Chapter 2: Properties of Resistive Circuits

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering
National Sun Yat-sen University

Ko-Chi Kuo

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2.1 Series and Parallel resistance

voltage divider
R1 R2
v1 = v, v2 = v
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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N series resistors

Rser = R1 + R2 + R3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + RN
Rn Rn
vn = v= v
Rser R1 + R2 + R3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + RN

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Potentiometer or, “pot”

RAW + RWB = RAB

RAW
vw = Vs
RAB

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 Example 2.1

R AW R
vin (t ) = vs (t ) = AW vs (t ), if vout (t ) = 100vin (t ) = 60vs (t ),
1k + (4k − R AW + R AW ) 5k
vin (t ) = 0.6vs (t ), RAW / 5k = 0.6 ⇒ RAW = 0.6 × 5k = 3k
4k
vout (t ) = 100 vs (t ) = 80vs (t ).
1k + 4k
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 Parallel resistance

i = i1 + i2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + iN = G1v + G2 v + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + GN v = (G1 + G2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + GN )v,

i = G par v, G par = G1 + G2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + GN , G par = parallel equivalent conductance,
1 1 1 1 Gn Gn
R par = 1 / G par , = + + ⋅⋅⋅ + , current divider in = i=
R par R1 R2 RN G par G1 + G2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + GN

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Example 2.2
1 1 −1 R1 R2
R par =( + ) =
R1 R2 R1 + R2
Parallel resistance

(1 / 12 + 1 / 24 + 1 / 8) −1 = 4, 24 8 =192 32 = 6
12 (24 8) = 12 6 = 72 18 = 4
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ix = ( )10 = 2 A ⇒ Rx = 16, v = Rx i x = 32
4 + Rx
R par = 4 16 = 3.2 v = R par × 10A = 32V
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Example 2.4
Ladder calculations
20 20 = 10,
4 + 5 + 6 = 15,
2 + 10 15 = 2 + 6 = 8
i = 40 / 8k = 5mA,
p = 40 × i = 200mW
v x = 40 − 2k × i = 30,
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vy = v x = 10V
4+5+6
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Duality
 Two different networks are duals
when the i-v equations that describe
one of them have the same
mathematical form as the i-v
equations for the other with voltage
and current variables interchanged.

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 Example 2.5
Constructing a dual circuit

original circuit : i1 = v2 / 8Ω + 5A, v2 = 12 − (2Ω + 3Ω)i1 ,

dual circuit : v1 = i2 / 8S + 5V, i 2 = 12 − (2S + 3S)v1 ,

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Independent vs. Dependent Sources
 Independent sources:
the source voltage or
current does not
depend on any other
voltage or current.
 Dependent (or
controlled) sources:
the source voltage or
current depends on
other voltage or
current.

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Types of Controlled Sources

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Example 2.6: Amplifier with a Field-Effect
Transistor

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Example 2.7
v2 + 3v2 = 12i1
⇒ v2 = 3i1 ,
vs − 4i = v2 = 3i1 ,
i = i1 + v2 / 6 = 1.5i1 ,
vs = 4i + v2
= 4(1.5i1 ) + 3i1 = 9i1 ,
i1 = vs / 9Ω

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Load Network
 Load network: any two-terminal network
that contains no independent sources. If
controlled sources are included, the control
variables must be within the same network.
 Equivalent resistance theorem: when a load
network consists entirely of resistances or
resistances and controlled sources, the
terminal voltage and current are related by:

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Load Network

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Example 2.8: Equivalent Resistance

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Linearity and Proportionality
 A circuit is linear if it consists entirely of
linear elements (e.g. , controlled sources,
linear resistors) and independent sources.
 For a linear function , where x is the input
and y is the response, both the
proportionality and the superposition
properties need to be satisfied.
 Proportionality property:

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Example 2.9: Circuit Analysis Using
Proportionality

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Superposition

 For a linear circuit containing two or more

independent sources, the value of any
branch variable is the algebraic sum of the
individual contributions from each source
with all other independent sources set to
zero.
 Suppressed sources: Zero independent
voltage source is short circuit, zero
independent current source is open circuit.
Controlled sources are not suppressed.
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Example 2.10: Superposition

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Example 2.11: Superposition with a
Controlled Source

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Linear Circuits:
Proportionality and Superposition

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Source Network
 A source network is any two-terminal network that
consists entirely of linear elements and at least one
independent source. The control variables of all
controlled sources (if any) must be within the same
network.

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Thévenin Parameters

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Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
 Thévenin's theorem: Any linear resistive source
network acts at its terminals like an ideal voltage
source of value voc in series with a resistor of Rt,
i.e., v= voc- Rti.
 Norton's theorem: Any linear resistive source
network acts at its terminals like an ideal current
source of value isc in parallel with a resistor of Rt,
i.e., i= isc- v/Rt.

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Example 2.12:
 Thévenin Parameters from a v-i Curve

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Example 2.13:
Equivalent Source Network

Find RL such that v=24V or i=8A. 28

Thévenin Parameters
 Thévenin resistance: the equivalent
resistance of a source network when all
independent sources have been suppressed
(i.e., turned off).

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Example 2.14:
Calculating Thévenin Parameters

v x − 5v x = v = 0 ⇒ v x = 0 ⇒ ix = 0, iSC = 3mA,
v x − 5vx = vt ⇒ v x = −0.25vt , ix = v x / 2 = −0.125vt ,
it = ix − vt / 40 = −0.125vt + 0.025vt = −0.1vt ,
Rt = vt / it = vt /( −0.1vt ) = −1 / 0.1 = −10kΩ,
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vOC = Rt it = −10kΩ × 3mA = −30V
 Source Conversions

source conversion : if a Thevenin network and a Norton network are

both equivalent to a particular source network, then they must also
be equivalent to each other.
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Example 2.15:
Circuit Reduction by Source Conversion

v2 = 2(18 − 0.25v2 ),
v2 = 36 / 1.5 = 24V

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Example 2.16:
Thévenin Network via Source Conversions

VOC = −6V ,
Rt = 10Ω,
2Ω load,
i = −6 /(10 + 2) = −0.5A

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Chapter 2: Problem Set
 10, 14, 18, 25 ,29, 35, 47, 58, 62, 67.

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Problem 10 v=24V, Ry=3Ω, find Rx

Req = V / I = 24 / 4 = 6Ω
Rx || {6+[(4+8) || (3+3)]}
= Rx || [6 + (12 || 6)] = Rx || [6 + 4]
Rx || 10 = 6
Rx*10/(10+Rx) = 6 Rx = 15

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Problem 14 vs=25, R3=4kΩ
find i1, i3, and power

Req = 5 + [30 || (6 + 4)] = 5 + 7.5 =12.5

i1= 25 / 12.5K = 2 mA
P = VsXi1 = 25X2mA=50 mW
i3=30i1/(30+4+6)=30/40*2mA= 1.5 mA

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Problem 18 pot set in middle
find I, V1, V2

6 || (6+6) = 4Ω , i = 11/(6 + 4) = 1.1 A

V1 = 4i = 4.4 V
V2=(6/12)V1= 2.2 V

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Problem 25 Ry=20Ω, ic=2iy
fin Vx

ix =Vx / 12 , iy = 5 - ix = 5 - Vx/ 12
ic=2iy = 10 - Vx/ 6 , iz= iy - ic = -5 + Vx/ 12
KVL：Vx - 20(5 - Vx/ 12) – 2(-5 + Vx/ 12) = 0
Vx - 100 + Vx(10/6) +10 – Vx(1/6) =0 Vx = 36

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Problem 29 vc=4v find Req

Vx= V - Vc= -3V , i = V/10 + Vx/10 = (V-3)/10=-V/5

Req = -5Ω

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Problem 35 (a) v3=36v,find i3, v4,i2, i1,
(b) find R1 and Req which connected to 48V
(c) total power

(a ) i3 = V3 / 24 = 36 / 24 = 1.5 A , V4 = 12 (i3 - 3 i3 ) = 12 * - 3 = - 36 V
i 2 = (V3 + V4 ) / 2 = (36 - 36) / 2 = 0 , i1 = i 2 + i3 = 1.5
(b) R1 = (48 - V3 - V4 ) / i1 = 48 / 1.5 = 32 , Req = 48 /i1 = 32 = R1
(c)Ps = 48i1 + V4 ( - 3 i3 ) = 234 W = 48 *1.5 + - 36 * - 4.5 = 72 + 162 = 234
2 2 2 V42 2 2 2 36 2
Pd = R i + 2 i + 24 i +
1 1 2 3 = 32 * 1.5 + 2 * 0 + 24 *1.5 +
12 12
= 56 * 2.25 + 3 * 36 = 126 + 108 = 234

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Problem 47 find i1

30V：Req = {[6 || (6 + 6)]+6} = 4 + 6 =10

I1-1=(6*30/Req)/(6+6+6) = 1
15A：Req = [(6 || 6) + 6] || 6 = 54/15 = 3.6Ω
I1-2= -Req*(15/6)= -9
i1 =I1-1+I1-2= -8 A

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Problem 58 Rx=2Ω find voc, isc,
confirm Rt=voc/isc
i=0
VOC1 = 12 *48/(2+4+12)=32
VOC2 = 12[4||(2=12)](-3)/(2+12)= −8
VOC = 32-8 = 24 V
V=0
isc1 =48/(2+4)= 8
isc2 =4(-3)/(2+4)= − 2
isc = 8 – 2 = 6 A
Rt=24 / 6 = 4Ω
Rt=(2+4) || 12 = 4Ω

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Problem 62 ic=v/10k, find Rt,
express voc in terms of vs,

Vs=0 , V =vt , ic=Vt/ 10 , Vt= 2it+ 6(it-ic) = 8it+ (-0.6)Vt

1.6Vt=8it , Rt= 8 / 1.6 = 5 K
V=0 , ic= 0 , isc =Vs/(2+6)=Vs/8K
VOC = Rt*isc=5Vs/8

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Problem 67 Rx=0 perform
source conversion

Isc =(48-12)/4 = 9 A , Rt= 4|| 12 = 3Ω , VOC = 3*9 =27 V

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