nai: J =ealtveg cic thetet xe Soll coatey SS Me woakey which gue lakey oil Soap Twonmediodly fe calied Soft watev - Fhard “okey Me usaley uskich doern't give baker csile Sony # Olsadvantage eHcxaler + @ wattage of Soap @ maine gets damage. dhe to te frmatin Sales £ sludges - © tard cooter con't fit for avinking © woatage g, fil taker place, * Hardwess + sie, Sea Te propoity f not Forrag Gttey wih : presence calsiun & mragnisern salt iu Me ue of tonnes? aw Stake Ta pale of Hadness oY gives hava nos to waker p is called hardness « : dissolved hardnen is of eo yer femperary tosdned ® Pexrmonent Hoxdten - ® Temperory wavdne + ot carbon ‘ar emg" comet femperary Hardnets f& wakey* _ ea (uco3) 1g( Cos) Removel’ reed + Gelling . j\Esttenakion “indlded + OHermer's allaltmehtc i tadness * ® Permanent taser { chlorides , Sulphate.,. witrates of) ca. g ge &3 cacke » Cason 1 Calnta)e » made 1980), mg (103) Be 1 Zeolt iB Remove! melted Pine Peer, Ume Soda proc, xchange,Extfinatio meld Soap tration mekied ., EDTA. meod ont, of Hardness : © Pem + Fe ts the wool Pu qf Hardnen Causiag Salk Te terms of caltsum Gorkonake Fqyudialance Pretent tw one milion Pavkt of waley” Eg: heem 50 PPM> @® Milli Grarty fey unik » MH is the no-of milli grams of Hardney comatng sale ta temy { calium carbonate prerent of Gyuialance frees rs (ike ok coakey- Vhs lg: tof mg Pe ; hep Ue = 1 mg |e : 1 pont = tong. @ degree’ danke “URE Ty be novel grates Harden. caning’ Sell Su Germs of “ta” carbonate quivalance Pretent Tu 20,000 parle of waley - 1PM = VmPLs = o-93 %ef ® care french: H & Me nod park of hordners Cousiig alls i, - terms 4, catos) Exuivalonce pretent fe | lake Gd 10” pork of eoakey L Pem = ont fy sv ‘ 1 a Zeive We In blo Me Untls of tardney : 1epm : Ung | = 0-0t “ch so. oy P dodinese of waker -is alesoy) Yeguivey expyened Tu terme of! colsiam tarbonale Eyuiveance - Gtue reson. Ans. CaCcos) fr Rsolulle fu watey and iH moleuuloy weight is (00 & olieh is flexible for he calusalation of’ Havdviey.+ a tardnen Range: 4 Bay eo y =—P 0-170: PEM: = Soft esatey’ —* 9-150 ppm - moderately hard. TP N= Boo PPM = tad coater” —> sbove 200 pprit sve hard coatey € Permissiole Kemet Feemissible mie % hardney Oesred ttre =,600 PpPr = S00 ppm. Ba Swele cater on anclaste + found to, cantafu . @e Kiesing * Frpastten" cacincasds 2 Rm". mA CUCOsds = € pom, CASO, = BFPM , G2), = (0 POM. cal the SEMPER & Permanent Yoadnelt tu terns 4 ' Degree clark £ vepree Fenel Solr A Name 4 To prpount gf malteliaion farhey (oy) Havdneys coutyg. ce Wess) adnan: in Clog” exyutinteny, Sat fa oH Sg ween a al too ; (es) i (Cr xAmeunk Given | eatscos) 9 6g 4 AXE Ama ; : ‘ 6 6x bof ng (4003) » M6. y ented 480), 136 ae cae aoe 9 80 y, “LR “to to X80 ggg (30: Tem perany 656, bpm Permanent = iyta pom, F656 X 0-03: 0.4592 "ef, 12 Xoo 2a", Mtg x Obed ies Vie} Sr z i “Yes en Total wavdneyy > Ternpevary "4 Ver manent F 656K ON = Ouse ofy = ® Av Sormple ‘of’ cooker ty found"to cantefu 10.5 og | as - ic | ik moans © carbonate » 46-5 mg/h, mognisum biaroonake , “ ie oe . ah Sulphake 3a1 mg 1d calctum Sulphake , 98°45 mg atey aes fetal Uardnet of and sepm Terbidity. Gh MoNome Salt et we amauk oak 22x Arowun ca (Heo, 10-5 hog x 100, 0. (H003) 9, (6 aod en9(4002. KG HOT i kbS xe 100) He Ca $y, 136 it Whe #32) \ oe cathy, Ur 099 ag ae ggusx 0° 0 9 ang x Be 9 eet 120 HG too ‘Termperary 5 25 $3 BNIBIS Hordnen 2 23 +23+ 62M I2 4 2 56 849315) 207 27 Total = 128-6 ch bard coher tentaia (4-6 9t0mF of mg Bes), 5.5 gmams of. 4 semple per titey whakis Ke Permanent: onged UG grams § COSC, cremperary & total Goidnes of okey” (192 tooomg) oe Nevene ‘of salt <.Mm-cot — Amouk- gf Salk: - frat Amount Mes, 3 ie mg JL.) fate rg (104) 4b. 6 X1000 nee = tony ong de e° Ax ooo. Se = (0000, (080y,, BE Bi xt000; 00 ry. 2 10000: : 136 ) Temperary, Havdnes * (0000 valle - _ Cegree, clock) longa > 0-09 “cl + Permanent, Had nex, : gel) 2 (ase) To bles ont = 20000 reg lle Tokah Hardneys, + 2100‘ ‘ ‘2, 3000 “fr Total Hadnen = Temp dard + ferent! yg é 000 430000, as ii 30000. 09 (L.,i ia out Ke catoz, yulvalent of Hardney Causing Salt. prelent (2002 of Sar ple Loakey contattg 58h mals 4 mg co hy 1 86 mg of caCHtoa) , 680 m9/L. of SO, ) S10 rgd % PD ) Ung [a 4 cody) 5 mpl of Macl.. Bxpred Ke todee, ta deqree clock , em & degree french, Named fait mtest: | Amount oy Sabb we x «Amount ace. mba : 190 _yeg 2 a gC 03) 9. tae ou mete A86 108 x BG. @lutos), le. ied , 6800 ey 680: x 6 S04, 136 Sto oy B10. mg8oy, Ino: (a0 we 8. et Wee Cardy | ul ut Tempeary vavdnese = emgll = o Ae Permanent Hardness = 2-95 gl , be 4 Total Havdney 2 28-36 yg! > 28-36Xt000 709 fovoi. 2 $8950 mgfivook we +s"q € Estimation, metals Sor Ke deleratchiay of “Wardell Be covey sampl| © Soap titration melted (rouge mettcd ) cohen Standeved Gap Gol fe Hated cite coaker Sample at a end point lesley 1% Pormed tte coker Semple cabich sive et 3 len volume of Soap sen Ts congtier ax We sft entey a wd racaiore ef Matdneee. » Git le ‘melted 5 -eateered "ot TSE | meted. 80 Sudicatoy % wed » Sodiuwn styBate (Crp HgeCooWa) © o-Remer's alaltinente mettod CTemperary Harner 0 elffomated > Phenalplilen Zudicaby @ EDTA matted - q | | | ° i codkeY Sax} & Gstfmabe he amount of fetal Hardney Present fu Given tg by EDTA metticd - Sy Atm: To Estimate iGe fetal Sadness prelent fu" Be giuen coatey Sample complexomebically using EDTA’ melted. Aggaraters Required : Curette, Pirettey 1 Ceakers s conrect $last , Stare Flas Reagend Rey vived ! 96019 420°C EPsim salt). Bora: Gstum sake of etalene demtya ta. alte ats) EBT La dteatay . Cochrane tad - 1), ammonia Gulley Looryeh ¢ wB,,tH (7-10) Qrinctple + te Eng fons fe cab? g angt® veads wll EBT fedtaky and form Untlable tstue ved Colour complex. ak a pu of 9-0, Ws Unstable Complex when veads wik Bora forms @ Stable Colourles} camplex by Yeleastag SBT. The Consumbioy of EDTA: fs a measure 4 Hardness fu Ke gfven coatey Sample. oP fags cer Br. car] cotue red unstable . Gsmplex- | | | (a- eer) oy q=19 € Co~ 60TA teor Lo, ( I 4+ €6T° (wo [mg-eord] tue. tolourley Stable tsmplex (og. Cer) Procaltey : = Sep @ : 7 ‘Oi Preparation of» standeved 9804-7 ho Solution -coetght 0193 a4 (bo mL of volumebge and make up Ge Solutigy « form cencentration « EPSer Salk aud tvansfey tt fako! a Slandeved Flask ©. Add dictid cater Upto He, mort Shake Ke flak Surly for uni Gast) wt of Ke sult 4 gottle = «, quins at od We Empty bottle + oy goms OF of the salt tauhred > 0, > we +X gaa, Wotmality of E64 FH30 1 His Ot be Salk 5 bratefeed 1000, OrBy sat. Via mb Steg @ : Standadigatton 06 OFA. First buratle ip filed coi -corA’. Naa Slardadigatan of 0'EProme Sal Saati. 1S piede out Ta Ke cone Potk> Aud add). om! of Gulley Solution Chet, Fete), Oeil Maiutalu We PH Value 4-10 Then Now add the Tudicaby 2 drops. FAT. Men esiue ved colour ts famed ud eanfiue the —procest untile Ke wine ved coluy fato Hue,So vol of mgsoy, Solution pipetted Vz mt. WV 2 N2V2. Buyelte Gulley reading, Sntfal inal ny, 2 Nemality of. mngs0y) FRO = We voh of mgs0s, 9Hly0! = Nr = Wormality of COTA =? vol of @0TA- Yun Ooo - Va ral Vz = Vol of @OTA vundoon = Buretie readers. Na = Oy Ve Step) + Estimation of Hordney tu Hy, Samples. Five lake Ke Fite out ful 0 tenteal flask: Hoos Ald 2 ml of Gubler Soluticn, £0 maiutaie GTA tu a Buvelle - Aud Take som tao Gr Pt Golue Ato» Aud add. the iudicafor ET > Aud fake EDTA iu contcal flosk by dvop by dw & Yotate He cmnical fuk unlile get blue colour « $0.0 vol & Bo Sole PiPetted Vm? Cereb readug, Stil. Final * vol: of GOTA-* “Yun: cov VemAmount of Hardney % terme of Caloz eyuivalenh. zt Neimoltty of ETA x vol & EDTA x50 x 1900 vol of te, Hao Sample, Result + Te amount of total Gaile te te given coatey Sample = ~Pem Protea Me wakey alt ts fee of contamnenty and fafe for dtnking & called potable water Sethications 2 diaking ater 5 © clear 4 should be © Glaurlenr , Srdeivles tation 3 Should be. O26 Should be free fom badkerfa cand “older 4 issdied” uss Ike $0; 4, -@ Xt, Should. hous Warde tu. evan jee 020 wa © turbidity Should be 10 Len to ppm- © 108 should be ley Ken Soo ppm. ® chlorides & Sulphates Should be tex Kan 250 ‘ppm! ® louride. should, be. es) Wan Pe - ® Free of torte dlemente Hg cd, cv. ® wlour should be (os Kon 5 epm Steps fvdlved Te Re purification of difniing , cater ® Vealnenb of water BY domettic . we. 5 | Tn oder ‘ty Panty, Ke munttgal water Ry diinking purpose Ke Folocing Step are vequived « 7wateY + Screening 1 Aevatton v Sedimentation Vv Coagulation & sloaculation | v “ Filtyalion 4 Sterilization (ox) Chlonation distnfectton 4+ Stefization (Suplementory fyeabwent ) * Sexeerting tr Te. ray water i allowed fo pase Keough Screens hasta large number of holee f t& fo: remove Floattug Pmpurities 5 ke wooed pfecey » leaves, try | | | | | % Aevotion: ater te Men subjeuked’ by aeration Te whic gases gels exdianged bla vaty & catey 4° Thaeatey He 0, amtent | of water & aho remover’ Fe § Mn a hydoxidey. toe hour Removes 30-55% Suspented Zmpunthies, ‘ & Sedimentolion (7 = Suspended & colleidal “Tmpuittics ave allased fo solfle under grattation - ae bate ‘pitnctple Tnuolued Fe Hy treatment procell fr Fo alloc esate How! ak! a. veny ows vdodty dusfug sy colic have pavtides. settle. under gravitation’ lation; ‘ x Cog wlakion 1 Goagulats Uke alum , sodiura aluminate lsat often ave ad ; - added colich pretigotate Whe Supended tmpurie aia Floe bay he Progey to ablauk fy Suspended icles & fos, a 685 Shoo = Thay a proce Ty ; ae oF floculation. called — coagulation -