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Equation Graph

Paper 1

1. At maximum or minimum point, .

2. To find maximum or minimum value of y, follow the following steps.
(i) Find .

(ii) Taking , find the value of x.

(iii) Put the x value in the y expression.
3. To find whether it is maximum or minimum, follow the following steps.
(i) Find .

(ii) Put the x values found by taking in .

(iii) If is positive, it is minimum and if is negative it is maximum.

4. Other names of maximum and minimum point are turning point or stationary point.
5. Coordinate Geometry
(i). On x-axis, y = 0 and on y-axis, x = 0.
(ii). If and , gradient of AB, or .

6. If and , length of AB = .

7. If and , midpoint of AB =

8. If and , equation of AB:

9. (i) When x-coordinate of two points are equal : If and , equation of AB : x = p.

(ii) When v-coordinate of two points are equal : If and , equation of AB : y = q.
10. The equation of a straight line with gradient m and passing through the point is
.
11. To find the coordinates of the intersecting point of the two lines, solve the two equation
representing the lines. The x and y value are the coordinates of the intersecting point.
12. Distance-Time Graph
(i) speed = gradient of the distance-time graph.
(ii) If speed is constant, distance-time graph becomes a straight line, otherwise curve line.
13. Speed-Time Graph
(i) acceleration = gradient of speed-time graph.
(ii) distance travelled = area under graph
14. If acceleration is constant, speed-time graph becomes a straight line,
15. Finding inequality when inequality graph is given :
For slant and horizontal line:
(i) (a) If shaded area is below the line, replace = sign of the line equation by <. [If boundary is
not mentioned]
 (b) If shaded area is above the line, replace = sign of the line equation by >. [If boundary is
not mentioned]
(ii) (a) If shaded area is below the line, replace = sign of the line equation by . [If boundary is
mentioned]
(b) If shaded area is above the line, replace = sign of the line equation by . [If boundary is
mentioned]
For vertical line:
(i) (a) If shaded area is left-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by <. [If
boundary is not mentioned]
(b) If shaded area is right-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by >. [If
boundary is not mentioned]
(ii) (a) If shaded area is left-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by <. [If
boundary is mentioned]
(b) If shaded area is right-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by >. [If
boundary is mentioned]
16. Shading the defined region:
(i) If three inequality is given, find the triangle made by the three lines and shade the triangle.
(ii) If four inequality is given, find the quadrilateral made by the four lines and shade the
quadrilateral.

Paper 2
1. Completing table
(i) Until the year 1989 tables were given with 2 rows only, top row for x and bottom row for y.
For this kind of table, write the given equation in the calculator and use the CALC button of
the calculator to get the missing values of y.
(ii) From the year 1990, tables arc given with more than 2 rows. Top row for x, bottom row for y
and middle rows for each term of the equation. For this kind of table, first fill up the empty
boxes of the middle rows manually or by using CALC button of the calculator. Then add or
multiply the numbers in the middle rows according to the equation to get the missing y
values in the bottom row.
2. Drawing x-axis and y-axis
Some students draw the x and y axis randomly. Later when they write the x and y values on the
axes, sometimes they do not get sufficient space to write the values. As a result they need to rub
their working and do it in a new place or in another graph paper. To avoid this kind of situation, it
is better to draw the axes after some measurement.
(i) To draw the vertical axis (y-axis), look at the top row of the table to find the largest value of
positive x and negative x. Then look at the scale of the x-axis in the question. Calculate how
many cm of space you need to write x-values. Normally in a graph paper, horizontal space is
20 cm. Try to leave the extra space from both side equally, but do not make it decimal. Mark
a point which divide the spaces for negative and positive x values. Draw a vertical line (y-
axis) at that point.
(ii) To draw the horizontal axis (x-axis), look at the bottom row of the table to find the largest
value of positive y and negative y. Then look at the scale of the y-axis in the question.
Calculate how many cm of space you need to write y-values. Normally in a graph paper,
vertical space is 25 cm. Try to leave the extra space from both side equally, but do not make
it decimal. Mark a point which divide the spaces for negative and positive y values. Draw a
horizontal line (x-axis) at that point.
3. Plotting the points on the graph paper
If x and y values are whole number, then it is easy to plot the points. But if they are decimal
numbers, some students do not understand where will be the position of the point. The following
method can be applied to identify the position of x and y.
(i) For the position of x, look at the given scale for x in the question and find 1 unit is how many
cm. Multiply the value of x by this cm. From the origin go rightward if x is positive and go
leftward if x is negative with this multiplied cm of distance which is the position of x.
(ii) For the position of y, look at the given scale for y in the question and find 1 unit is how many
cm. Multiply the value of y by this cm. From the position-of x go upward if y is positive and
 go downward if y is negative with this multiplied cm of distance which is the position of the
point.
(iii) After plotting the points, join them in free hand to make a smooth curve. If you notice that
one point is breaking the smoothness of the curve, check if there is any mistake to calculate
or plot the point.
4. Finding gradient of a curve
There are following two method to find the gradient of a curve at a particular point. If method is
mentioned in the question, you must find the gradient in that way. Otherwise you will use
calculus method, since it gives the accurate answer.
(i) Calculus method : Find and put the given x value in the expression of .
(ii) Graphical method :
(a) Find the point on the curve for the given x value.
(b) Draw a tangent on the curve at that point.
(c) Mark any two suitable points on the tangent and write the coordinates of these points in your
answer book. You can take the point where tangent is drawn as one of these two points.
(d) Using the formula calculate the gradient of the curve.
5. Finding the equation of a line to solve an equation
To find the equation of a line to solve an equation follow the following steps:
(i) Copy the given equation which you need to solve.
(ii) Observe the left hand side of the equation. It may be exactly same as y equation or not. If it is
exactly same as y, in the second line write y = right hand side number, which is the equation
of the line.
(iii) If it is not exactly same as y, follow the following steps:
(a) In the second line, write the expression you need to bring y and add or subtract
something to balance this line with the previous line keeping the right hand side same.
(b) In the third line write y in place of y expression and take the other terms in the right
hand side.
(c) Simplify the right hand side if necessary.

6. Solving an equation
There are two method to solve an equation : algebraic and graphical. In the algebraic method

we use middle term break or to solve a quadratic equation and factor theorem

to solve a cubic equation. But in graph chapter, in 99% cases you will be asked to use your graph
(graphical method) to solve a given equation: For graphical method follow the following steps:
(i) Copy the given equation in your answer book.
(ii) Find the line you need to solve the equation.
(iii) If the line is not drawn, draw the line on the graph paper.
(iv) To draw the line in the form x = a, where a is a number, draw a vertical line at x = a. To draw
the line in the form y = b, where b is a number, draw a horizontal line at y = b. To draw the line in
the form y = mx + c, make a small table with 2 row and 4 column. In the first column write x and
y and in the other column write 3 suitable vales of x and corresponding 3 values of y which you
have to calculate from the equation y = mx + c. Plot these 3 points on the graph paper and join
them by scale to get the line.
(v) Mark the intersecting point(s) between the curve and the line. Draw perpendicular(s) on the
x- axis from intersecting point(s).
(vi) Find the x value(s) where the perpendicular(s) meet the x-axis which is (are) the solution of
the given equation.
(vii) If you face problem to find the x value, count the distance of that meeting point from the
origin and also calculate from the given scale of x, 1 cm is how many unit. Multiply that
distance with this unit to get the x value.
7. Shape of graph
 (i) Quadratic Graph
(a) Equation of a quadratic graph is
(b) The shape of a quadratic graph is:

(ii) Cubic Graph

(a) Equation of a cubic graph is
(b) The shape of a cubic graph is:

8. Solving an inequality from the graph

To solve an inequality by graphical method, follow the following steps:
(i) Copy the given inequality in your answer book.
(ii) Find the line you need to solve the inequality.
(iii) If the line is not drawn, draw the line on the graph paper.
(iv) Mark the intersecting points between the curve and the line. Draw perpendiculars on the x-
axis from intersecting points.
(v) Find the x values where the perpendiculars meet the x-axis.
(vi) If it is a quadratic inequality, there will be two x values, suppose a and b where a < b.

For f(x) > mx + c, answer is x<a, x>b.

For f(x)< mx + c, answer is a <x <b.

For f (x)> mx + c, answer is a <x <b.

For f(x) < mx + c, answer is x <a, x>b.

(vii) If it is a cubic inequality, there will be three x values, suppose a, b and c where a <b < c.

For f(x) > mx + c, answer is a <x <b, x > c.

For f (x) < mx + c, answer is x<a, b <x<c.

For f (x) > mx + c, answer is x <a, b < x <c.

For f (x) < mx + c, answer is a <x <b, x>c.
 Calculus (Paper 1) [stationary point]

1. At time t seconds, the rate of flow of water, R cm/s, through a pipe is given by
. Find the value of t for which R is a minimum. [Mayl0/Q20/M4]
2. (a) Differentiate 8 + 3x — x2 with respect to x. [2]
f(x)= 8 + 3x  x 2

(b) Show that f(x) has a maximum when x = 1.5 [2]

(c) Find the maximum value of . [Jan11/Q28/M7] [2]

(d) Write down the maximum value of . [1]

3.

(a) Find
(b) Hence find the x coordinates of the two stationary points of
[Jan14/Q28/M7]
4. A curve C has equation
Find (a)
(b) the x-coordinates of each point on C
at which the tangent is parallel to . [May’12/Q30/M7]

Coordinate geometry (Paper 1)

1. Given that (3, 2) are the coordinates of a point on the line with equation , find the
value of . [Jan13/Q2/M2]
2. The graph of the line with equation meets the x-axis at .
Find the value of a and the value of b. [May13/Q6/M2]
3. The equation of a straight line is . The straight line passes through the point (2, 8).
Calculate the value of m. [Janl4/Q11/M2]
4.
Distance-time graph (Paper 1)

1.

The diagram shows the distance-time graph of a train travelling from town A to town B.
Write down the total time in minutes that
(a) the train was moving. [1]
(b) the train was stationary. [1] [Jan09/Q4/M2]
2.
 The distance between London and Brighton is 84 km. James leaves London at 1 pm and takes 1
hour and 18 minutes to travel to Brighton.
(a) Show this information on the distance-time graph above. [1]
He then stays in Brighton for 1 hour.
(b) Show this information on your distance-time graph. [1]
James then travels back to London from Brighton at an average speed of 54 km/hour.
(c) Calculate the time, in hours to one decimal place, taken to travel back to London from
Brighton. [Jan10/Q25/M5] [2]
(d) Complete your distance-time graph. [1]

3.

The speed-time graph shows information about the motion of a particle in a 7 hour period.
(a) Describe what the graph shows about the motion of the particle between t = 2 and t = 3 [1]
(b) Calculate the total distance, in km, travelled by the particle in the 7 hours. [3]
[Jan14/Q25/M4]
4. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at a constant rate and attains a speed of 25 m/s after 5 seconds.
The car then travels at this speed for 20 seconds. The car then slows down at a constant rate and comes
to rest in 10 seconds.
(a) Represent this information on the speed-time graph.
 Find, in m/s2 ,
(b) (i) the acceleration.
(ii) the rate at which the car slows down. [Jan’12/Q26/M6] [2]
(c) Find the total distance, in m, that the car has travelled. [2]

Inequality graph (Paper 1)

1. The equation of the line is .

(a) Find the gradient of the line AB. [1]
(b)Write down the three inequalities which define
the shaded region. [3]
[May09/Q16/M4]

2. The diagram shows the straight lines

x + y = 5 and x  y = 5,
which intersects at the point A.
(a) Write down the coordinate of the point A.
(b) Write down the three inequalities which
define the shaded region in the diagram.
[Jan14/Q24/M4]
 Quadratic graph (Paper 2)

1. (a) Given that ,

(i) show that (x – 3) is a factor of f(x),
(ii) factorise f(x) completely. [6]
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4x 8 0 4 8 20
3x 2
12 0 3 12 75
9.5 0.5 1 1.5 27

The graph of for has been drawn on the grid.

(c) On the same grid, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a smooth
curve. [3]
(d) Show that can be written as . [2]
(e) Hence write down the exact values of x which are solutions of . [2]

[May’10/Q11/M16]
2. A stone is thrown from the top of a cliff. The height, h metres, of the stone above the sea t
seconds after it was thrown is given by .
(a) Find how long it takes the stone to reach the sea. [2]
(b) Complete the table for , giving your answers to 1 decimal place where
necessary.
t 0 1.5 2.5 3 4 4.5 5.5 6
h 30 41.3 42 36
[3]
(c) On the grid, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a smooth curve.
[3]
(d) Find from your graph the time, in seconds to one decimal place, when the stone is at its
greatest height above the sea. [1]
(e) Use your graph to find the speed, in m/sec to the nearest m, of the stone when it is first 40 m
above the sea. [2]
(f) Using your graph, write down the interval of time during which the stone is more than 40 m
above the sea. [2]
 [Jan’11/Q9/M13]
3. Part of the curve with equation is drawn on the grid.
(a) For complete the table, giving your answers to 2 decimal places where
necessary.

x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5

y 5 1 1 1 1
[3]
(b) On the grid, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a smooth curve.
[3]
(c) Use the two curves on the grid to find estimates for the solutions of the equation
. [2]
The curve with equation intersects the curve with equation at
the points A and B. [May’14/Q9/M11]
(d) Work out the gradient of the straight line through A and B. [3]
 Cubic graph (Paper 2)

1. (a) Complete the table for , giving your values of y to 2 decimal places. [3]
(b On the graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent l unit on each axis and
taking and , plot the points from your completed table and join them to
form a smooth curve. [3]
(b) On the grid (next page), plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a
smooth curve. [3]
(c) By drawing and labelling a straight line on your graph, find estimates, to l decimal place, of
the 2 solutions of the equation in the interval . [3]
(d) By drawing and labelling another straight line on your graph, explain why the equation
has no solution in the interval 1 < x < 5. [3]
(e) Determine, to 1 decimal place from your graph, the value of x in the interval for
which has a minimum value. [Jan10/Q10/M13] [1]

2.

(a) Complete the table of values for , giving your answers to 2 decimal places
where necessary. [3]

(b) On the grid, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a smooth curve.
[3]
(c) On the grid, draw the straight line with equation .
(d) For values of x in , use your graphs to find the range of values of x for which
. [Jan12/Q11/M14] [2]
(e) By algebraically rearranging and using your graphs, find the solutions
of in the range . [5]
 Other equation graph (Paper 2)

1.
From the top of a solid right circular cylinder of height h cm and base
diameter d cm, a hemisphere of diameter d cm is removed, as shown in
figure, to form a solid S. Given that h + d= 20, and that r cm is the
radius of the cylinder,
(a) write down an expression for h in terms of r. [1]
The volume of S is V cm3.
(b) Write down a formula for V in terms of , h and r. [1]
(c) Hence show that . [2]
(d) Using calculus, find the value of r for which V has a maximum value. [4]
(e) Complete the table for , giving each value of V to the nearest integer.
[3]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
60  8r 60 52 36 28 4
0 1.047 9.425 16.76 51.31

V 0 54 339 469 205

(f) On graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the r-axis and 2 cm to represent
50 units on the V-axis, draw the graph of for values of r from 0 to 7. [3]
(g) From your graph, find an estimate, to one decimal place, of the two values of r for which
V = 400. [May09/Q10/M16] [2]
2. Figure shows a solid cuboid with a square base of sides x cm and a height of y cm and a height of
cm.
(a) Find a expression, in terms of x and y, for the total surface area, , of the cuboid. [2]
Given that the total surface area of the cuboid is 50 cm2,
(b) find a formula for y in terms of x. [1]
The volume of the coboid is V cm3.
(c) Show that . [1]
(d) Using calculus, calcu
cuboid is a maximum. [4]
(e) For , complete the table. Give your value of V to one decimal place where
necessary. [2]
0 1 2 2.5 3 4 5
0 0.5 1 2 2.5

25 24 21 9 0
V 0 12 21 18 0
(f) On graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 4 cm to represent 5
unit
on the V-axis, draw the x-axis for and draw the V-axis for . Plot the
points
from your completed table and join them to form a smooth curve. [3]
(g) By drawing a suitable straight line, estimate to one decimal place, the two values of x for
which
the volume of the cuboid is 20 cm3. [Mayl1/Q10/M16] [3]

3. A solid S is made by removing a hemisphere of radius r mm from

each end of a solid right
 circular cylinder of radius r mm and length h mm as shown in Figure 4. The volume of the solid
S is .
(a) Find an expression for V in terms of r and h. [1]
The sum of the length of the cylinder and its diameter is 20 mm.
(b) Write down a formula for h in terms of r. [1]
(c) Hence show that . [2]
(d) For , complete the table. [3]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 6 54 216
0 1 27 216
0 5 27 0
(e) On the grid, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a smooth curve.
[3]
(f) By drawing a suitable straight line on your grid, find the value of y when r = 3.3 [2]
Given that V = 180,
(g) use your graph to find, to one decimal place, the two possible values of r. [4]
[May12/Q10/M16]

4.

In Figure, ABCFED is a prism with triangular cross section in which

CF = AD = BE = y cm, AB = DE = 3 x cm,
 BC = EF = 4 x cm and AC = DF = 5 x cm.
Given that the total surface area of the prism is S cm2,
(a) (i) write down the size, in degrees, of ,
(ii) Show that the area of is 6 x 2 cm 2,
(iii) find an expression for S in terms of x and y . [4]
Given also that S = 144
(b) show that . [2]
The volume of the prism is V cm3.
(c) Show that [2]
(d) Complete the following table for , giving the values of V to one decimal
place where necessary.

(e) On the graph paper, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a
smooth curve. [Jan13/Q9/M15] [3]
(f) Using your graph, write down the maximum value of V. [1]

5. Figure shows an open rectangular tank with the top ABCD open. metres,
EF = 2 x metres and ED = y metres.
The volume of the tank is 16 m3.
(a) Find and simplify an expression for y in terms of x. [2]
The inside of the tank is to be painted.
(b) Show that the surface area of the tank to be painted,
, is given by [2]
(c) Complete the following table of values for
. [3]
Give your values of S to one decimal place where
necessary.

(d) On the graph paper, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a
smooth curve for . [3]
(e) When the surface area to be painted is 40 m2, write down, to one decimal place, the two
possible values of x. (2)
(f) Use your graph to find the value of y, the height of the tank, to one decimal place, for which
S is a minimum. [May13/Q10/M16] [4]
6.

Figure shows a barn whose roof, in the shape of a half cylinder, is on top of a cuboid. The half
cylinder is x metres long and the semi-circular ends of the half cylinder each have an area of Am2
and diameter y metres.
The cuboid is y metres wide, x metres long and x metres high, as shown in Figure.
The total external surface area of the barn, excluding the floor of the barn, is .
(a) Show that
[3]
Given that the volume of the cuboid is ,
(b) show that
[2]
(c) Hence show that
[3]

(d) Complete the following table for , giving the values of S to 1

decimal place.

[3]
(e) On the grid, plot the points from your completed table and join them to form a smooth curve.

[3]
(f) Use your graph to find the range of values of x, to 1 decimal place, for which
[2]

[Jan14/Q10/M16]