Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

1
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
I 8/21/2023

GABION RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (BS8002:1994)

TEDDS calculation version 1.1.04
20kN/m2

3 - 1000 mm × 1000 mm

3000
2 - 2000 mm × 1000 mm

1 - 3000 mm × 1000 mm

1
-27.9kN/m 2

99.9kN/m2

Wall geometry
Width of gabion 1; w1 = 3000 mm
Height of gabion 1; h1 = 1000 mm
Width of gabion 2; w2 = 2000 mm
Height of gabion 2; h2 = 1000 mm
Step to front face between 1 and 2; s2 = 0 mm
Width of gabion 3; w3 = 1000 mm
Height of gabion 3; h3 = 1000 mm
Step to front face between 2 and 3; s3 = 0 mm
Wall inclination;  = 0 deg

Wall fill
Gabion fill unit weight; d = 18 kN/m3

Centre of gravity
Horizontal distance to centre of gravity gabion 1; xg1 = w1 / 2 = 1500 mm
Horizontal distance to centre of gravity gabion 2; xg2 = w2 / 2 + s2 = 1000 mm
Horizontal distance to centre of gravity gabion 3; xg3 = w3 / 2 + s2 + s3 = 500 mm
Vertical distance to centre of gravity gabion 1; yg1 = h1 / 2 = 500 mm
Vertical distance to centre of gravity gabion 2; yg2 = h2 / 2 + h1 = 1500 mm
Vertical distance to centre of gravity gabion 3; yg3 = h3 / 2 + h1 + h2 = 2500 mm
Weight of gabion 1; W g1 = d  w1  h1 = 54.0 kN/m
Weight of gabion 2; W g2 = d  w2  h2 = 36.0 kN/m
Weight of gabion 3; W g3 = d  w3  h3 = 18.0 kN/m
Weight of entire gabion; W g = W g1 + W g2 + W g3 = 108.0 kN/m
Horiz distance to centre of gravity entire gabion; xg = ((W g1  xg1) + (W g2  xg2) + (W g3  xg3)) / W g = 1167 mm
Vert distance to centre of gravity entire gabion; yg = ((W g1  yg1) + (W g2  yg2) + (W g3  yg3)) / W g = 1167 mm
Correcting for wall inclination horiz dist; Xg = xg  cos() + yg  sin() = 1167 mm
Vertical change in height due to wall inclination; Hf = yg3 + h3/2 - ((yg3 + h3/2)  cos() - (xg3 + w3/2)  sin()) = 0 mm

Calculate the angle of rear plane of wall

Effective angle of rear plane of wall;  =Atan [(yg3 + (h3 / 2)) / (w1 – (xg3 + (w3/ 2)))] +  = 56.3 deg

Calculate the effective face angle

Effective face angle;  = 90 deg -  = 90.0 deg
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
I 8/21/2023

Calculate effective height of wall

Effective height of wall; H = (yg3 + h3 / 2) + (w1  sin()) - Hf = 3000 mm
Height of wall from toe to front edge of top gabion; Hincl = ((yg3 + h3 / 2)  cos() - (xg3 - (w3/ 2))  sin()) = 3000mm

Soil parameters
Slope of retained soil;  = 0.0 deg
Mobilization factor; M = 1.0
Internal angle of friction for retained soil; ’ = 31.0 deg
Saturated density of retained soil; s = 22 kN/m3
Coefficient for wall friction; K = 0.9
Wall friction;  = ’  K = 27.9 deg
Design angle of base friction; b = 26.0 deg
Bearing capacity of founding soil; q = 150 kN/m2
Active Pressure using Rankine Theory;
Ka = [(cos () - [(cos ())2 – (cos(’))2]) / (cos () + [(cos ())2 – (cos(’))2])] = 0.320

Loading
Surcharge; po = 20 kN/m2
Surcharge loading as equiv height of soil; hs = po / s = 930 mm
Active thrust due to soil; Pa,soil = 0.5  Ka  s  H2 = 31.0 kN/m
Active thrust due to surcharge; Pa,surch = po  Ka  H = 19.2 kN/m
Total active thrust; Pa = Pa,soil + Pa,surch = 50.2 kN/m
Total thrust resolved horizontally; Ph = Pa  cos() = 50.2 kN/m
Total thrust resolved vertically; Pv = Pa  sin() = 0.0 kN/m
Height above toe thrust acts if  is 0; dh,soil = H  (H + 3  hs) / (3  (H + 2  hs)) = 1191 mm
Height above toe thrust acts; dh = dh,soil – w1  sin() = 1191 mm
Horiz distance to where thrust acts; bv = w1  cos() – (dh,soil / tan ()) = 2206mm

Overturning stability – take moments about the toe

Overturning moment; Mo = Ph  dh = 59.8 kNm/m
Restoring moment; MR = (Pv  bv) + (W g  Xg) = 126.0 kNm/m
Factor of safety for overturning; Fo,M = MR / Mo = 2.11
Min allowable factor of safety for overturning; Fo,M,min = 1.00
PASS - Design FOS for overturning exceeds min allowable FOS for overturning
Sliding stability – ignore any passive pressure infront of structure
Total vertical force; N = W g + Pv = 108.0 kN/m
Total horizontal force; T = Ph = 50.2 kN/m
Sliding force; Ff = T  cos () – N  sin () = 50.2 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; FR = (N  cos () + T  sin ())  tan (b) = 52.7 kN/m
Factor of safety for sliding; Fo,S = FR / Ff = 1.05
Min allowable factor of safety for sliding; Fo,S,min = 1.00
PASS - Design FOS for sliding exceeds min allowable FOS for sliding
Pressure at base
Force normal to base; Ns = (N  cos () + T  sin ()) = 108.0 kN/m
Eccentricity; e = (w1 / 2) – (MR – Mo) / Ns = 887 mm
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

3
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
I 8/21/2023

WARNING outside scope of calculation - reaction acts outside middle third of base
Pressure at toe; toe = (Ns / w1)  (1 + (6  e / w1)) = 99.9 kN/m2
Pressure at heel; heel = (Ns / w1)  (1 - (6  e / w1 )) = -27.9 kN/m2
PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds max design pressure to base

Check for sliding and overturning between courses 1 and 2

Centre of gravity
Horizontal distance to centre of gravity gabion 2; xg2 = w2 / 2 = 1000 mm
Horizontal distance to centre of gravity gabion 3; xg3 = w3 / 2 + s3 = 500 mm
Vertical distance to centre of gravity gabion 2; yg2 = h2 / 2 = 500 mm
Vertical distance to centre of gravity gabion 3; yg3 = h3 / 2 + h2 = 1500 mm
Weight of gabion 2; W g2 = d  w2  h2 = 36.0 kN/m
Weight of gabion 3; W g3 = d  w3  h3 = 18.0 kN/m
Weight of entire gabion; W g = W g2 + W g3 = 54.0 kN/m
Horiz distance to centre of gravity entire gabion; xg = ((W g2  xg2) + (W g3  xg3)) / W g = 833 mm
Vert distance to centre of gravity entire gabion; yg = ((W g2  yg2) + (W g3  yg3)) / W g = 833 mm
Correcting for wall inclination horiz dist; Xg = xg  cos() + yg  sin() = 833 mm
Vertical change in height due to wall inclination; Hf = yg3 + h3/2 - ((yg3 + h3/2)  cos() - (xg3 + w3/2)  sin()) = 0 mm

Calculate the angle of rear plane of wall

Effective angle of rear plane of wall;  =Atan [(yg3 + (h3 / 2)) / (w2 – (xg3 + (w3/ 2)))] +  = 63.4 deg

Calculate the effective face angle

Effective face angle;  = 90 deg -  = 90.0 deg

Calculate effective height of wall

Effective height of wall; H = (yg3 + h3 / 2) + (w2  sin()) - Hf = 2000 mm
Height of wall from toe to front edge of top gabion; Hincl = ((yg3 + h3 / 2)  cos() - (xg3 - (w3/ 2))  sin()) = 2000mm

Loading
Surcharge; po = 20 kN/m2
Surcharge loading as equiv height of soil; hs = po / s = 930 mm
Active thrust due to soil; Pa,soil = 0.5  Ka  s  H2 = 13.8 kN/m
Active thrust due to surcharge; Pa,surch = po  Ka  H = 12.8 kN/m
Total active thrust; Pa = Pa,soil + Pa,surch = 26.6 kN/m
Total thrust resolved horizontally; Ph = Pa  cos() = 26.6 kN/m
Total thrust resolved vertically; Pv = Pa  sin() = 0.0 kN/m
Height above toe thrust acts if  is 0; dh,soil = H  (H + 3  hs) / (3  (H + 2  hs)) = 827 mm
Height above toe thrust acts; dh = dh,soil – w2  sin() = 827 mm
Horiz distance to where thrust acts; bv = w2  cos() – (dh,soil / tan ()) = 1586mm

Overturning stability – take moments about the toe

Overturning moment; Mo2 = Ph  dh = 22.0 kNm/m
Restoring moment; MR2 = (Pv  bv) + (W g  Xg) = 45.0 kNm/m
Factor of safety for overturning; Fo,M2 = MR2 / Mo2 = 2.05
Min allowable factor of safety for overturning; Fo,M,min = 1.00
PASS - Design FOS for overturning exceeds min allowable FOS for overturning
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

4
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
I 8/21/2023

Sliding stability – ignore any passive pressure infront of structure

Total vertical force; N = W g + Pv = 54.0 kN/m
Total horizontal force; T = Ph = 26.6 kN/m
Sliding force; Ff2 = T  cos () – N  sin () = 26.6 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; FR2 = (N  cos () + T  sin ())  tan (bg) = 37.8 kN/m
Factor of safety for sliding; Fo,S2 = FR2 / Ff2 = 1.42
Min allowable factor of safety for sliding; Fo,S,min = 1.00
PASS - Design FOS for sliding exceeds min allowable FOS for sliding

Check for sliding and overturning between courses 2 and 3

Centre of gravity
Horizontal distance to centre of gravity gabion 3; xg3 = w3 / 2 = 500 mm
Vertical distance to centre of gravity gabion 3; yg3 = h3 / 2 = 500 mm
Weight of gabion 3; W g3 = d  w3  h3 = 18.0 kN/m
Weight of entire gabion; W g = W g3 = 18.0 kN/m
Horiz distance to centre of gravity entire gabion; xg = ((W g3  xg3)) / W g = 500 mm
Vert distance to centre of gravity entire gabion; yg = ((W g3  yg3)) / W g = 500 mm
Correcting for wall inclination horiz dist; Xg = xg  cos() + yg  sin() = 500 mm
Vertical change in height due to wall inclination; Hf = yg3 + h3/2 - ((yg3 + h3/2)  cos() - (xg3 + w3/2)  sin()) = 0 mm

Calculate the angle of rear plane of wall

Effective angle of rear plane of wall;  =90 deg +  = 90.0 deg

Calculate the effective face angle

Effective face angle;  = 90 deg -  = 90.0 deg

Calculate effective height of wall

Effective height of wall; H = (yg3 + h3 / 2) + (w3  sin()) - Hf = 1000 mm
Height of wall from toe to front edge of top gabion; Hincl = ((yg3 + h3 / 2)  cos() - (xg3 - (w3/ 2))  sin()) = 1000mm

Loading
Surcharge; po = 20 kN/m2
Surcharge loading as equiv height of soil; hs = po / s = 930 mm
Active thrust due to soil; Pa,soil = 0.5  Ka  s  H2 = 3.4 kN/m
Active thrust due to surcharge; Pa,surch = po  Ka  H = 6.4 kN/m
Total active thrust; Pa = Pa,soil + Pa,surch = 9.8 kN/m
Total thrust resolved horizontally; Ph = Pa  cos() = 9.8 kN/m
Total thrust resolved vertically; Pv = Pa  sin() = 0.0 kN/m
Height above toe thrust acts if  is 0; dh,soil = H  (H + 3  hs) / (3  (H + 2  hs)) = 442 mm
Height above toe thrust acts; dh = dh,soil – w3  sin() = 442 mm
Horiz distance to where thrust acts; bv = w3  cos() – (dh,soil / tan ()) = 1000mm

Overturning stability – take moments about the toe

Overturning moment; Mo3 = Ph  dh = 4.3 kNm/m
Restoring moment; MR3 = (Pv  bv) + (W g  Xg) = 9.0 kNm/m
Factor of safety for overturning; Fo,M3 = MR3 / Mo3 = 2.07
Min allowable factor of safety for overturning; Fo,M,min = 1.00
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

5
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
I 8/21/2023

PASS - Design FOS for overturning exceeds min allowable FOS for overturning
Sliding stability – ignore any passive pressure infront of structure
Total vertical force; N = W g + Pv = 18.0 kN/m
Total horizontal force; T = Ph = 9.8 kN/m
Sliding force; Ff3 = T  cos () – N  sin () = 9.8 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; FR3 = (N  cos () + T  sin ())  tan (bg) = 12.6 kN/m
Factor of safety for sliding; Fo,S3 = FR3 / Ff3 = 1.28
Min allowable factor of safety for sliding; Fo,S,min = 1.00
PASS - Design FOS for sliding exceeds min allowable FOS for sliding