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CONECTORES
Uno vex efectuada una lectura global de un texto, uno de los mecanismos para lograr
una ie jor comprensién del mismo, es tener en cuenta la presencia de los conectores
como elementos significativos de. su organizacién conceptual
Los conectores son ciertas palabras 0 frases que marcan una determinada relacién
entre los conceptos 0 la informacién que se expone en un texto. Ellos nos dan la pauta
del tipo de relacién légica existente entre dos conceptos; de ahi, a utilidad de
conocer qué palabras 0 frases se usan para expresar esa relacién y cudl es su
equivalente en nuestra lengua.
CONECTOR TRADUCCION:
inglés) espaol)
‘And y
(Las ideas se suman) And also y también
As well as asi también como/ como asi
también
Both.and tanto...como
j Not only..but also no sélo...sino también
| ‘In addition ademas
|
INFORMACION Also también
| ADICLONAL Moreover més avin
1 Besides lademds
| Furthermore :
What is more fo que es mis
‘A survey showed that managers on average send and receive 178 messages a day.
‘A manufacturer must listen not only to customers but also to the competition.
People can be distributed in physical as well as in social space.
There are resources that make up the community's practical knowledge. Furthermore, these
non-conventional manifestations of wealth are quite abundant.
ALTERNATIVA Or jo
(Se expresa una opcién entre |Or else lo sino
dos 0 mds ideas) Either ..or o bien..o / 0.0
Whether..or ya sea..o
‘Instead Jen cambio
‘A recent survey found that one out of four small firms in Japan was either developing a new
product or entering a new field.
Whether the student is sitting in a classroom or in another continent, instructors need to
deploy technologies that will facilitate the teaching and learning process.
‘CONTRAST But pero .
(Se expresan ideas que se However’ sin embargo
oponen o son, de alguna Nevertheless no obstante
manera, diferentes). While Inientras que
On the one hand..on the | por un lado.,por otro lado /
other hand _|por el otro CONCESTGN cain ast
(Se acepta una idea, haciendo | Although / Though / aunque / si bien /
una salvedad) atin cuando
Family values are promoted as at
allow the family to be a pr
jue, while in reality the work syst
the country had won widespread support not as a
revolutionary party but as an organization defending the interests of the poor within the
existing system
Although in volume terms production has at least begun to catch up with pre-rece:
most small firms are probably still in decline.
Oil spills from giant tankers have devastated coastlines of the English Channel. Yet the last
few years have characterized by a surge in environmental activism.
Even though local residents are convinced that their health problems have an environmental
cause, the studies of experts con find little or no support for this claim,
ion levels,
RELACTON |CONECTOR TRADUCCION
LOGICA (inglés) - (espafiol)
RAZON / CAUSA Because porque / ya que
(El concepto introduce una Because of, ‘@ causa de
idea que es ta causa de lo Since ya que / dado que
expresado previamente oa — |For
ji neltexto) | ae __
Since science is socially constructed, it is influenced by cultural change.
Women face considerable health risks because of their disproportionate poverty, low social
status ond reproductive rale.
primero,... / en primer lugar,
LISTADO y¥ First, .. / Firstly,
EMUNERACION Second, ... / Secondly, segundo, .. / en segundo
lugor,
Next, ... a continuacién,
Lost, .. / Lastly, . por tiltimo, .
Finally. finalmente,
To begin with, .. para empezar,
In the second place, .. en segundo lugar,
To conclude, .. para terminar,
The trade union bureaucrats ignore non-dues paying workers. The result is, in the first
place, that they usually fail to gain the confidence of the unemployed, and in the second
place, they don't succeed in organizing them,
Standardization is favored for two main reasons. Firstly, it's cheaper. Secondly, marketing
people are already thinking on a European scale
RESUMEN ‘In short en suma.
GENERALIZACION In a word en una palabra
(Se introduce una conelusién [To sum up resumiendo
final luego de dor una serie de |In all en total
explicaciones). Altogether
In short, the author is sidestepping the macroeconomic solutions thar
are the only way to solve the problem of poverty. TRADUCCION
{RELACION CONECTOR
iLdetca (inglés) ___ espaol)
| RESULTADO, ‘Therefore por lo tanto.
| CONSECUENCIA, So asi
LNFERNCT A, Thus entonces:
le a idea introducida por ef Then luego
conector se infiere de lo Consequently consecuentemente,
or sado anteriormente), en consecuencia
Japan's small manwfacturers are accustomed to competition and therefore unafraid of the
deregiilatory policies of the government.
The ochievenents of rural development programs have fallen well short of whot was hoped
for, These shortcomings have thus prompted a search for alternatives.
CONDICTON, if si a
Unless ‘a menos que
As long as siempre que
Even when incluso cuando
people into the labor pool, a substantial
TF Thdia cor continuously pull less paid, less edu
wage gap will continue 10 exist,
Unless systematic attempts are made to evolve local specific media policies, media
ownership will fall into the hands of transnational media conglomerates.
As long as repression becomes inore severe and basic needs are not met, the stark
choice will be @ further political radicalization.
[Prorost ro ‘So that [de manera que
| In order to para / con el
objeto de
The railway systems were built in order to facilitate the removal of primary
produce to the ports and abroad.
Gadkdis articulates fundamental principles perceptively when he regards the very
existence of théolshevik regime as a form of aggression, so that the intervention
of the Western powers was actually considered self-defense.
| TEMPORALIDAD
|
+ Shnulvaneidad At the same time ‘al mismo tiempo
Simultaneously simulténeamente
While / As inientras
Meanwhile mientras tanto / entretonto
By this time en este momento / para
Just then jentonces
justo en ese momento
Afterwards después
After that después de eso
Next enseguida / después
‘Immediately inmediotamente
Subsequently posteriormente
|
|
| Posteriontdad Then luego
|
I | Eventually ;
At last por fin / por dltimo
‘The nocmal procedure is to select one of the processes in the input queue and to load that
process into memory. As the process is executed, it accesses instructions and data from
memory. Eventually, the process terminates and its memory space is declared available.
‘The trade union elites engage in symbolic protests, then they negotiate with the state or the
einployers behind closed doors, reaching agreements that ignore workers’ key concerns
EJEMPLIFICACION For example por ejemplo
For instance: .
29 :
Like como
Such as tales como
| _ ne |
The resource fork contains information of interest to the user. For instance, it holds
the labels of any buttons displayed by the program.
Since the 1970s, small firms have found it much harder to grow, with the exception of
games makers such as Nintendo and Sega.
For those resources that are vanishing, like the community cultural heritage and
common identity, the job is 1o recapture their potential as agents of development.
CLARIFICACION ‘That is
This is to say / That .
Is to say
he. :
viz A saber
Namely Osea/ A saber
are growing in numbers.
The NO@'s, that is the Non-Government Organizati
Such units, namely the usinas, emerged after 1875,
Los CONECTORES en contexto:
Community Control and Management of Common Property Resources*
In addition to structuring land tenure arrangements, convnon property resource management
systems con provide on institutional framework for internolizing externalities and for
recognizing poor people as stakeholders.
“The pooling of resources is a necessity for communities that depend primarily on natural
resources because the cost of alternative maintenance of inventories is very high.
Sustainable practices and technologies usvally require group action or may at least be more
efficient as o result of it. For example, collective action can be used to reduce the use of
pesticides monitoring for and treating hotspots.
Global Environmental and Natural Resource Agreements”
A common property framework could also be used as the basis for restructuring international
agreements in order to correct inequities to globally shared resources. The debate about
responsibility for reduction in CO2 emissions, for example, illustrates how inequalities in income.
distribution influence the values placed on environmental functions. The rich countries saw the CO2
absorption or ‘sink’ function of the oceans and new vegetation as basically free and available on a first
come. Some advocates for the poor argued instead for reccgnition that the ownership rights to this
C02 sink function should be shared equally by all morkind. e
“from: Poverty and Environment, Sylvia S. Togretti et al. UNEP (United Nations Envirantent Programme):
Published in Nairobi, Kenye. 1995.
Universidad de Buenos Aires ~ Facultad de Ciencias. Sociales
CATEDRA INVERNIZZT INGLES - NIVEL T
FORMACION DE PALABRAS:
~-> PREFIJOS
AFIJOS +
-> SUFIJOS
Afijos es la denominacién genérica que comprende a los prefijos y sufijos.
Los prefijos se anteponen a la palabra para modificar su significado, Por ej., en
inglés, ‘UN’ se agrega para indicar supresién, negacién, como en: uncover, unfamiliar,
unlucky, unhappy.
Los sufijos se agregan a la palabra, van pospuestos a la misma y cambian la funcién de
Ja palabra en un contexto dado. Por ej., en inglés, ‘LY’ se agrega a un adjetivo y lo
‘te en un adverbio de modo, como en: quick -> quickly = répido > répidamente.
__VERBOS
ver
cist-yst_// nes:
sion 7/7 -ing
=ment // ship
~SUSTANTIVOS __ EJEMPLOS |
~ance//-ence ‘odmit ‘admittance
perform performance
exist existence
refer ___reference
“er//-or (quien realiza ‘manufacture manufacturer
una accién). travel traveller ~ traveler
conduct conductor
_ indicate _ ator
-atlon//~tion//—sion ‘opply, ‘application “|
classify classification
react reaction
connect connection
admit admission
. divide division
~ist//-yst (quien realiza analyse / analyze ‘onalyst
una accién) ___type — typist
=ment (estado, accién) develop development
move movement
—— ______replase replacement |
~ness (estado 9 cualidad de) — bright brightness
useful usefulness
willing willingness
darkness
- understanding Us
___multiplicity 7
unaaccién) electricity electrician
= music
“ism//-dom// (estado 0 national
| eualidad de) freedom Z
-hood//-ship mother / brother motherhood / brotherhood
(situacién 0 perfodo citizen citizenship
scholarship _|
youth
de sustantivos derivados tanto dead death
de adjetivos como de verbos) true truth
reasonable
capacity capable
intelligible
