SYSTEM ANALYSIS ASSINGNMENT 1,2,3

GLEN MURAYI 21/O7581

TOWN CAMPUS

Waterfall-also referred to as a linear sequential life cycle.

It illustrates the software development process in a linear sequential flow. This means that any phase in
the development process only begins if the previous phase is complete.

Waterfall model; the whole process of software development is divided into separate phase . An
illustration of the waterfall model

Requirement
analysis

System
design
Implementation

Testing

Deployment

maintenance

Advantages of waterfall model

Simple and easy to use and understand

Clearly defined stages

Easy to arrange tasks

Well understood milestone

Disadvantages

High amount of risk and uncertainty

Difficult measure progress within stages

Cannot accommodate changing requirements

Adjusting scope during a life cycle can end the project

Spiral- combines the idea of iterative development with systematic, controlled aspects of the
waterfall model. Has four phases - identification-starts with gathering the business
requirements in the baseline spiral. Design-starts with the conceptual design in the baseline
spiral and involves architectural design, logical design of modules, physical product design
Construct or build-refers to production of the actual software product at every spiral
Evaluation and Risk Analysis-includes identifying, estimating and monitoring the technical
feasibility and management risks.
The spiral model is applicable when there is a budget constraint and risk evaluation is
important, for medium and high risk projects
Advantages
Changing requirement can be accommodated
Allows extensive use of prototypes
Users see the system early
Requirement can be captured and accommodated
Disadvantages
Management is more complex
Process is complex
Spiral may go on indefinitely
End of the project may not be known early

Iterative/Incremental-starts with a simple implementation of the small set of software

requirements and it enhances the evolving versions until the complete system is implemented
and ready to deploy. The model design starts with a simple implementation of a subset of the
software requirements. This model is most used in the following scenarios.
Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood.
There is a time to the market constraint.
There are some high risk feature and goals which may change in the future
Advantages

Parallel development can be planned.

Results are obtained early and periodically.

Progress can be measured

Less costly to change the scope/requirements

Easier to manage risk

Risk analysis is better

It supports changing requirements

Disadvantages

More resources may be required

More management attention is required

Not suitable for smaller projects

End of a project may not be known which is a risk

1. Rapid application development(RAD) include tools used JAD and CASE

RAD is a type of software development that does not dedicate a lot of time or resources on
planning uses a method of prototyping to introduce the product
Application of RAD –
When the system can be modularized and then distributed in a divided form
When a prototype is expected by the customer within two to three months
Used if there is a high availability of designers for modelling
Used if the budget permits use of automated code generating tools
Advantages
Changing requirement can be accommodated
Progress can be measured
Reduced development time
Quick initial reviews occur
Disadvantages
Requires highly skilled developers
High dependency on modelling skills
Management complexity is more
Computer aided software engineering (CASE)
Case tools that support each phase of SDLC
Upper CASE-support the early phases of the cycle
Lower CASE-support the implementation phases of the life cycle
Life cycle spanning CASE –support the entire SDLC (integrated CASE)

Advantages
Allow precision to be replicated
Increased speed
Increased accuracy
Reduced lifetime maintenance
Joint application development
Brings owners, users, analysts ,designers and builders to define and design the system using
organized and intensive workshops
Advantages
Saves time and cost by replacing months of traditional interview
Lead to development of design creatively
Prototyping-refers to building software application prototypes which displays the functionality
of the product under development
Steps followed used to design a software
Basic requirement identification
Developing the initial prototype
Review of the prototype
Revise and enhance the prototype

Software prototyping types

Throwaway/rapid prototyping
Evolutionary prototyping
Extreme prototyping
Incremental prototyping

Prototyping application-is most useful in development of systems having high level of users
interactions such as online systems
Advantages
Missing functionality can be identified easily.
Quick user feedback is available leading to better solutions
reduces time and cost as the defects can be detected much earlier
disadvantages
users may get confused in the prototypes and actual systems
effort invested building prototypes may be too much if not monitored properly
risk of the insufficient requirement analysis owing to too much dependency on the prototypes

Agile-practice that promotes iteration of the development lifecycle of the project

Its divided into six phases

 Requirement gathering
 Design the requirement
 Construction
 Testing-include scrum, crystal, extreme programming
 Deployment
 Feedback
Application of agile
When frequent changes are required
When project size is small
When a highly qualified and experienced team is available
Advantages
Face to face communication
Anytime time changes are acceptable
Frequent delivery
Disadvantages
Creates confusion and crucial decisions taken can be misinterpretated at any time by different
members

Joint application development

Brings owners, users, analysts ,designers and builders to define and design the system using
organized and intensive workshops
Advantages
Saves time and cost by replacing months of traditional interview
Lead to development of design creatively