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- A Riemann sum is an approximation of the area under a curve between two x-values using a series of rectangles of width Δx. The height of each rectangle comes from the value of the function f(x) at points in each interval. Adding the areas of the rectangles approximates the integral. - To calculate a left Riemann sum, the height of each rectangle is taken as f(x) at the left endpoint of that interval. Other options are the right or middle points. The accuracy increases as the intervals get smaller. - Applications include approximating the area under curves, lengths of curves, and volumes. It also relates to probability theory through Riemann's work extending integration to

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14 views

01 Task Performance

- A Riemann sum is an approximation of the area under a curve between two x-values using a series of rectangles of width Δx. The height of each rectangle comes from the value of the function f(x) at points in each interval. Adding the areas of the rectangles approximates the integral. - To calculate a left Riemann sum, the height of each rectangle is taken as f(x) at the left endpoint of that interval. Other options are the right or middle points. The accuracy increases as the intervals get smaller. - Applications include approximating the area under curves, lengths of curves, and volumes. It also relates to probability theory through Riemann's work extending integration to

Uploaded by

kuro chan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mendoza, Rylan

Gerardo G.
BSCPE - 1 B
Integral Calculus

RIEMANN SUM

A Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum. It is


named after nineteenth century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann. One very
common application is approximating the area of functions or lines on a graph, but also
the length of curves and other approximations. The sum is calculated by partitioning the
region into shapes (rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas, or cubics) that together form a
region that is similar to the region being measured, then calculating the area for each of
these shapes, and finally adding all of these small areas together.

A Riemann sum is an approximation of the area under a mathematical curve


between two X values. This area is approximated using a series of rectangles that have a
width of delta X, which is chosen, and a height that is derived from the function in
question, f(X). The smaller delta X is, the more accurate the approximation will be. The
height can be taken from the value of the f(X) either on the right, middle or left of the
rectangle. You can learn how to calculate a left-hand Riemann sum.

The Riemann sum pictured below, which is a left-hand approximation of the area under

As we are using the left endpoints of 4 rectangles on the interval [0,4],[0,4], we can first
find the value of f(x)f(x) at each left endpoint in the range:
We also know that the interval is of length 4 and we are splitting it into 4 rectangles of
equal width. So the width of each rectangle is 1, or \Delta x = 1Δx=1.

We are now left with a sum of the area of each rectangle to find the area of the total blue
region in the image above:

which, as we can see from the graph, is a slight overestimate of the area under the curve
as the function is decreasing on the interval.

Example with graph:

{We break the interval [0,4][0,4] into four subintervals as before. In Figure 5.3.35.3.3 we
see 4 rectangles drawn on f(x)=4x−x2f(x)=4x−x2 using the Left Hand Rule. (The areas of
the rectangles are given in each figure.)

Approximating ∫40(4x−x2)dx∫04(4x−x2)dx using the Left Hand Rule


Note how in the first subinterval, [0,1][0,1], the rectangle has
height f(0)=0f(0)=0. We add up the areas of each rectangle
(height×× width) for our Left Hand Rule approximation:
f(0)⋅ 1+f(1)⋅ 1+f(2)⋅ 1+f(3)⋅ 10+3+4+3==10

Approximating ∫40(4x−x2)dx∫04(4x−x2)dx using the Right Hand Rule


In this example, these rectangle seem to be the mirror image of those
found in Figure 5.3.35.3.3. (This is because of the symmetry of our
shaded region.) Our approximation gives the same answer as before,
though calculated a different way:
f(1)⋅ 1+f(2)⋅ 1+f(3)⋅ 1+f(4)⋅ 13+4+3+0==10

Approximating ∫40(4x−x2)dx∫04(4x−x2)dx using the Midpoint Rule


This gives an approximation of ∫40(4x−x2)dx∫04(4x−x2)dx as:
f(0.5)⋅ 1+f(1.5)⋅ 1+f(2.5)⋅ 1+f(3.5)⋅ 11.75+3.75+3.75+1.75==11
What is a Reiman Sum?
- A Riemann sum is an approximation of a region's area, obtained by adding up the areas of multiple simplified
slices of the region. It is applied in calculus to formalize the method of exhaustion, used to determine the area of
a region. This process yields the integral, which computes the value of the area exactly.
- A Riemann sum can be visualized as a division of (approximately) the area under the curve f(x)f(x) on [a,b]
[a,b] into nn adjacent rectangles spanning the interval, where the k^\text{th}kth rectangle has width \Delta
x_{k}Δxk and height f(c_{k})f(ck). The area of each rectangle is f (c{k}) \Delta x_{k}f(ck)Δxk (height times width).
The sum of the areas of all rectangles approximates the actual area under f on [a, b][a, b] and is equal to the Riemann
sum. Note that c{k}ck could be any point in the k^\text{th}kth subinterval, which means the definition leaves some
latitude in choosing the height of each of the nn rectangles.

How is a Reiman sum calculated?


- A Riemann sum is an approximation of the area under a mathematical curve between two X values. This area is
approximated using a series of rectangles that have a width of delta X, which is chosen, and a height that is derived
from the function in question, f(X). The smaller delta X is, the more accurate the approximation will be. The height can
be taken from the value of the f(X) either on the right, middle or left of the rectangle. You can learn how to calculate a
left-hand Riemann sum.

- Find the value of f(X) at the first X value. As an example, take the function f(X) = X^2, and we are approximating the
area under the curve between 1 and 3 with a delta X of 1; 1 is the first X value in this case, so f (1) = 1^2 = 1.
- Multiply the height, as found in the previous step, by delta X. This will give you the area of the first rectangle. For the
example, 1 x 1 = 1.

- Add delta X to the first X value. This will give you the X value at the left side of the second rectangle. For the example,
1 + 1 = 2.

- Repeat the above steps for the second rectangle. Continuing the example, f(2) = 2^2 = 4; 4 x 1 = 4. This is the area of
the second rectangle in the example. Continue in this way until you have reached the final X value. For the example,
there are only two rectangles because 2 +1 = 3, which is the end of the range being measured.

What are the application of a Reiman sum?


- The application of a Riemann sum has the same purpose. If a function is constant and the calculation:
function * range of x, makes practical sense then that is a special case of an integral. If the function is
piecewise constant, it often makes sense to add the contributions of the individual parts. If the function is truly
variable, we can approximate the integral by using piecewise constant functions. In practice there are more
efficient methods to approximate an integral and the Riemann sums are used mainly as a step in the definition
of the integral. As a practical example find the volume of a cone by summing slices parallel to the base.

How is Reiman sum based in Probability Theory?


- Riemann took his inspiration from Gauss’s discovery that the curvature of a surface is intrinsic, and he argued that one
should therefore ignore Euclidean space and treat each surface by itself. A geometric property, he argued, was one that
was intrinsic to the surface. To do geometry, it was enough to be given a set of points and a way of measuring lengths
along curves in the surface. For this, traditional ways of applying the calculus to the study of curves could be made to
suffice. But Riemann did not stop with surfaces. He proposed that geometers study spaces of any
dimension in this spirit—even, he said, spaces of infinite dimension.
- In 1857 Riemann published several papers applying his very general methods for the study of complex functions to
various parts of mathematics. One of these papers solved the outstanding problem of extending the theory of elliptic
functions to the integration of any algebraic function. It opened up the theory of complex functions of several variables
and showed how Riemann’s novel topological ideas were essential in the study of complex functions. (In subsequent
lectures Riemann showed how the special case of the theory of elliptic functions could be regarded as the study of
complex functions on a torus.)

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