fi Generator, APPARATUS REOUIREy CRO. Multimeter. ‘Function Genera The CRO is a Universal measuring changing electrical signay current waveforms. The bl ogseut[Verien SAL into a visual one and ock diagram of CRO is CRO, Multimeter, and Function Hor, DC Power supply, oo instrument capable of measuring a wide va thus enabl ity of rapidly 'S US 10 observe the voltage and 4 shown in figure, it AAPLIIER. ve i mr | : NQ\-centes 1 onrteesion widiizonres elates Beflecnon Tar ease Nomzonta GENERA OR Block The major sub systems ofa CRO are: 1) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) ontal amplifier, Ne TICAL AMPLIF] SECTION Position: Controls vertical positioning livily: Selects the sens Variable Sensitivity: Provides 2 conting ‘ormally the sensitivity is calibrated Position, amplifier, or grounds the amplifier i tnplifier; slecting ac send the signal blocking. any constant component. HORIZONTAL-SWEEP SECTION Diagram of a General Pur vity of the vertical amplifier ing (ae oF de) for incoming si pose CRO and delay time, ger Cire 1 Time base generator ang of ““cilloseope display OUS Tange of sensiti only when the va rated steps, Y clockwise c ‘gnal applied to vertical input. Selecting de couples, the input directly to the through a capacitor before Going to the amplifier thusa of Voltage: Peak to Peak Value: its peak value, It is also called ma v + The maximum value, +ve or -ve of the alternating quantity is known as um value or amplitude of the alternating quantity vm] 2 oY vm Vemsn fe The total voltage measured from —ve peak to 4ve pea Using CRO: - Measure the number of divisions on the value indicated by the Volts/Div knob on the CRO. Thi is called the Peak to Peak voltage. voltage axis and multiply it by the is gives the peak value, RMS Value (Root Man Square Valu {tis given by the steady de current which when time produces the same heat as produced by through the same circuit for the same time, RMS value of alternating voltage is related to its flowing through a given circuit for a given the alternating current which when flowing peak value by the relation v, v, Vig, = HE a Oe "RE AYeasurement of Frequency: - Time Period: -Ghe time taken by an altematin ‘Time period, T}Using CRO Measure the axis and multiply it by the value indicate Time Period of the alternating roused) T = number of divisions Yor Frequency: - The number of cycles com, 8 voltage to complete one cycle is called its ¢ number of divisions for a single cycle on the time sd by the Times/Div knob on the CROCThIs gives the a single cycle X Times/Div knob on the CRO leted in one second is called the frequency of the ‘quency is given by the reciprocal of Time period T. {Front Panel Control on CRO: - ‘A typical CRO has the following controls on the front panel. Intensity Control: - It adjusts brightness of the Trace, Focus Control: - It controls the sharpness of the Trace, ‘Timing Control: - It adjusts time per division of the time base, Y,; Gain Contrl:- It adjusts amplitude ofthe vertical display, For example, OSmV / Div to 20mV / Div, H-gain control: - Itadjusts length of the H- Trace. Sweep control: - It selects internal or external sweep. Tr igger control: - It selects Trigger pulse from either Y Amplifier or time signal, External ‘Signal, ‘Trigger level control; - It adjusts the rigger level of trigger pulse, H- Position control: - It adjusts the position of horizontal display on CRO screen,V- Position Control:-It adjusts the position of vertical display on CRO screen. Observation Table For Am; ide measurement : Sr.no. | Height of Value of Peak to peak | Peak RMS signal volts/division | voltage(volts) | voltage(volts) | voltage(volts) ion) Switch (volt/Division) Observation Table For Frequency measurement := Srano. | Distance for one [Value of time/division | Time Period Frequency cycle (Division) Switch (sec/Division) _| (msec) (K Hz) 1 Result:- Study of CRO successfully done, == L— Precautions:- Do not touch any instrument without prior permission. Connection should be tight and correct. Connect the probe carefilly. Take observation carefully. Disconnect the power supply after use. \ \Department Of Electronics and Communication 1B) im: - Study of function generator." () Study of controls of function generator i) Te configure the functions generator to output a 10Vpp, 1 KHz siausoidal wave. . Objectives: (i) To study the controls of function generator wave. Gi) Configure the function generator to provide the output of 10Vpp, 1 KHz sinusoidal ‘Theory: ‘The function generator is a full-featured instrument that uses an innovative Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) architecture. It generates many standard waveforms with excellent frequency resolution (1 WH), ‘and has versatile modulation capabilities including AM, FM, Burst, PM and frequency sweeps, It also generates arbitrary waveforms with a fast 40M sample's update rate, Periodic signals, such as sine or triangle waves, behave in a uniform manner and repeat themselves over a given length of time..Each repetition of a repeating signal is called a period or a cycle. Non-periodic ‘signals, such as analog voice, behave in a non-uniform manner and do not repeat themuclves over any given length of time. When working with AC signals, there are three properties of the signal that we are concerned: amplitude, period and frequency. (A) FRONT PANEL CONTROLS OF FUNCTION GENERATO! FREQUENCY RANGE: - It elects one of the seven Frequent COURSE It sets the output frequency according tothe range selected Cr This control change the out sequency finely accord 9 the range selected. FUNCTION: - Required output wave form i a by a VE ously varied with approx 2 : VEL: - The output level can be continuousty ih gps 28 By anh when 1 a 4 L 5. ATTENUATOR: - This is a two position switl se 6 D fy lected to 20db position. FUNCTION OUTPUT: - DISPLAY: - this 2 digit 7 sexe 1 - These LEDS in ~ this switch is Ui is powered by connectin ised for protection. ; ‘ternal protective earth terminal, ‘This is BNC connector for the function output int displays indicate the selected signal frequency. dicate the frequency unit ‘sed to (urn the instrument ON or OFF. 1g a mains cord to this 3 pin socket. Mz, Kz, and M} % ON/OFF SWITCE 10, MAINS IN: «The instrument 11, FUSE: - This is 100mia fuse us 12. EARTH TERMINAL: - This is an e¥! /(B) Department Of Electronics and Communication To configure the functions generator to output a 10Vpp, 1 KHz sinusoidal wave: Waveforms generated by a function generator \ t (s) SINE t(s) SQUARE t (s) TRIANGULAR t (s) RAMPDepartment Of Electronics and Communication Ta) Aim:-Study of Digital Multimeter, COvjective: Measurement of AC & DC Voltages Measurement of AC & DC Current Measurement of resistance, capacitance. Measurement of Parameters of Diodes & transistors. Theo! multimeter oF amultitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance . Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the measured value in numerals, and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured, Digital multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly-varying value. ‘Armultimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot clectrcal problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment, ‘motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems, Fig. Digital Multimetercal y Stmvator |—>] etter Applications: x . + AC & DC voltages in volts. + AC & DC Currents in amperes. + Resistance in ohms + Capacitance in farads, * Conductance in siemens. + Gain in Decibels (4B). Duty cycle as a percentage. + Frequency in hertz ; ‘Temperature’in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, with an appropriate temperature test probe, often 4 thermocouple. Digital multimeters may also include circuits for: * Continuity tester; sounds when a circuit conducts ; Diodes (measuring forward drop of diode junctions), and transistors (measuring current gain and other parameters) . + Battery checking for simple 1.5 volt and 9 volt batteries. This is a current loaded voltage scale ‘Which simulates in-use voltage measurement. Various sensors can be attached to multimeters to take measurements such as; Light level Acidity/Alkatinity(pH) Wind speed . Relative humidityDepartment Of Electronics and Communication MUNICATION en Turn on digital multimeter, Measure input ac voltage form supply votage. Measure DC voltage form DC supply. Similarly measure Parameters of BIT, Diode, Resistor and Capacitance. Re Su} . wre wane distal multimeters, we should be careful and observe few safety precautions in order to keep ourselves safe. “When not in use, keep the di + Ifyou want to check presence check for both AC and DC volt: igital multimeter knob in OFF position or the highest voltage position. of hazardous voltage in a circuit with a digital multimeter, it jortant to tage. Observation Table: 5 ’ No ‘Name of Component ‘Name of Parameter Measured value 1 |) Input AC Volatge” Voltage 2 Input DC voltage 7 Voltage 3 BIT ‘Current gain (hfe) 4 ie Cut in VoltageVp) 5 Resistor Resistance 6 Capacitor Capacitance