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Ragin 1992 Introduction

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Ragin 1992 Introduction

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Conreisut0xs Charles C. Ragin is Professor of Sociology and Political Science at [Nowtoesten Univers. His writings on methodology span mt sesilogy and comparative polite; his substantive work addreses “Ghniy and polite economy His book Te Compare Meta Mew Ing Beyond Quatatise n Quantatoe States won the Sn Roan Prize or eommpratve reste, John Watton Profesor of Sociology and Anthropology atthe Univer ‘iy of California, Davis: He as published various books dates the feds of Third Word development, historical solo eval, and collective action, inclading the avan-wiing eli! Rebs Conga States of Reston ond Uedetpmet His chaple this volume isa reflection on the research tha led to his sg book ‘Wistrn Times and Wr Ws Stat, Cue ed Reon i Calor Diane Vaughan is Assoclate Professor of Sociology at Boston College “Her eseatth areas incl the Soilogyofnganzations,devaner ahd cial conto, ranstons, and qualitative methods She the author of Contain Unnefl Orgnsoal Beso Soc! Cat an Cope “Misonict and Uncovping treing Pons fine Reltinsipe Cat renly she is writing» fstonial ethnography explaining the Cllr tnunch decison and book that develops the ens presented Os ‘Mictel Wieviorka i Dtecteur tudes atthe Ecole des Huts tes tenSclences Sociales in Pals and Deputy Diecor of the Cente Ars yt cnterveton Sologig He the suthor of several BOOKS fncluding The Wiles Moveme with Alain Teursne and ronaas Dube, Sots torerione (Engl ransaton fone fom he University of Chicago Pre and Lcd come orion Whites the autor of thefrthcoming ety and Contr Suc Try of Seca ton (Picton Univers ss, 1982 9 all books on vacancy has onthe ve ef the French pre Set and on src plas nein ners ‘dst ets and soil mobi Curren he cas he Dope ‘mento Sotlgy at Clue Unie Introduction: Cases of “What isa case?” CHARLES C. RAGIN The precept of case analysis Social science methodology sanchona by a numberof hse preces fiat ae nly quan hy pracitoners One peep that ieee to thei of analysis the en of hang cer Sol cei se ems ke" of eases” “ese stay and “empl fs eth ete Iitlecoseation ofthe petro meteors ob inthse tems inthe methods tha ae nes and make conventional [moc uty poss, Fr comple we may dee an inet Since ly beset telescope ee oe ‘ing witout ee consi what const ace y ewhaar Thee are methoolotalydecive diferences beter ese studs nother Lins of stics Another example in qanetatve sear, rove the on "cn anu of ana ten bl Wi th considering the problems tat might come rom coating dt regis and here eateries agin 1879-3). One esencher ‘ry tse oso datacom ses va survey ay nthe may Arne a 0K called Wa Ie Fay? (Gum ad Hole 1990-A ‘En ecample Asad int or iterews of enplyees toca pictucel the formal ogesation a fnn ook sper Hk oe Uatuses interviews of crpopes to ads var np sate tn. ath sts ose interviews of empajen athe primey daa ser tft al he am rhe, ond 8 about emplayeessubjetive sts share tem “cae” and he Soro rms inkl ie once ans sre not we fined a Sin Soc, dept hie widespread tage aed Bar ena fecal scent douse pln sot sacl scifi ois of ae analyse en sotto epost onda nh to permit sing theo cmporbl isons of he se peer Prose, Al's miinwm, os soa scntits Blve Ut 2 WHATISACASE? methods are powerful enough to overwhelm the uniguence nro tljcte and events nthe socal worl. The ea of comparable cases Jini nthe boundary Between dominant forms a socal scence fan ether types of discourse sbont socal Ife (eg ouralism av any qr, history). The atdiences for socal science expect the raul f socal sce investigaton wo be based on Steal ap pris of empiri evidence Use of evidence that Is vepettious and ceive in fer as when is sed om ebervatons of many cases ot ‘of varied ses, hs prove tobe dependable way for soca scietts tosuttaniat ther anments Socal sins who cont cases icsongue tha ther cass ae typi or exemplary or extre or theort ically decisive in some other way. Thus even n coset research the Principle of repetion Is often implicated instalments concerning the featon between the chosen cose and other ease [For an extended Aiscusion of this sue see Fein, Oram, and Sjoberg (292) and ‘special Sjoberg etal 098] ‘No mater which cae or ua ivesigators use in thir empirical analyses they typically invoke additonal units in the presentation af thir esearch, A atalyssof ndviduatevelsuvey data from sa ple of aduls in the United Stats, for example, provides a foundation Foren about indivicils ond about the United Sats Ge ad ton to the range of uns in between thew eo poles ~e oman es, ces, so lates) A study of this type can e sen both a a extensive analyse of many cases the sample of individual) and sa Intensive case sy of the Ute Sates, Further the United Sates may boston ae neat in sever diferent senses For eample I'may beste sea member ofa Inger st of broadly din ebjects (eg, advancad Secletes)o ean instanceof an Smportant thcoreseal concept of PrO™ est (eg, put lapleentation of mertocrate pringpls, oF a a Intrinsic tteresting strc orca entity ins ve righ ‘county thats changing In history spec decsve way). Tis ‘sample shows wel tat while ts tempting to se the cave say 08 2 ype of qualiaive analysis, and perhaps even to equate the to, ‘ill every socal sini study fsa case stay orcan becomes {asa asta oe froma variety viewpoints, Ata minimum, every study s 2 cave sty besos #8 an analysis af soil phenomena Speco me and pace When presnting thr reslts investigators manipust oth mpi col cues thor cases, nd these diferent enses may ary BY Seve at when they are sted or rach arrays and hey may ‘ary in spc. A given body of empirical evidence also cot Be conirte ito 2 vat of fren substantive cases (a ase of mis Intrducton: Cass of “What case?” 3 management, ora cas of overwhelming extemal resins or ace of Inert te) the question "Wht is eos” most soil setts ‘would have to give muliple answers case may be theoreti or Empirical r both it may Bea rlatvly bounded bjt o 9 proces find may be gente and onversal or speci in some way. Asking “What iva case” questions many dlferent aspects of empiri socal Conceptions of “case and social scence discourse “The various wages and meanings fhe om “se he fesenching Amptron of scl scence his fast alone tough tous questioning status The Se abo deserves cml consi ttn be df conceptions ofthe em cs” ate cea 12 the ndring pf batweon quanta and qualitative sol aces ‘The tenn “th ison af many ase methodologies Cat Ive become distor or curuped overtime, They pater sor 2 Foy mateo enn fo ain supe a setimes conti toc anngs, Cons for example therm “ase” A finden ‘ulcofquotve soc cee tha craton sot easton” Sc cnt otiney make sates that one variable as ‘ration in enotey, wh the eience & tse ily on cose ra pte The er “ase uo be ported lip, en ‘overlapping meanings sony when enti llega recacher tho tes Conan evienc that “cause” in the sense of dost Senta np! comecton addres Ge Heke’ dst, Ghaper9)Thetern "ort ofersanoer example Originally, "or. tral pte almost excl to experimental des, wher cas {rs are decly menipate by th svestaor Genes the app Pinter of he tenn con Toye use the em “cont 10 ‘erg wel nthe ajsinets sed on assptons of esa lnc an diy in anni fatally orig at. (A com ‘nly onented overview of se paces ore y iceson GIR Hus wesay tat we ono tay fr thee of pare {SESS cos when we sso the fle of pbleversis privat School attndanae an student performance, when infact we fave no Teal contol tall over who sted which coo. The fer has ben ‘rene nang oer ery feel earch avis. "These holds ue the em "ase" Te view tht qunitatve researcher loo at many css, we gualiaive rsercersfok a ‘only nor sl wie es ct emit onl yal inconsiderate igen what tmenn by ese” The ethnographer 4 Wnartsacase? ‘who interviews the employees ofa fm in oder to uncovers informa ‘organization has at ast a much empirical data a the resenchee who ‘ses thesesame intrvews to construct a data et appropiate for a= Siave assent of variation among, empoyeer im jo satsfotion, ‘Both have data on employees an onthe ie, sd bath produce find- ing speiicin mea place that singe im, Farther oth earch- cas make sense oftheir findings by connecting them fo stale of ther firms. Yet the ethnographer ssn to have but one cave and 40 De tonuuetng » case std, while the quantitative resscher fr ce 25 faving many oes Tn this ight much of what i consent Inge research also mst beseen as asestudy research, and the tendency to coma gua sly ance sty shoul be eit To apply the sane term to vay “ferent metodologsal eonstracs serves only to increase the percep ion thatthe dena kinds of soil sence are neconable ad tat Use practioner speak mutsly unintelligible languages, Were stv for greater lary in what we men By “se” al cere ‘various meanings Ths emendment of current practices wl simply “he task of inking qualitative and quanaive serch an brig | "ehness ad unto the cond social scence Ragin 1993). ‘Conder this hook a fst step in corti this important tsk Collect the conrbutrs have questioned the term “eae” EO 3 “arity of viewpoints ther contbutons otis volme an be sae 2 "he groundivork for ftureelfors toward reining te voor meng cf “ease” AS the contusions show is diffe to ask "What ft ‘se?” without addressing oer bass of socal sent methodology ‘Asking this question intats a logeoverde conversation about the foundations of soil science and Ue meanings of he termi we wo © dese what wed. Conversations abot "What is case?” ‘The conversation about the term “case” presente this volume had ts rigs in other conversations. The ste of eases cme up oem i logie-oanayss workshop that Howard Becker an Ic nthe tran spring of 988 This patclar workshop had ie origins sloth exchanges, based on our shared reac othe unexamined ‘Salus ofthe ease n social cence methodology. ‘This peculiar sta ofthe “eas” Was lat to me in ny work The Conpartve Mta Ragin 18) that work showed how coneen- tional vaviableoiested comparative work fe quantitative cos rational research) as compart with cise rene sompatative woth Introduction: Cass of "What i a nse?” 5 tsembodies and bacuecte nanos vrae crete work ns tos beginby defn the prblem away th alowsexannation than css Conve arp or bserstons tho the Spon the relevant worblen noted fo there concep a fray ey colt formation onthe vais uly ne ari {ste not one esr te tne ao ht pt on the gge of ovals ond heels engtem donate ese press “Therein underlying of eve ene snp year potters of cvs ne set bere a averaged es FRany cass at by staying how din fers cto griherin inven, The atematve caseientd apo places cs, not variables centr singe, Dut wha i is? Compare socal sone has 2 ‘tyne onto ern he gs rein ines and tne pets dlioe cs oy aly fr Weld Wat sn Eompurtve ond stk scl scien, hee ta fmg Madion of Stoding individu cuntce or wef teil or emprcaly ‘ined ounta concred comperble see Th coentonaied atu of the newer n macs ngiy deine to conta “inicanented nd ce end approaches I could sts ely {amu however tot cout but ter pre an const ingen sequences oe cvs bce Abb’ contton Chapee 0 that goer macsoel censor har oncom 8 MC Tete arenes What ce pbc even Whee ‘Ceechew ar enfonted at every tum by big ering omy ‘Shutted muse nisch act “Te pou of “Wa sce” is een ore crac when the conto teen vrblearits nd case onated spp ta fened 1 ner eam domi, Because inmost sch aes he ‘Mowers ats commented soc 9 oor wre? Bera declan in Chaper 1) Te oto st queton for Sse sol mowemants an the fate eh Shinajsive Usted Sots ona data sy of many eases ii fa) ov ove ce ie Unio Saa? As posh my Hens abot nent sro nt nw stan fx hat ha iota new question about ses The gical analy wokahop Meda god seting oregon thee ations ovr Becker bight any qvstons abot cases the work shop, too. scone vila mith mine tae ie uate {peeChaptrs) nthe work ond tris the symposia where ‘SSypinths volume wren peste be ersten pil 0, ‘St fom dr ay posible cscs about "What 8 ae” Pom 6 — Wuarisacase? 1s perspetive to begin marth witha confident notion of “What sa {Ese Cr mor reel wnt hth oer pet nce a isCounterpreictive Stn prance ae Hay spe om eptal development Rscrchesprbubly wl ot Law wht he {tes arn he eserh inching the of wang up esl ‘evil completed Wht oof wil cece padi some {ies aay an the ial aliaton othe ca te maybe ‘hemos important part ofthe anton beeen kas nn eve tn shor, Becher wanted to make research continu ak ‘quston "What tira ese of? Te ls sue tht reaches are ther arr th eter hr arch may be Fo tis perspace odbitive ane tothe quson "Wha sv ie” oe sad fe ren apc ot atthe ote, tease Hae The suon Sehr aed ain od gi nd acs hl susie the question a teftve snd pete to the evden a sues at han. Working trogh the sion of Hens fo cvonce a swerthequston “What hie case" Ths whe hoped the sesh would bing the stro an ansver ‘0 my questions about ase, Becker my c-inprsion hop 0 8p the question onthe or snanswere, These contrasting retato stad for atively workshop, wth some prtpant shag my conee for aie, however tentative ad inept, and key sh Baker's concern for oop the suon sive SU we alle workshop with song sense of sins fsness Ts sons ht shri cs mine om the Wp at mary motivation fr ogniing a synpesiam on hee We decided tke the convertion abet ces ang by posing he gplon toa seat group of eight socal eet the lof 96,10 ‘flowed by a spon om fhe opin he fang spig Our roan section princes ee avery ane orga Con ng {gt divese ec cents tome to Nordesem Unverat and le thr thoughts on "Wnt ese™ was ener tian we ad ‘nlpte. Potts prune wie nga to ikea cnc at ust As. ie we sgt the lloing tole to cut Pr Pts as psi tse ordisn 1 Amd oe okt Lo ct ve chsh get EER eibmsheconscler angie Introduction: Cases of “What sa cnse?” 7 5. The mip between assis fas aaa of rach {Toe boundary bevecn scl ose oe en of our ond hepa necompt heen upp ts bay Whisnant oe ty? ue tre prods cileton of canting answers the question “What nacane and anavalanche of ew questions well Daringthe today conference, which involved ot only the vie scholars But abo many of he original worktop portant and Hvly group of seta ym Neha rien he cag are twas dif o separate x questions gba cae om Seite say of sac concn the fauna of modern bs Scene methodologies “The present colin of sys inches leg repre speci «ily forthe sympostum, However, the esys have bom medi i response tothe soso the symm and in esponse to ach ‘lber ssl Stating points for answering “Whats ase?” ‘one dscusing the fen pons, i important fo note ha ‘one the symposia ppt ofr what mh cose ‘Snr saves the question, For ample po ore usted tthe! niduno hee that soca fect be der ‘ec ont om te perpetve of nds oo Nord any the partcpate step fo dated tetbook ements of ses en tha thre ze pops ese (obsersatns) “ut ee” waiting {or scsi anaes. weve acepance ofthis poston imple in Licbersons ean see Chapter 4) No did anyone endorse thetden hatte dfn ot stor poplin of esc wes the purely [rc ok pei to each reach endewor of dining the wh ‘ese of posi relevant or compara observations When sampling “ie for dacsson the sys, the primary fos sot theo or purpsivesmpling ot oom smn FO 9 pope lation Coeresponingy sae wil caso en sat ‘ng poploion pater The conesp ofthe cv” geal ror ‘otto the conta ofthe pop” andthe conesp "the vat ale" Inacontet where the concept of he case” eae problema, these other conepe appear impenetrable While the anor What a ae? wae dvs they dle common theme Frtipante sed hat the sepa as 8 Wnaris acase? funvdameatat tthe conduct of soc scence and that it has a special tinvamined stats They agreed niveau ces arse tho qoeton “What fs cas” in emarkably ferent ways and hat nse oth gueston affect the conduct ard els of research, And {i speed that canes maybe multpeina given pice of researc: What theca may change bh Inthe hand ofthe scarcer ring he Couae ofthe research and when the ests are presented and ands of the researchers aon This general agreement onthe importance and indeterminate ate ‘ofthe on “cn shold ot be tena evidence that ting Ae nce in emphases do nt exist song the eight responses I at the Ailernces are dramatic. At the most genera level the contributions iter tnt sila no cere is fora elton on resench experiences. Four ofthe eight conbations focus on ertgies of common practices, and four fos on tei on ‘experince. Croscting ths descriptive dichotomy, however more anda ferences which reflect ifeent starting pont fo am ering the question. To ndertand these diferent starting pint ‘onside two hey dichotomies in oy cases ae conc (0) whethet they are seen as involving empirical units or theoretical consiract td {G)whether hen tur ane understood os genes or speae “Tei ichotomy (wheter the question fesesnvolvesempiical tnt or thor exter) i common in discussions of socal ferce methodology and overaps withthe piosophicaditntion be foreen reli and nominal. Rel belee tal there are casts (Gore or kes empltaly verifiable a such) “ot there” Nominalists thnk cases are thort conse that exist primary 0 serve the inert ie Ari ene ier ie Fe aly dscoverable- A norsnai ses esa the consauences oF > sor of conventions = “The second dichotomy concerns the generality of case categories Are cate designations specie (eg the “authonavian peronalty” or the antneoolnial evolution’) ad develope nthe cours of esearch (4 trough in-depth interviews or hori eseoc or ave they general eg indus, arin, cies, fm sa ela exteral tothe condi of race? n many ares of crc, geri Unis are convetinaly ented sce, acl cae eager re neither ound tor dtived in the couse of earch Tey eur prior o researc aed tr collectively reogzed oe vad uns by at kt tse of Sokal ‘eins Specie ase aegis, by contrat emerge or ae deine inthe eure of the research ole What the sec set 9 ease ‘ot may net be known unt afer most ofthe empirical part ofthe Intraducton: Cases of "What a ense?” ° “Tuble La, Cones np frances to “Wn x ae” Ce ‘Accmptialunie x Chmsarefound 2, Chava ‘pen Wasp) cose ered Sonata post is comple. To a ited eet this sco dichotomy over [ope with he qusiaivequantative divide in sca science The cases ti quanitatve rear edt exit os conventions, gener cate igre independent of any particular rsa effort The case of qual [ive meet td fo conse a pec ntgores im the course ofthe fescich What fthis= the neh suet a ese 0 sa question ‘hats best ased in qualitative socal sence “The cow buat of thee to dichotomies (Table) yk four posible snting points fr answer the question "What a case” {Consider the nate af “ass” om the perspective of eich cll of the ‘oneal Cal Cas aro I the ft quadrant sears se eases as empiraly cl ana Bude, bat spc, They mst be end and ‘Stblaed a ues inthe course ofthe earch pass Amecrcer ay lieve tat "york aster nets of nteracting and interdependent ‘ua seis) ve uname portant emp is fr ule landing te story of oman socal ornate therfore may ck to detrine the epi boundaries of various strc ward sens (Gert, through eden te in bul gods betwen prope of difrng etre). Rsearchos ho append casts i this way” Semen ofthe empl! bounding of eas a a neal arto the erah pss Amang the ight ontbuton, the coe bate of {how fens Done Harper Chapter) Harpers he mp ‘eal commoniy” probit and attpts to date unis Indy tag indidale Comemaniss are Bounded I cll ‘waysdependingn the mtr and he boweary of ge community rnaybefuidand eerdtangng al: Cass nats. Inthe sean qa aso vow eases a empnaly reals bourdd, Bu elmo nae to very 10 WHATISacasE? thei existence or etal their empirical boundaries in the course of the research proces, because caer are general and conventional These esr usally base hee ce deagnatons om exit dei none present in esac Ieratures A researcher inerested ne Planing contemporacy international inequality, for example, would [evpt nations (a conventionally defined as appropriate cases for fis or her analysis. Often coupled tt this vw fan Sstumental siti toward esses they ext to be manipulated by investigators. Diane Vghan’scontbatton (Chaper 8) fers the best example oF this approach Her empirical ese are conventional nits sch as on "entons an fami Sho apps that by exploring generic processes (sg misconduct sere diferent typeof generic empiri unis. families and formal onganeaton) i possible to develop beter theres Ci: Coses aren. Researchers in this quadrant ste cases specie tneortal conse which coalesce in te corse ofthe fe sorch. Neither empirical nor given they are gradally imposed on “mpi evidence they tke shape nthe course ofthe research ‘ul invetgnto neste nfm for example, would sy many posable instances of tranny This instigation might lend to a Ken [iston of a nosant subset of instance wll may common chat clerics, hich might be conceived nt, asc ofthe same hig (egy a» eaves of “patina prvtriniam’ or ay cass of “modern ‘yranny”)Intection feteen ten nd evidence resus na Progr sive refinement ofthe esse conceived a 9 Hectic construct At the Start ofthe esearch # may note a all art sca ea oF will ‘iced Constracing exes doesnot ntl determining tel empiri tal imi a incl, but ater pinpointing and then demonstrating, thei theoreti sigiconce Michel Wiewiorka's conten (Chap ter7)offersa gost example ofthis understanding of case as does ohn Walon’ se Chapter 5) Weviora’s essay shows how the interaction tof idens and evidence in hie research on terrorism made possible fr him to klenttyitssocelogially decisive features il Cassar consti. Final inthe fount quadrant searchers sce cases ar eer theoretic ons, bu nevertheless ‘iw thse constrictions asthe proce of callie schol work Sint interaction and therfore as extra to any Parise weSarch | ‘tort A researcher for example might conduct research on “indus Socitas” recognizing thatthe assignment of empiri coses to ths Theoretical category fs problematic and tht the Corel eategory Introduction: Cases of "What is case?” n itself ext prnsily couse of collective schol interest In this tow, canes fe geil Usontal constr at strate ways of “fein socal lien dng al sence, Thy oe the calles rod trvof the scl scent commuaity and thas sped cortain the frctice of sci ciegce. This wee f eases te bss for Jenifer Fits contibuion (Chapter Among other things she shows hoe ths cue of given sy may shit over me otal asians thange in scl scence a pst work selectively recnstace by thesia sentient Th fourfold divston of ese concrptins sot absolute. A ree ‘ould both use conventions empress, accepting them fsnprely val (cl 3), and try openerate new thereialeategories tr cue cof (3) the courve of ho ho esearch Pros tions with conventional ease defatins and rata (el could ed ‘euchers tanta ther epi tots and to define cases and thei boundaries sh'2 more inductive eae ll). Jn fot no ‘escich involves lip wes of xs, as spoicor general tant ‘ietegoris andl as specific general rp units These mulile {es our bess esearch combines theoreti and empl aay= So an theo Kinds of anaes need ot ose parallel cases or units The poi of Table 11s not to exabisk boundaries Belen ferent [Endo each bt toenail coneeptl map foe inking iferent approaches othe question of ess “Thecight answers ‘As note independent of starting pin the contibuons spt ually int oo main frou. The ist our are eqs of conventional rae ties The seco four age analyse of reson experiences Tenner Plt (Chapters) searches rend expanses of the terain of soci esearch in her efor expe the diverse ways socal Use the tem ease” This sweep inindes oth guaitve and quaniiative tempi research oa the pst oil present She uncovers arpa Tite onisncy. Both empire nd that ns re mpl within ost resench ets and invesigatrs only exasinely em com ome to alc theoetcal esses and empirical cases. For ape Such theorizing abut social lesen as tees has occured ver he story of sociology snd policl scence. Yet many rocent effort 10 sady chests empl Use survey data om spl of resides {often males nl and ifr eases and thelr caractristis by age sping the craters of individuals The distance between thee [rfl static constuction sn the theoreti etegrin are obvi ses 4a WHat ts AcASE? custy grat, expcily when viewed fom the Mart perspective of ‘Shoes: Neto ators Yt ths way of sting classe as beme ‘Siren’ (Pit 18) Another confounding ator in aoc ‘Sretts uses of esis whether investigators ace the rscarch seth, Tat asa meaning historical ens (og Great Ba nthe 7) {ist ne among mony pose equvalen tings for rech Fein se) Pat aso ote hin many sods eral {rguments depend on evidence about ater cases in other sists {Recvidence tne to spor condom say be secondhand ot even {Bid Reece fay woncrct ments rm coasts e- teen thei ces and thre of other rearcher, even Whe his ontrast involves using seotary cases n ways that cnt with bai ‘igus, This fete of scl earch neracores the coma nite of se sen socal sence, “Are Alot’ cue of conventional practices (Chapter 2 - oss the tendency or most soll est to conte the dicho tof “population orl 8) vers “ese stay with he dichotomy of equal analy? vers “raetiveacroun” He argues hat soca Scents shoul conduct narrative analysts acre many cases, Mer Alsecting several “population any” sade GargeN, variable tented ivestatins, Abbot conclades tha thee conventional forms Stanly eanotsyematcly aes seton agence compox tent sqoences Thee ste Geer aes cing oly re tndad hoe eayeForexample some erson othe sation oor model nay be invoked to exphinan anomalous sata tations. Abbot

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