RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND IPR -22MBA23

MODULE 6 NOTES

Module – 6 9 hours
Intellectual Property Rights: Meaning and Concepts of Intellectual Property, Nature and
Characteristics of Intellectual Property, Origin and Development of Intellectual Property,
Kinds of Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property System in India, IPRs- Invention and
Creativity- Intellectual Property-Importance and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
(IPRs)- A brief summary of: Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, TRIPS and TRIMS , Industrial
Designs- Integrated Circuits-Geographical Indications-Establishment of WIPO Application
and Procedures.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS:

Intellectual Property Rights are legal rights that protect creations of the mind, such as
inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce.
Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are legal protections granted to individuals or entities for
their intellectual creations or innovations. These rights grant exclusive ownership and control
over the use, distribution, and commercial exploitation of these creations. These rights are
designed to encourage and reward innovation, creativity, and originality by giving creators
control over the use of their intellectual creations. IPRs allow creators to prevent others from
using, reproducing, or profiting from their inventions, artistic works, designs, and other
intellectual creations without permission.
Rights to protect the intellect of humans are known as Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs).
• Intellectual Property (IP) refers to intangible creations of the human mind that have
value and can be protected by law. These creations include inventions, literary and
artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce.
• The concept of Intellectual Property is built upon the understanding that individuals'
innovative and creative efforts should be acknowledged and protected, encouraging
further innovation and fostering economic growth.
• Intellectual Property Rights give creators and inventors the legal right to own and
control their creations.
• This exclusivity enables creators to monetize their creations, recover costs, and earn
returns on their investments.

CONCEPTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:

• Intellectual Property (IP) refers to intangible creations of the human mind that have
value and can be protected by law. These creations include inventions, literary and
artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce.
 • The concept of Intellectual Property is built upon the understanding that individuals'
innovative and creative efforts should be acknowledged and protected, encouraging
further innovation and fostering economic growth.
• IPRs provide creators with exclusive rights to their creations for a specified period.

THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INTELLECTUAL

PROPERTY (IP):
• Intangible Creation: Intellectual Property refers to creations of the mind, such as
ideas, inventions, artistic works, designs, and symbols. Unlike physical property, IP
doesn't have a tangible form but exists as concepts, designs, or expressions.
• Exclusive Rights: IP grants creators and inventors’ exclusive rights to their creations.
These rights include the ability to use, reproduce, distribute, and license their
intellectual property. Others need permission to use or reproduce the IP.
• Monopoly and Limited Duration: IP rights provide a temporary monopoly, allowing
creators to control and profit from their creations for a specific period. This encourages
creators to share their innovations while protecting their investment.
• Incentive for Innovation: IP rights incentivize individuals and companies to invest
time, effort, and resources into developing new ideas and products. The prospect of
exclusive rights and potential returns on investment drives innovation. The potential for
financial gain through licensing, selling, or monetizing IP assets incentivizes
individuals and companies to invest in innovation.
• Protection of Investment: IP protection ensures that creators can recover their costs
and earn profits from their creations. This protection prevents others from benefiting
without contributing to the development.
• Economic Value: Intellectual Property often holds significant economic value. It can
be sold, licensed, or used as collateral for loans. IP rights can contribute to a company's
valuation and competitiveness.
• Diverse Types of IP: IP encompasses various categories, including patents
(inventions), copyrights (literary and artistic works), trademarks (distinctive symbols),
trade secrets (confidential information), and industrial designs (aesthetic aspects).
• Global Recognition: Intellectual Property is recognized internationally, and many
countries have established laws and regulations to protect it. International agreements
and organizations like the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) facilitate
cross-border protection.
• Balancing Public Interest: While granting exclusive rights, IP systems also aim to
balance the interests of creators and the public. After a certain period, IP rights expire,
allowing creations to enter the public domain for broader societal benefit.
• Cultural and Social Impact: Intellectual Property extends beyond economic aspects.
It plays a role in preserving cultural heritage, supporting creative expression, and
promoting the exchange of ideas.
• Evolution and Adaptation: IP laws and concepts evolve to keep pace with
technological advancements, societal changes, and new forms of creativity.
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:
The concept of intellectual property (IP) has been around for centuries. The earliest known
example of IP protection is from ancient Egypt, where bakers were granted a monopoly on the
production of bread for a year.
In the Middle Ages, guilds and trade associations began to protect the rights of their members
to their inventions and creative works. In the 17th century, the first modern patent laws were
enacted in England and France.
The modern system of IP protection is based on two international treaties: the Paris Convention
for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) and the Berne Convention for the Protection of
Literary and Artistic Works (1886). These treaties have been signed by over 190 countries and
have helped to harmonize IP laws around the world.

The main types of IP protection are:

• Patents: Protect inventions, such as new products, processes, and machines.
• Copyright: Protects literary and artistic works, such as books, songs, movies, and
paintings.
• Trademarks: Protects words, symbols, and designs that identify the source of goods or
services.
• Trade secrets: Protect confidential information, such as recipes, formulas, and business
plans.
IP protection is important for a number of reasons. It encourages innovation and creativity by
giving inventors and creators the exclusive right to exploit their works. It also helps to ensure
that consumers are not misled by counterfeit goods or services.
The development of IP law has been a complex and ongoing process. As new technologies
emerge, new challenges to IP protection arise. However, the basic principles of IP protection
remain the same: to encourage innovation and creativity, and to protect the rights of inventors
and creators.

Here are some of the key events in the development of intellectual property
law:
1421: The first modern patent is granted in Venice, Italy.
1624: The first English patent law is enacted.
1790: The first U.S. patent law is enacted.
1883: The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is
signed.
1886: The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works is signed.
1967: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is established.
 1994: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS) is adopted by the World Trade Organization.
The development of intellectual property law is a continuing process. As new technologies
emerge, new challenges to IP protection arise. However, the basic principles of IP protection
remain the same: to encourage innovation and creativity, and to protect the rights of inventors
and creators.

KINDS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:

PATENTS:
Patents are a form of intellectual property (IP) protection that grants inventors exclusive rights
to their inventions for a specified period, typically 20 years from the date of filing.
• Exclusive Rights: Patents provide inventors with the exclusive right to make, use, and
sell their invention for a certain period, preventing others from doing so without
permission.
• Novelty: To be eligible for a patent, an invention must be novel, meaning it is not
publicly disclosed or known prior to the patent application filing date.
• Usefulness: The invention must have a practical and useful application. It should serve
a specific purpose or solve a particular problem.
• Non-Obviousness: The invention must not be obvious to someone skilled in the
relevant field.
• Disclosure: In exchange for exclusive rights, patent applicants are required to disclose
the details of their invention in a patent application. This information becomes part of
the public domain.
• Limited Duration: Patents have a limited duration, typically 20 years from the date of
filing, after which the invention enters the public domain, and others can use it freely.

COPYRIGHT:
Copyright is a form of intellectual property protection that grants creators exclusive rights over
their original works. Copyright protects original literary, artistic, musical, and dramatic works,
as well as other intellectual creations fixed in a tangible medium of expression. It gives the
creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, and display their work. Copyright
protection typically lasts for the life of the creator plus 60 years in India.
• Scope of Protection: Copyright protects a wide range of creative works, including
literary works (such as books and articles), artistic works (paintings and sculptures),
musical compositions, and dramatic works (plays and scripts).
• Exclusive Rights: Copyright provides creators with a bundle of exclusive rights,
including the right to reproduce their work, distribute copies, publicly perform or
display the work.
• Duration of Protection: Copyright protection typically lasts for the life of the creator
plus 60 years after their death.
• Public Domain: When copyright protection expires, the work enters the public domain,
meaning it can be freely used, copied, and distributed by the public without restrictions.
TRADEMARK:
A trademark is a legal symbol, name, slogan, or distinctive sign that a company or individual
uses to identify and distinguish their goods or services from those of others in the
marketplace.
• Protection: Trademarks are used to protect the intellectual property of a brand. They
ensure that consumers can easily recognize and differentiate between products or
services from different sources.
• Elements of Trademarks: Trademarks can include various elements such as logos,
brand names, product names, slogans, and even sounds or colours, as long as they are
distinctive and serve as identifiers.
• Distinctiveness: To be eligible for trademark protection, a mark must be distinctive,
meaning it should not be a common or generic term. It should be capable of uniquely
identifying the source of the goods or services.
• Renewal: Trademarks can be renewed indefinitely as long as they are actively used and
maintained according to the laws and regulations of the jurisdiction in which they are
registered. Renewal typically involves paying a renewal fee at regular intervals.
• Jurisdiction: Trademarks are typically registered and protected at the national or
regional level. For example, in the United States, the United States Patent and
Trademark Office (USPTO) grants trademark protection. In the European Union, the
European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) manages trademark
registrations.
• Enforcement: Trademark owners have the right to enforce their trademark rights by
taking legal action against individuals or entities that use their trademark without
permission (trademark infringement).
• Benefits: Trademarks provide various benefits, including brand recognition, brand
loyalty, and legal protection against infringement. They also add value to a company's
assets and can be licensed or sold.

TRADE SECRETS
Trade secrets are valuable, confidential pieces of information that give a company a
competitive edge in the marketplace. These can encompass a wide range of proprietary
information, including but not limited to manufacturing processes, customer lists, formulas,
recipes, marketing strategies, and software algorithms.
• Confidentiality: The critical characteristic of a trade secret is its confidentiality. The
information must be kept secret and not be generally known or easily ascertainable by
others outside the company. Maintaining strict confidentiality is essential to maintain
trade secret protection.
• Competitive Advantage: Trade secrets provide a competitive advantage because they
offer something unique or proprietary that competitors do not have access to. This can
lead to increased market share, higher profits, and market dominance.
• Protection Duration: Unlike trademarks or patents, which have fixed terms of
protection, trade secrets can theoretically last indefinitely as long as the information
remains confidential. However, if the information becomes publicly known or is
obtained by others through improper means, the protection is lost.
 • Legal Protections: Trade secrets are protected under various laws and regulations,
including the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) in the United States. These laws
provide legal remedies and damages for the unauthorized acquisition, use, or disclosure
of trade secrets.
• Enforcement: Companies that hold trade secrets have the legal right to take action
against individuals or entities that steal, misuse, or disclose their confidential
information, often through litigation.
• Security Measures: Companies take various measures to protect their trade secrets, such
as implementing access controls, requiring employees and contractors to sign non-
disclosure agreements (NDAs), and maintaining strict security protocols.
• Economic Value: Trade secrets can be incredibly valuable assets for a company. They
can be a source of revenue through licensing agreements or a significant bargaining
chip in business negotiations.
• International Variations: While the concept of trade secrets is recognized
internationally, the specific laws and regulations governing trade secrets can vary from
one country to another. Companies operating globally must navigate these differences
to protect their confidential information.

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN:
Industrial design refers to the appearance or ornamental aspects of a product, including its
shape, surface, colour, texture, and other visual elements. It encompasses both two-dimensional
designs (e.g., patterns or ornamentation) and three-dimensional designs (e.g., the shape of a
product).
• Protection Period: The duration of protection for industrial designs varies from
country to country but typically ranges from 15 to 25 years.
• Exclusive rights: During this period, the holder of the design rights has exclusive rights
to use, make, sell, or license the design.
• The protection period for industrial designs in India is 10 years from the date of
registration. This protection period can be extended for an additional period of 5 years,
subject to the payment of renewal fees. Therefore, in India, you can potentially have
protection for a total of 15 years for your industrial design.
• Register: The companies must register their industrial designs with the relevant
intellectual property office to obtain protection. The registration process typically
involves submitting drawings, images, or other representations of the design.
• Scope of Protection: Industrial design rights protect against the unauthorized copying
or imitation of the protected design.
• To be eligible for protection, the design must be novel and have individual character,
meaning it must differ significantly from prior designs.
• Enforcement: If someone infringes on an industrial design right, the holder of the right
can take legal action to stop the infringement and seek remedies, including damages
In summary, industrial design rights are crucial for protecting the aesthetic elements of products
and encouraging innovation in design. They offer creators and companies a means to safeguard
their visual designs from unauthorized copying and imitation, ultimately fostering creativity
and competition in the marketplace.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS:
In India, Geographical Indications are defined under the Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. According to this act, a GI is defined as "an indication
which identifies goods as agricultural goods, natural goods, or manufactured goods as
originating, or manufactured in the territory of a country, or a region or locality in that territory,
where a given quality, reputation, or other characteristic of such goods is essentially attributable
to its geographical origin."
• Registration: To obtain GI protection in India, producers or organizations representing
the interests of producers can apply for the registration of a geographical indication.
The application is typically made to the Geographical Indications Registry, which is
part of the Indian Patent Office. Once registered, the GI is protected, and only producers
from the specified geographical area can use it to label their products.
• Protection: GIs in India are protected against unauthorized use, imitation, or misuse.
Only products that meet the specific criteria associated with the GI and are produced
within the designated geographical area can use the GI label.
• Promotion: India has taken steps to promote and market products bearing geographical
indications. The goal is to create awareness and recognition of these products, boost
their market value, and support the local economies of the regions involved.
• Examples: India has numerous products with geographical indications, reflecting the
country's diverse culture and geography. Some examples include Darjeeling tea,
Alphonso mangoes, Kanchipuram silk sarees, and more. These products are known for
their unique qualities and are associated with specific regions in India.
Geographical Indications play a significant role in preserving and promoting traditional
knowledge, culture, and heritage associated with specific regions. They offer protection to
producers and help consumers make informed choices based on the quality and authenticity of
products linked to a particular geographic origin.

IMPORTANCE AND PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

RIGHTS (IPRS):

Intellectual Property (IP) is a critical component of modern economies and plays a pivotal role
in driving innovation, creativity, and economic growth. The importance of intellectual property
rights (IPRs) and their protection can be summarized in several key points:

• Incentive for Innovation and Creativity: IPRs provide creators, inventors, and
innovators with exclusive rights to their creations, inventions, and ideas.
• Fostering Economic Growth: By protecting IP, countries can attract investment,
encourage entrepreneurship, and create jobs in industries such as technology,
entertainment, pharmaceuticals, and more. IP often represents a substantial portion of a
nation's GDP.
 • Promoting Competition: IPRs also encourage competition by protecting the rights of
innovators and creators. In a competitive market, the promise of exclusive rights for a
limited period encourages other players to develop alternative, improved, or
complementary products or services.
• Consumer Confidence: Intellectual property protection ensures the quality and
authenticity of products and services. Consumers can have confidence that a product
with a trademark or copyright, for example, meets certain quality standards and is not
a counterfeit or pirated version.
• Technological Progress: Patents and other IP rights disclose valuable technical
information to the public, contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and further
technological progress. Inventors share their discoveries in exchange for temporary
exclusivity.
• Cultural Preservation: Copyright and related IP rights protect the cultural heritage of
a society by providing incentives for the creation and dissemination of artistic and
cultural works. This preservation of cultural diversity and expression is essential for the
enrichment of societies.
• Global Trade and Investment: Intellectual property rights facilitate international trade
and investment. Companies often rely on IP protection when expanding into global
markets, as it provides security for their investments and assets.
• Licensing and Collaboration: IPRs enable licensing and collaboration agreements,
allowing creators and innovators to monetize their IP by granting others permission to
use, manufacture, or distribute their intellectual property. This can lead to the
development of new products and technologies.
• Protection Against Infringement: IPRs provide legal remedies against those who
infringe on intellectual property rights. This includes seeking injunctions, damages, and
other legal actions against individuals or entities that unlawfully copy, use, or profit
from protected IP.
• Long-Term Value: Intellectual property can have enduring value. Patents, copyrights,
and trademarks can be valuable assets for individuals, businesses, and even
governments. They can be bought, sold, or licensed, contributing to wealth and
investment opportunities.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SYSTEM IN INDIA

India has a comprehensive legal framework for intellectual property (IP) protection and
enforcement. The primary legislation governing IP in India includes various acts, rules, and
international treaties. Here is an overview of the key components of the intellectual property
system in India:
1. Intellectual Property Rights:
• Patents: The Patents Act, 1970, governs patent protection in India. It provides for the
grant of exclusive rights to inventors for their inventions. India is also a signatory to the
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and grants patents in accordance with international
standards. In India, patents are granted for a period of 20 years from the date of filing.
• Copyrights: The Copyright Act, 1957, protects literary, artistic, and musical works, as
well as cinematographic films and sound recordings. Copyright protection in India lasts
 for the lifetime of the author plus 60 years. The Copyright Board deals with copyright-
related matters.
• Trademarks: The Trademarks Act, 1999, governs trademark registration and
protection in India. The Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks
administers trademark registrations. India is also a member of the Madrid Protocol for
international trademark registration.
• Designs: Design protection is governed by the Designs Act, 2000. It covers the
registration and protection of industrial designs. Registered designs are protected for
ten years, renewable for an additional five years.
• Geographical Indications (GIs): The Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, protects the geographical indications of goods
originating from specific regions or localities in India. It prevents unauthorized use of
these indications on products not originating from those regions.
• Plant Varieties: The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act,
2001, provides for the protection of plant varieties and the rights of farmers. It
establishes the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority
(PPV&FRA).
• Trade Secrets and Confidential Information: While India does not have specific
legislation for trade secrets, protection is available under common law principles. Non-
disclosure agreements and contracts are commonly used to protect confidential
information.
2. Enforcement and Dispute Resolution: India has specialized IP courts and tribunals to
handle IP disputes. The Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) was responsible for
hearing appeals from decisions of the patent and trademark offices; however, it has been
dissolved, and appeals now go directly to the High Courts. The Commercial Courts Act,
2015, provides for speedy resolution of IP disputes in commercial courts.
3. International Agreements: India is a party to various international IP agreements,
including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS),
the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and others.
4. IP Offices: The Indian Patent Office, the Office of the Controller General of Patents,
Designs, and Trademarks, and the Office of the Registrar of Copyrights are responsible for
granting and administering IP rights in India.

TRIPS AND TRIMS:

TRIPS and TRIMS are two key agreements established under the World Trade Organization
(WTO) that pertain to trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and trade-
related investment measures. These agreements play significant roles in shaping international
trade and intellectual property protection. Here's an overview of each agreement:

TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights):

TRIPS is an international agreement that sets out minimum standards for the protection of
intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, among
others. It aims to strike a balance between promoting innovation and protecting the interests of
creators and inventors, while also facilitating trade.
Key Provisions:
• Patents: TRIPS establishes rules for the protection of patents, including a minimum
20-year protection period for patents.
• Trademarks: It sets standards for the protection of trademarks and service marks.
• Copyright: TRIPS outlines minimum standards for copyright protection, including the
rights of authors and creators.
• Trade Secrets: The agreement includes provisions for protecting undisclosed
information, such as trade secrets.
• Enforcement: TRIPS mandates enforcement measures against infringement of IPRs,
including civil and criminal remedies.
• Membership: TRIPS is a mandatory agreement for all WTO member countries, and
they are required to adhere to its provisions. It applies to both developed and developing
nations.
• Dispute Settlement: TRIPS includes mechanisms for dispute settlement among WTO
member countries. Countries that believe another member is not complying with TRIPS
can bring a case before the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body.
TRIMS (Trade-Related Investment Measures):
TRIMS is an agreement within the WTO framework that addresses trade-related investment
measures that may distort international trade. It seeks to prevent trade distortions arising from
investment measures that affect the conditions of competition in markets.
Key Provisions:
• TRIMS prohibits certain types of investment-related measures that are inconsistent with
the principles of non-discrimination and national treatment.
• It aims to eliminate trade-distorting practices such as local content requirements,
trade-balancing requirements, and export performance requirements.
• Membership: TRIMS is also a mandatory agreement for all WTO member countries,
and they are required to comply with its provisions.
• Dispute Settlement: Like other WTO agreements, TRIMS includes dispute settlement
procedures to address cases where member countries believe that another member's
investment measures are inconsistent with TRIMS obligations.
In summary, TRIPS and TRIMS are two important agreements within the WTO framework
that govern intellectual property rights protection and trade-related investment measures,
respectively. TRIPS sets international standards for IPR protection, while TRIMS aims to
prevent trade distortions arising from certain investment measures. These agreements have
a significant impact on international trade, economic development, and the protection of
intellectual property globally.
ESTABLISHMENT OF WIPO APPLICATION AND PROCEDURES.
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organization
responsible for promoting and protecting intellectual property (IP) rights worldwide.
WIPO provides various services, including the registration of international patents,
trademarks, and designs. Here are the general steps for establishing a WIPO application and
procedures for some of its core services:
1. Determine the Type of Intellectual Property Right: Decide which type of intellectual
property right you want to protect, such as patents, trademarks, industrial designs, or
geographical indications.
2. Prepare Your Application: Gather all the necessary documentation and information
required for the specific type of IP right you are seeking. This may include detailed
descriptions, drawings, or other relevant materials.
3. Choose the Appropriate WIPO Service: Depending on your needs, you can use various
WIPO services, such as the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) for international patent
protection, the Madrid System for international trademark protection, or the Hague System for
international design protection.
4. Online Application Submission:
• Visit the WIPO website (www.wipo.int) and navigate to the relevant section for the
service you require.
• Create an account if you don't already have one.
• Complete the online application form and upload the required documents.
5. Payment of Fees:
• Pay the applicable fees for your WIPO application. The fee structure varies depending
on the type of IP right and the services chosen.
6. Examination and Processing:
• WIPO will examine your application to ensure it meets the required criteria and is in
compliance with international standards.
7. Publication and Notification:
• Once your application is accepted, it may be published in WIPO's official gazette or
register.
• Relevant authorities in each designated country or region will be notified about your
application.
8. International Phase (for some services):
• If you are or regions. using a WIPO service that offers international protection, such as
the PCT or Madrid System, your application will enter an international phase.
• During this phase, the application is evaluated by the respective national or regional IP
offices in the designated countries
9. National or Regional Phase (for some services):
• After the international phase, you may need to pursue the national or regional
registration process in each designated country or region.
 • This often involves submitting additional documentation and paying national or
regional fees.
10 Maintenance and Renewal:
• For ongoing protection, you'll need to comply with maintenance and renewal
requirements as per the laws and regulations of each country or region where your IP
right is registered.

Review Questions:
1. Discuss briefly Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks and Geographical Indications
2. Define Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property rights
3. What is a Patent? What are the criteria of patentability?
4. Define Copyrights and its characteristics
5. List the Nature and Characteristics of Intellectual Property
6. Describe the Intellectual Property System in India.
7. Define Intellectual Property and Provide two examples of Intellectual Property Rights.
8. Explain the Kinds of Intellectual Property Rights with Examples
9. Define intellectual property in research. Explain different types of intellectual property
10. What is Patent Act 1970? Explain its characteristics
11. What is Copyrights Act 1957? Explain its characteristics
12. Explain TRIPS and TRIMS
13. Describe the Applications and Procedure of WIPO
14. List the features covered under TRIPS
15. Enumerate the features of Industrial Designs under Design Act 2000
16. List the common Features of Patents