an average of £140 a week. The annual pay survey for Nursery World magazine found that the salary of a nursery manager in the private sector had risen by an average of 12.3 percent this year, to £21,547, as owners attempted to hang on to their staff. Despite the increase, children’s centres are offering about £27,000 for a manager. Senior nursery nurses have had an average 17 percent increase this year, with salaries of about £14,000, but could still earn up to £17,000 if they switched to a children’s centre. “Children’s centres are heavily subsidised and are offering much bigger salaries than anywhere else in the sector,” said Claire Schofield, head of membership at the National Day Nurseries Association. “Shouldn't the subsidy be available across the board?” Private providers currently account for 78 percent of all nursery places. The Government plans to open 3,500 children’s centres by 2010 — five in each parliamentary constituency. Each centre will offer daycare and other services for children and parents. The Department for Education and Skills estimates that the cost of each place will be about £250 a week, well above private sector fees. But a generous subsidy administered by local authorities brings the fees down to about £137 a week iz Roberts, editor of Nursery World, predicted that many nurseries would face financial difficulties 5a result. “Nurseries will put up their fees a bit, but there is a limit to what parents can afford s0 it is becoming terribly difficult. Some nursery owners barely pay themselves as it is, so may just decide to close," she said. 32 Reading for IELTS‘A Department for Education and Skils study found that only 25 percent of private nurseries made a profit, with 31 percent breaking even. While children’s centres will offer parents value for money at first, there is no guarantee that the Government will continue to pay the subsidy. If the funding is reduced, parents will have no choice but to pay more for their nursery places, especially if local private nurseries have been driven out of business. Parents have also made clear during public consultations that they like private and voluntary sector nurseries, which are often smaller and more intimate than local authority providers, and the Government has said that it is committed to diversity of supply. Getting aneducation 334 Water Language development | Movements of water; Formal and informal words related to water Exam skills | Predicting grammatical patterns; Identifying type of words; Identifying keywords; Understanding paraphrases; Matching ideas Exam practice | Matching sentence endings Part 1: Language development Movements of water 11 Underline the correct word in sentences 1-6. @ watch out 11 The river meanders / pours in great loops across the plain, Use a dictionary to check the 2. Unfortunately, the water seeped / gushed out of the burst pipe. _precise meanings of similar words. 3. | poured / flowed two fresh smoothies into glasses for us The more accurately you understand 4 ILwas a very hol day and sweal was seeping / tickling slowly words, the easier itis to understand, down my face detailed information in passages. 5. They noticed the coffee had started to seep / pour slowly out of the paper cup. 6 The Colorado River flows / leaks through the Grand Canyon 2. Match sentences 1-6 in Exercise 1 with the photos a-f. 34 Reading for IELTSFormal and informal words related to water 1 dam aan area of calm sea water that is separated from the ocean by a line of rock or sand 2 drought b_ allake that is used for storing water before itis supplied to people's homes 3 flood ¢ along line of rocks or sand, the top of which is just below the surface of the sea 4 lagoon the ground under the sea 5 liquid a bank of sand below the surface of the sea or a river 6 reef f _asubstance which is not solid, but which flows and can be poured, for example water 7 reservoir fine sand, soil, or mud which is carried along by a river 8 sandbank h wall that is built across a river in order to stop the water flowing and to make a lake 9 seabed i alarge amount of water that covers an area which is usually dry and isnot usually covered in water 10 silt J along period of time during which no rain falls 4 Look at the words in Exercise 3 again and answer questions 1-4. 1 Which word is a general term for all water, cil, juice, etc? 2. Which two words are man-made structures? 3 Which two words describe a condition caused by the weather? 4 Which five words describe natural features? 5 Match the nouns 1-6 to the nouns a-f with a similar meaning. Which set (1-6 or a-f) is used in more formal contexts? Think about when and how a word ae cee is used — not just the meaning of a 3 ues t perspiration word, The formality of a word varies 3 ee ae according to the situation and the watering intigation copis hpebea 5 cleaning e beverage 6 drink precipitation Water 35Part 2: Exam skills o Exam information: Matching sentence endings This task tests your ability to understand the main ideas of specific sentences in a passage. You will be given a set of sentence beginnings, a set of sentence endings and a passage. The sentence beginnings are ‘based on information in the passage. You will have to read the passage and use the information to match the sentence beginnings to the most suitable sentence endings. Predicting grammatical patterns e Exanap 1 Look at the sentence beginnings 1-5. Choose the type of word + When matching sentences, use in the box that would grammatically follow the bold words. the final words in the sentence ty FF mma beginnings to predict the next ere is one extra type of word you do not nee Bena linking word /phrase noun (or pronoun) noun phrase preposition 1 Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are responsible for 2. Between 70 and 75 percent of SMEs are unaware of 3. Unfortunately a lot of small companies don’t think about the environment 4 5 In 1994 just 20 percent of businesses in the UK accepted the link It is estimated that UK businesses could save a further £3 billion 2 Match the sentence beginnings 1-7 below with the endings a-h. Use the words in bold to help you. 1 Small and medium-sized enterprises and the benetits limited, (SMEs) are responsible for 2 Between 70 and 75 percent of SMEs b until something goes wrong and they are are unaware of in breach of legislation. 3. Unfortunately, @ lot of small companies ¢ their obligations to the environment. don’t think about the environment 4 In 1994 just 20 percent of businesses dup to 80 percent of environmental crimes. in the UK accepted the link 5 Itis estimated that UK businesses could e between environmental performance and save a further £3 billion profitability. 6 Small enterprises often complain that have neither the time nor the personnel to they manage their environmental responsibilities. 7 Many SMEs also believe that environmental g such as switching off machines that are compliance would be too costly not in use. 8 If only businesses realised how much energy h_ through improved environmental could be saved by doing something simple performance. Identifying type of words 3 Look at the sentences you matched in Exercise 2. What kind of words are the bold words in a-h? 36 Reading for IELTSIdentifying keywords 4 Underline the key words in the sentence beginnings 1 and 2. Then scan the texts to find the relevant information and choose the correct sentence ending a-d. 1 Looking for items under the sea requires Exam tip a hard work on some occasions. Identify keywords (eg. nouns, b_ analien environment. verbs) to help you find similar ideas © a great deal of groundwork. inthe sentence endings, but don’t good diving skills. just match ideas. Searching for artefacts under the sea is some of the most difficult work that archaeologists encounter. The sea, like space, is an alien environment to the human frame. Complex survival equipment must often be donned before archaeologists can make even the first scrape in the seabed. The alternative to diving suits and air tanks is the submersible, but their use is expensive. Bob Ballard used one to tind the Titanic in 1985, although he admitted last month that the expedition was a cover story for a mission to find and inspect two sunken nuclear submarines. One of the most important things that an archaeologist will need in searching the seabed is solid research. Acad and treasure hunters can spend years studying old documents for clues of where hest to begin. 2. The process of finding artefacts a b c d has been made easier with new sonar technology. was very successful in the sixties. is not as difficult as keeping them in a good condition. was one of William Kidd's activities. Once the most likely locations have been identified, the business of peering beneath the waves can start. Sonar isa tried-and-tested technology and among its biggest successes was the discovery of the wreck of the Mary Rose in the late sixties. The ship was part of Henry Vill’ fleet and sank in the Solent during an engagement with the French in 1545. Archaeologists devoted years to inspecting the wreck, raising a host of artefacts and eventually lifting part ofthe timber hull to the surface. Even more problematic than recovering artefacts is preserving them, and archaeologists often need to keep their finde in cantealled canditions to prevent. tegration, In clearer waters divers can search for wrecks just by scouring the seabed. Among such discoveries was that of the Quedagh Merchant, Captain iam Kidd's ship, in waters only 10 ft (3 m) deep off Catalina Island in the Dominican Republic. Water 37Understanding paraphrases 5 Read the two sentences below and answer questions 1-2. 1 Does sentence 2 have the same meaning as sentence 1? 2. Do the sentences use exactly the same words? 1 ‘As cruising becomes ever more international, and as the cultures and holiday traditions of Brits are increasingly confronted with those of Australians, Japanese and Americans, the issue of tipping has ‘become an increasingly controversial minefield. Different cultures tip in their own ways, so itis difficult to agree on what to do when people from different nationalities meet on cruise ships. 6 Read sentences 1-2 and choose the best paraphrase (a or b). 1 A recent newspaper story reported that Britains cruise ship travellers are becoming increasingly hostile to the practice of tipping. a According to a report in the paper, tipping is getting less popular with cruise passengers. b The newspapers have suggested that a large number of passengers hate tipping ‘The rise of more dining venues and styles has represented a major change in the cruise tradition of tipping. a The practice of tipping on cruises is changing because of the larger variety of eating arrangements. b The increase of larger dining venues and methods has meant a big adaptation of cruise tipping traditions. Matching ideas 7 Look at the sentence beginnings a-d. Scan the passage on page 39 and find which paragraphs include this information. a Rising sea levels Paragraphs: b Tsunamis Paragraphs: © Giant waves Paragraphs: Water sports Paragraphs: 38 Reading for IELTSGiant waves: exhilaration and devastation 1 Laird Hamilton, Brett Lickle and a small group of their surfer friends are among the frst people ever to ride waves higher than 40 feet. They created the sport of tow surfing — dragging people onto big waves with jet skis or even helicopters — in the early 1990s. “No one had ridden waves this size,” Hamilton says. “It was the unknown, like outer space. We didn’t know if we were going to come back.” 2 Of the two men, the better known is Hamilton, 46, who has worked as a model, actor, stunt double in films and television presenter. Hamilton and his friends have inspired many. Some of the younger surfers know what they're doing; others — perhaps tempted by a $500,000 prize for anybody ‘who rides a 100-foot wave — are not ready. The fact that ocean waves are getting bigger must be exhilarating for all of them. 3 For the rest of us, however, big waves are very bad news indeed. History is full of examples of devastation being wreaked by waves like these. The biggest wave ever recorded was the one that hit Alaska in 1958, after a huge landslide created a tsunami that peaked at 500 metres above sea level. Scientists know how high it was because the towering wave scraped trees and soil off nearby ‘mountains up to that height. 4 The Alaskan wave is believed to have been a tsunami, caused by a landslide. italy has been hit by as many as 67 tsunamis in the past 2,000 years, though none with the devastating force of that which killed 230,000 people around the Indian Ocean on Boxing Day 2004. 5 It’s useful to distinguish between tsunamis, which are caused by geological events (such as landslides or earthquakes), and giant waves generated by weather, such as those Hamilton and Lickle ride, or the water deposited on New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. But it is anticipated that both types will become a lot more common as a result of worldwide global warming. 16 According to the Intergovermmenial Parvel un Climate Cli per cent ofthe heat added to the climate system. As the waters heat up, tracks become more volatile, polar ice and glaciers melt, and sea levels rise. 7 Everything in the oceans seems to be rising: wave heights, sea levels, surface temperatures, wind speeds, storm intensities, coastal surges, tsunami risks. “Now is the time to prepare for great floods,” a July 2009 editorial in New Scientist advised. “The future of the UK's coastal cities is in jeopardy due 10 rising sea levels,” reported Lloyd’. Similarly, nine out of the world’s ten largest cities are located on low-lying coastal land. 8 But this is not new. For centuries, sailors told of the existence of monstrous waves up to 100 feet high that could appear without warning in mid-ocean, against the prevailing current and wave direction, and often in perfectly clear and calm weather. Such waves were said to consist of an almost vertical wall of water preceded by a trough so deep that it was referred to as a ‘hole in the sea’. Scientists were sceptical, until the existence of freak waves was confirmed in 1995 in Norway, where an 84-foot wave ‘occurred amid seas where the average of the tallest 33 percent of waves was 39 feet. ge, the oceans now absorb more than 80 nd velocity increases, storm ‘Match the sentence beginnings a-d in Exercise 7 with the sentence endings 1-8. Find evidence in the passage for your answer. There is one extra sentence ending that you do not need. 1... threaten many cities. _ 2... can involve helicopters. _ 3... have occurred in Norway. _ 4... can be caused by earthquakes. _ are popular with TV presenters. _ “are caused by increasing temperatures. __ are both dangerous and fun. _ can be caused by landslides. _ evan Water 39Part 3: Exam practice Matching sentence endings 40 Complete each sentence with the correct endings A-F from the box below. Note that there may be ‘more than one correct ending for each beginning, but that you cannot use all of the endings. 1 Geothermal Engineering 2. The geothermal industry A. is focussing on Cornwall because of its tin and copper resources. B builds power stations underground. ° C plans to drill a number of wells Exam tip D can rely on previous research Remember you can only match one E has always been a global business. sentence ending to one sentence F has not proven what it can do yet. beginning. There are more sentence endings than you need. In the coming months, a 170-foot-high drilling rig will transform waste ground near Redruth into anew landmark. The drill belongs to a group that is planning to develop Britain's first commercial scale geothermal plant on the site. Geothermal Engineering has chosen this part of Cornwall ~ ‘once renowned for its tin and copper — because of its geology. It sits on a bed of granite whose temperature can reach 200° C. Water will be purnped deep underground and will return to the surface as steam, which will power turbines to generate electricity. “Cornwall is a real hotspot. It is like someone has put a power station below ground and you are simply tapping into it,” said Ryan Law, founder and managing director of Geothermal Engineering Law, a former consultant to the geothermal industry, plans to have three wells at the plant, which together he estimates will produce 10 M W of electricity, enough to power 20,000 homes, and 55 M Wof thermal energy, capable of heating ten hospitals 24 hours a day. The challenge is that the rock 1s 4.5 kilometres below the Earth's surface, meaning that months of precise drilling will be required before any energy is produced. The company has a head start. In 1976, the government- funded Hot Dry Rock Research Project began deep driling to study the area's geology. Law plans to use the detailed maps the team produced over fifteen years to direct his efforts. Geothermal energy is not new. The world's first conventional geothermal power station, in southern Tuscany, has been producing electricity for almost 100 years. In Iceland, a quarter of the country's electricity comes from geothermal power. Investment in geothermal projects in Australia is expected to reach $2 billion (£1.3 billion) by 2014. The industry is also well established in America and Germany, In Britain, schemes are under way in Southampton and Newcastle. Reading for IELTSConventional geothermal power relies on naturally occurring steam pockets near the Earth’s surface so it tends to be confined to volcanically active regions or areas close to fault lines. Law claims the process his company uses removes this imitation, making the industry viable almost anywhere in the world. However, despite billions of pounds in public and private investment and a raft of big projects, the industry has so far failed to demonstrate it can fulfil its promise. Critics argue itis costly reliant (on high-risk, time-consurning driling and struggles to produce large amounts of energy capable of making a real contribution to the world’s needs. Law refuses to let such doubts dampen his ambitions. “What other renewable energy gives you 24-hour supply? The potential is enormous and we are planning another 25 plants.” Glossary: ‘geothermal: relating to the internal heat of the earth Water 415 Non-verbal clues Part 1: Language development Body language 11 Match the words a-g in the box with the photos 1-6. There is one extra word. a clap b frown ¢ point d shrug e smile f wave g wink 2 Complete sentences 1-10 with the correct form of the verbs in Exercise 1, or the verbs nod, shake, and wave. | could tell she was feeling happy, because she was He____his head again and explained that there were no more tickets, There were some people in the distance. One of them was shouting and atus. My litte sister always me with her elbow when she has something funny to say. liked the proposal and was his head throughout the meeting. The audience were very loudly when the musicians came on stage. ‘Tom didn’t know the answer to the question, so he just his shoulders, | knew he was joking and the story wasn't true, because he at me first. Don’t __at people with your finger ~ it is very impolite and aggressive. | knew | wasn’t going to get a good mark. My teacher was while she was reading my essay. Soorsnawns 42 Reading for IELTS