CLASS - XI

MATHEMATICS FORMULA LIST

Geometry
- In a clock, a minute hand rotates through an angle of 6° in one minute.
0
1
- In a clock, an hour hand rotates through an angle of   in one minute.
2
Set Theory
The total number of subsets of a finite set consisting of n elements is 2n .
For any three sets A , B and C :

(i ) ( A  B )  C = A  ( B  C ) (ii ) ( A  B )  C = A  ( B  C )
(iii ) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B )  ( A  C ) (iv) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B )  ( A  C )
(v) ( A  B ) = A'  B ' (vi ) ( A  B ) = A'  B ' (De' Morgan 's Law )
' '

(vii ) A − ( B  C ) = ( A − B )  ( A − C ) (viii ) A − ( B  C ) = ( A − B )  ( A − C )

n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)

n ( A − B ) = n ( A) − n ( A  B )

n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(A  C) – n(B  C) + n(A  B  C)

Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A , B and C =

n ( A  B ) + n ( B  C ) + n ( C  A) − 3 n ( A  B  C )

Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A , B and C =

n ( A) + n ( B ) + n ( C ) − 2 n ( A  B ) − 2 n ( B  C ) − 2 n (C  A ) + 3 n ( A  B  C )

Relations and Functions

For any three sets A , B and C :

(i) A ( B  C ) = ( A B )  ( A C ) (ii ) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B )  ( A  C )

(iii) ( A − B )  C = ( A C ) − ( B  C ) (iv) ( A  B )  C = ( A  C )  ( B  C )

If A and B are two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements respectively, then

the total number of relations from A to B is 2mn

Page 1
 Trigonometry
l
1800 =  radians ;  = ,  is measured in radians
r
opposite adjacent opposite
In a right triangle: sin  = cos  = tan  =
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent

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Pythagoras’ Theorem :
In a right triangle ABC , where a, b are the short sides and c is the hypotenuse then c 2 = a 2 + b 2
Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
1 1 3
cos 45 = cos 60 = cos 30 =
2 2 2
1 3 1
sin 45 = sin 60 = sin 30 =
2 2 2
tan 45 = 1 tan 60 = 3
tan 30 =
1
3
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
sin ( 90 −  ) = cos ; cos ( 90 −  ) = sin
tan ( 90 −  ) = cot  ; ( )
cot 900 −  = tan 
sec ( 90 −  ) = cos ec ; cosec ( 90 −  ) = sec 

Signs of Trigonometric Ratios in Quadrants

cos ( − ) = cos  ; sin ( − ) = − sin  ; tan ( − ) = − tan 

1 1 1 sin  cos 
sec  = ; cosec = ; cot  = ; tan  = ; cot  =
cos  sin tan  cos  sin 
sin 2  + cos2  = 1 ; 1+ tan 2  = sec2  ; 1+ cot 2  = cos ec2
−1  sin x  1 ; − 1  cos x  1 ; −   tan x  

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sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B ; sin ( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B ; cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B tan A − tan B
tan ( A + B ) = ; tan ( A − B ) =
1 − tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
sin ( A + B ) sin ( A − B ) = sin A − sin B = cos B − cos A
2 2 2 2

cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) = cos 2 A − sin 2 B = cos 2 B − sin 2 A

2sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) ; 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )

2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) ; 2sin A sin B = cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )

 A+ B   A− B   A+ B   A− B 
sin A + sin B = 2sin   cos   ; sin A − sin B = 2cos   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
 A+ B   A− B   A+ B   A− B 
cos A + cos B = 2cos   cos   ; cos A − cos B = − 2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
2 tan A
sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A =
1 + tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
1 − tan 2 A
1 − cos 2 A 1 + cos 2 A
sin A =  ; cos A = 
2 2

3 tan A − tan 3 A
sin 3 A = 3sin A − 4sin 3 A ; cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A − 3cos A ; tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

Page 4
Maximum and minimum values of a cos  + b sin  are a 2 + b2 and − a 2 + b2 respectively.

sin n = 0 ; cos n = ( −1) tan n = 0

n
;

Complex Numbers
z
Multiplicative Inverse of z = a + ib is 2
.
z

Conjugate of z = a + ib is z = a − ib .

Modulus of z = a + ib is z = a 2 + b 2

For three complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 :

(i) ( z ) = z (ii) z + z = 2 Re ( z ) (iii) z − z = 2 Im ( z ) (iv) z z = z

2

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 Quadratic Formula

−b  b 2 − 4ac
If ax + bx + c = 0, then
2
x=
2a
Linear In equations
(i ) x 2  a 2  x  a  − a  x  a (ii ) x 2  a 2  x  a  x  − a or x  a
(iii ) x 2  a 2  x  a  − a  x  a (iv ) x 2  a 2  x  a  x  − a or x  a
(v ) x − a  b  a − b  x  a + b (vi ) x − a  b  x  a + b or x  a − b

Permutation and Combination

n! n!
n
Pr = P(n, r) = ; n
Cr = C(n, r) = ; 1 r  n
(n − r )! r!(n − r )!
Fundamental Principle of multiplication: If there are two jobs that one of them can be
completed in m ways, and when it has been completed, second job can be completed in n ways;
then the two jobs in succession can be completed in m x n ways.
n!
Number of all permutations of n distinct things taken r at a time = n Pr = P(n, r) =
(n − r )!
Number of all permutations of n distinct things taken all at a time = n !

Number of mutually distinguishable permutations of n things, taken all at a time, of which p

n!
are alike of one kind, q are of second kind such that p + q = n , is .
p !q !

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 n!
Number of all combinations of n distinct things taken r at a time = nCr = C(n, r) = .
r!(n − r )!
n
Cr n − r +1
n
C0 = nCn = 1 ; n
Cr = nCn − r ; n
=
C r −1 r

If nCx = nC y , then x = y or x + y = n

If n is an even natural number, then the greatest of the values nC0 , nC1 , nC2 , ... , nCn is nCn 2

.
If n is an odd natural number, then the greatest of the values
n
C0 , nC1 , nC2 , ... , nCn is nCn −1 2 .

Binomial Theorem
n
( x + a)n = nC0 x n a 0 + nC1 x n −1a + nC2 x n −2 a 2 + nC3 x n −3a 3 + ... + nCn a n = 
r =0
Cr x n − r a r
n

Finding specific term of (a + b) n , Tr +1 = nCr a n −r br

(1 + x)n = nC0 x0 + nC1 x1 + nC2 x 2 + nC3 x3 + ... + nCn x n

Finding specific term of (1 + x)n , Tr +1 = nCr x r .
n
( x − a)n = nC0 x n a 0 − nC1 x n −1a + nC2 x n −2 a 2 − nC3 x n −3a3 + ... + ( −1) nCn a n =  ( −1) Cr x n − r a r
r n

r =0

( x + a) + ( x − a) = 2  nC0 x n a 0 + nC2 x n − 2 a 2 + nC4 x n − 4 a 4 ...

n n

( x + a) −( x − a) = 2  nC1 x n −1a1 + nC3 x n − 3a 3 + nC5 x n − 5a 5 ...

n n

 n +1 
If n is odd then, ( x + a ) + ( x − a ) and ( x + a ) − ( x − a ) will have 
n n n n
 terms.
 2 
n  n
If n is even then, ( x + a ) + ( x − a ) have  + 1 terms and ( x + a ) − ( x − a ) will have  
n n n n

2  2
terms.

In expansion of ( x + a ) , the r th term from the end is ( n − r + 2 ) term from beginning.

n th

Middle term in Binomial Expansion:

Since ( x + a ) contains ( n + 1) terms, therefore,

n

n 
(i) If n is even, then  + 1 th term is the middle term.
2 
 n +1   n+3
(ii) If n is odd, then   th and   th terms are the two middle terms.
 2   2 

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 Arithmetic Progressions

The nth term of an A.P. with first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’ is given by
an = a + ( n − 1) d

The sum to n terms of an A.P. with first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’ is given by
n n
Sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d  = ( a + l ) where l is last term
2 2
Insertion of n Arithmetic Means between a and b :
Let A1 , A2 , A3 ,... , An are inserted. Then,

b−a
A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d , A3 = a + 3d , ... , An = a + nd ; where d =
n +1
Ways of selecting terms of an AP:
Number of terms Terms
3 a-d ,a,a +d
4 a − 3d , a − d , a + d , a + 3d
Geometric Progressions
The nth term of an G.P. with first term ‘a’ and common ratio r is given by an = a r n −1

The sum to n terms of an G.P. with first term ‘a’ and common ratio r is given by
 r n −1   1− r n 
Sn = a   = a   ; r 1
 r −1   1− r 
Ways of selecting terms of an GP :
Number of terms Terms
a
3 , a , ar
r
a a
4 3
, , ar , ar 3
r r
Insertion of n Geometric Means between a and b :
Let G1 , G2 , G3 ,... , Gn are inserted. Then,
1
 b  n +1
G1 = a r , G2 = a r , G3 = a r , ... , Gn = a r ; where r =  
2 3 n

a
If A and G be the A.M. and G.M. between two positive numbers, then the numbers are

A A2 − G 2 .
a
Sum of an infinite GP with first term ‘a’ and common ratio r is given by S = ; − 1 r 1
1− r

Sum to n terms of some special series:

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 n ( n + 1) n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(i ) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = (ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2 =
2 6
 n ( n + 1)  n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) ( 3n 2 + 3n −1)
2

(iii )1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 
3 3 3 3
 *(iv)1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
4 4 4 4

 2  30
n
Sn = T
r =1
r

Straight Lines

y2 − y1
Slope of line, m, through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by m =
x2 − x1
Forms of Linear Equations
Point-slope form y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
Slope-intercept form y = mx + b
General form Ax + By + C = 0
Horizontal line y=c
Vertical line x=c

Distance, d , between the points ( x1, y1) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by d = ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( x2 − x1 ) 2

Midpoint Formula  x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
 , 
 2 2 
 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 
Section Formula  , 
 m+n m+n 
The area of the triangle formed by the points A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) is given by
x1 y1 1
1 1
x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 ) = x2 y2 1
2 2
x3 y3 1

Coordinates of the Centroid of the triangle whose vertices are

 x +x +x y +y +y 
A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are  1 2 3 , 1 2 3  .
 3 3 

*Coordinates of the
In-Centre of the triangle whose vertices are
 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are  1 ,  where
 a +b+c a+b+c 
a = BC , b = CA , c = AB .

coeff. of x a
Slope of line ax + by + c = 0 is − =−
coeff. of y b
An acute angle  between two lines having slopes m1 and m2 =
m1 − m2
tan  = ; 1 + m1m2  0
1 + m1m2

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Lines are parallel if m1 = m2 and Lines are perpendicular if m1 m2 = − 1
Equation of line which passes through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and has a slope m is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) .
Equation of line which passes through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is
y2 − y1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) Equation of line making intercepts a and b on x and y axis
x2 − x1
x y
respectively is + = 1.
a b
Equation of line upon which the length of perpendicular from the origin is p and the angle
between this perpendicular and positive x-axis is  is given by x cos  + y sin  = p .
Three lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 and a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0 are concurrent if
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0 .
a3 b3 c3

a1 x + b1 y + c
The perpendicular distance ( d ) of a line ax + by + c = 0 from a point ( x1 , y1 ) = .
a 2 + b2
The equation of line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and making angle  with the positive direction

x − x1 y − y1
of x-axis is = = r , where r is the distance of the point ( x, y ) on the line from the
cos  sin 
point ( x1 , y1 ) .

Conic Section

Let l be a fixed line and F be a fixed point not on l, and e > 0 be a fixed real number. Let |MP|
be the perpendicular distance from a point P (in the plane of the line l and point F) to the line
l, then the locus of all points P such that |FP| = e |MP| is called a conic.

The fixed point F is called a focus of the conic and the fixed
line l is called the directrix associated with F. The fixed real
number e (> 0) is called eccentricity of the conic.
In particular, a conic with eccentricity e is called
(i) a parabola iff e = 1 (ii) an ellipse iff e < 1

(iii) a hyperbola iff e > 1.

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 Main facts about the Parabola

y 2 = 4ax , (a>0) x 2 = 4ay , x 2 = − 4ay ,

y = − 4ax , a>0
2

Equations Right hand a>0 a>0

Left hand
Upwards Downwards

Axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0

Eqn. of Directrix x +a = 0 x -a = 0 y +a = 0 y -a = 0

Focus (a, 0) (– a, 0) (0,a) (0, – a)

Vertex (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)

Length of Latus-rectum 4a 4a 4a 4a

Main facts about the Ellipse

x2 y 2
+ = 1 (a > b) x2 y 2
Equation a 2 b2 + = 1 (a < b)
a 2 b2

Eccentricity b2 = a2 (1 – e2 ) a2 = b2 (1 – e2 )
Equation of major axis y=0 x=0
Length of major axis 2a 2b
Equation of minor axis x=0 y=0
length of minor axis 2b 2a
Vertices (± a,0) (0, ± b)
Foci (± ae, 0) (0, ± be)
Equation of Directrices x = ± a/e y = ± b/e

Length of Latus -rectum 2b²/a 2a²/b

Ellipse →

Page 11
 Main facts about the Hyperbola

x2 y2 x2 y 2
− =1 − = −1
Equation a 2 b2 a 2 b2
a > 0, b > 0 a > 0, b > 0
Eccentricity b2 = a2 (e2 – 1) a2 = b2 (e2 – 1)

Equation of transverse axis y=0 x=0

Length of transverse axis 2a 2b

Equation of conjugate axis x=0 y=0

Length of conjugate axis 2b 2a

Vertices (± a,0) (0, ± b)

Foci (± ae, 0) (0, ± be)

Equation of Directrices x = ± a/e y = ± b/e

Length of latus-rectum 2b²/a 2a²/b

Circle
The equation of a circle with centre C(a, b) and radius r is (x − a )2 + ( y − b)2 = r 2

Equation of a circle: x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . Its centre ( − g , − f ) and r = f 2 + g2 − c

*General equation of second degree ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents:

(i) Circle if a = b and h = 0

(ii) Parabola if abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2  0 and h2 − ab = 0

(iii) Ellipse if abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2  0 and h2 − ab  0

(iv) Hyperbola if abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2  0 and h2 − ab  0

Page 12
 Introduction to Three-Dimensional Geometry

Distance, d , between ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is given by d = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )

2

 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz2 + nz1 

Section Formula  , , 
 m+n m+n m+n 

Midpoint Formula  x1 + x2 y +y z +z 
 , 1 2, 1 2
 2 2 2 
Coordinates of the Centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
 x +x +x y +y +y z +z +z 
A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are  1 2 3 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 3  .
 3 3 3 

Limits and Derivatives

xn − an 1 − cos x
lim = na n −1 ; lim
sin x
=1 ; lim =0
x→ a x−a x→ 0 x x→0 x
tan x ex − 1 log (1 + x )
lim =1 ; lim =1 ; lim =1
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
ax − 1 sin −1 x tan −1 x
lim = log e a ; lim =1 ; lim =1
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
A function f ( x) is continuous at x = a iff lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (a) .
x →a x →a

f ( x) − f (a)
A function f ( x) is differentiable at x = a iff lim exists finitely ie.
x→a x−a

f ( a + h) − f ( a ) f ( a − h) − f ( a )
lim = lim .
h →0 h h →0 −h
Some Standard Derivatives

(i ) ( )
d n
dx
x = n x n −1 (ii )
d
dx
( log e x ) =
1
x
(iii)
dx
( )
d x
e = ex

(iv) ( )
d x
dx
a = a x log e a (v )
d
dx
( sin x ) = cos x (vii )
d
dx
( cos x ) = sin x
d d d
(viii ) ( tan x ) = sec2 x (ix) ( cot x ) = − cos ec 2 x ( x) (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx dx dx
d  1  −1
( cos ecx ) = − cos ecx cot x ( xii)   = − 2
d d 1 1
( xi ) ( xii )  = 32
dx dx  x  x dx  x  2 x

Product rule: Quotient rule:

du dv
dy du dv u dy dx
v−u
y = uv then = v+u If y = then = dx
dx dx dx v dx v2

Page 13
 Probability
Number of favorable outcomes in E n( E )
P( E ) = =
Number of possible outcomes in S n( S )

( )
P A = 1 − P ( A) ; P ( A  B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A  B )

( )
P A  B = P ( B) − P ( A B)

Probability of occurrence of exactly one of A and B =

P ( A) + P ( B ) − 2 P ( A  B ) = P ( A  B ) − P ( A  B )

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