1

FEM workshop 2012 1/6

ECE 520: Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems

Instructor: Prof. Zhen Peng

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
[email protected]

August 23, 2021

Topics to be covered today: Course background, description, logistics, etc.
 2

Textbook & Reference Books

Course Description:
Fundamental electromagnetic theory with applications to plane waves, waveguides, cavities, antennas, and
scattering; electromagnetic principles and theorems; and solution of electromagnetic boundary-value problems.

Text Book:
Jianming Jin, Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd Ed.,
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2015.

References:
1. C. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons.
2. R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill.
3. J. A. Kong, Electromagnetic Wave Theory (2nd Ed.), John Wiley & Sons.
4. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill.
 3

Exams & Homework

Exams & Homework About Homework (HW)

• Two mid-term exams 1. HW is due one week after assignment (No late homework will be accepted).
• Final exam 2. Please write your paper NEATLY and do not turn in scratch papers.
• Weekly homework 3. Indicate steps and write down ONLY RELEVANT equations for the problem.

Basis for grade: 4. BOX your final answers.

• Homework 30% 5. Try to present your work in a logical sequence.

• Two exams 20% 6. Simplify your results as much as possible.

• Final exam 30% 7. "THINK" before "write"!

• TOTAL 100%

Eight homework assignments will be given via the gradescope website. They will be due online by 11:59 pm
on the due dates specified on the gradescope site (Usually Wednesday 11:59pm). Submission time will be
determined by the gradescope server's clock. To avoid misunderstandings due to clock differences, you should
not wait until the last minute to submit your assignments.
 4

Office Hours and TA Office Hours

Office Hours: Friday 3pm – 4pm, 5058 ECEB

General questions of the lectures, and EM-related research problems/applications
TA Office Hours: Tuesday 4pm – 5pm, 5032 ECEB
Questions related to homework and lectures

TA: Sangrui Luo, [email protected]

 5

Examples of Electromagnetic Applications

Source: Applied EM by Ulaby,
Michielssen and Ravaioli
 6
A Brief History of Electromagnetics and
History of Electromagnetics
Optics
Lode stone 400BC, Compass 200BC Pinhole camera, 400BC,
Static electricity, Greek, 400 BC
Mozi,
Ibn Sahl, refraction 984;
Ampere’s Law 1823;
Snell, 1621;
Faraday Law 1838;
Huygens/Newton 1660;
KCL/KVL 1845 Fresnel 1814;
Telegraphy (Morse) 1837; Kirchhoff 1883;
Electrical machinery (Sturgeon) 1832;
Maxwell’s equations 1864/1865;
Heaviside, Hertz, Rayleigh, Sommerfeld, Debye, Mie, Kirchhoff,
Love, Lorentz (plus many unsung heroes);
Quantum electrodynamics 1927 (Dirac, Feynman, Schwinger,
Tomonaga);
Electromagnetic technology;
Maxwell’s Prediction
Nano-fabrication technology;
Single-photon measurement; 1. Electromagnetic fields can propagate;
Quantum optics/Nano-optics 1980s; 2. Light is a form of electromagnetic field.
Quantum information/Bell’s theorem 1980s;
Quantum electromagnetics/optics (coming).
 7

History of Wireless Communication

Wireless(Communicatio
First radio (EM wave) was
Marconi 1901: First telegraph sent across
Atlantic ocean wirelessly

Ma
Firs
the

• Since then, various wireless

The first mobile antenna tech

- installation, the Thornycroft

AM/FM radio; steam
Analog bus atTV broadcast;
Chelmsford,
- Digital TV England, with the ‘firecracker’
antenna, and its inventor,
- Wireless LAN;Marconi,
Bluetooth; ultra-wideb
at the right
- Cellular systems
 8

History of Wireless Communication

M. Cooper 1973: the first cell phone call was

made

Early radio systems transmitted analog signals.

Today most radio systems transmit digital signals composed of binary bits.
 9

Wave Physics in Wireless Communication

5G mobile communications of the future

 10

Wave Physics in Wireless Communication

• Indoor Radio Environment • Outdoor Radio Environment

 11

Importance of Electromagnetics

Courtesy of Prof. W. C. Chew at UIUC/Purdue

 12

Maxwell’s
Maxwell’s Equations (Not Equations
in Comatose!)
Valid over a vast length scale and broad frequency range.
From subatomic dimension to galactic dimension; static to ultra-violet.
Relativistic invariance (special relativity, Einstein, 1905).
Equations remain the same in all inertial frame.
Valid in the quantum regime as well (Dirac, 1927).
Dyadic Green’s function is still needed in quantum regime.
Coherent state in quantum optics by Glauber, 1968. (2005 Nobel Laureate)
In harmony with differential geometry (Cartan, 1945)
Differential forms and Yang-Mills theory (1954). Differential forms
illuminate EM theory, and EM theory illuminates differential forms (quote
from Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler).
One of the most accurate equations (Feynman, 1985, Aoyama et al, Styer,
2012).
Validated to a few parts in a trillion.
Tremendous impact in science and technology.
Electrical engineering, optics, wireless and optical communications,
computers, remote sensing, bioelectromagnetics, etc.
Courtesy of Prof. W. C. Chew at UIUC/Purdue
 13

Ampere’s Law

Ampere's Law (1826)

Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836)

 
∫ B ⋅ d ℓ = µ0 I
 14

Faraday’s Law

Faraday’s Experiment

Electromotive force (voltage) induced by

time-varying magnetic flux:

Magnetic fields can produce an electric current in a closed loop, but only if the magnetic flux
linking the surface area of the loop changes with time. The key to the induction process is change.
 15

Faraday’s Law

The Faraday's Law Song

...

Faraday’s law of induction

The law of all sea and all land—
No lies, no deceit, no corruption
In this law so complete and so grand!

Our children will sing it in chorus –

“Circulation of vector cap E,”
Yes they’ll sing as they march on before us,
“Equals negative d by dt
Of --
Magnetic flux through a surface,”
They’ll conclude as we strike up the band.
We’ll mark all our coins with our purpose --
“On Maxwell’s equations we stand!”

It’s Faraday’s law of induction

That allows us to generate pow’r. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
It gives voltage increase or reduction --
We could sing on and on for an hour!   d 
...

 2001 Walter Fox Smith

∫ E ⋅ d ℓ = − dt ∫∫ B ⋅ nˆ dA
 16

Faraday’s Law Application I

Ideal Transformer
 17

Faraday’s Law Application II

EM Motor/ Generator Reciprocity

Motor: Electrical to mechanical Generator: Mechanical to electrical

energy conversion energy conversion
 18

Gauss’s Law

Gauss's Law (1832)


∫∫ E ⋅nˆ dA = Q ε o Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

If you wish to know the field precise,

The Gauss’s Law Song And the charge is symmetric,
Inside, outside, count the lines to tell – you will find this law is nice –
If the charge is inside, there will be net flux as well. Q upon a constant – eps’lon naught they say –
If the charge is outside, be careful and you’ll see Equals closed surface integral of E dot n dA.
The goings in and goings out are equal perfectly.
 2001 Walter Fox Smith
 19

Gauss’s Law

Application of the divergence theorem gives:

 20

Maxwell Equations

Maxwell’s Equations (1860)

Faraday’s law:
  d 
∫ E ⋅ d ℓ = − dt ∫∫ B ⋅ nˆ dA
Ampere’s law:
  I
∫ B ⋅ d ℓ = µ0 I
I

A postcard from Maxwell to Peter Tait

Maxwell-Ampere’s law:
  d  ü On Faraday’s lines of force, 1855
∫ B ⋅ d ℓ = µ0 I + µ0 dt ∫∫ D ⋅ nˆ dA James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879)
ü On Physical Lines of Forces, 1861
ü A Dynamical Theory of the
Predictions: 1. Electromagnetic fields can propagate. Electromagnetic Field, by James Clerk
2. Light is a form of electromagnetic field. Maxwell on electromagnetism,1864
 21

Maxwell Equations

Maxwell’s Equations (1873) Maxwell’s Equations

Integral form: Differential form:

 ∂B
  d  ∇×E = −
∫ E ⋅ d ℓ = −
dt ∫∫ B ⋅ nˆ dA 
∂t
 ∂D 
  d  ∇×H = +J
∫ H ⋅ d ℓ = I +
dt ∫∫ ⋅ nˆ dA
D

∂t
 ∇⋅D = ρ

∫∫ D ⋅nˆ dA = Q ∇⋅B = 0

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
∫∫ B ⋅ nˆ dA = 0 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
That’s where electrical
engineering started . . .
 FEM
FEM workshop
workshop 2012
2012 2/6
2/6 22

Domain Decomposition Maxwell’s Equations in R3

Time Harmonic
Time Harmonic Form
Form
Time Varying
Time Varying Form
Form
r⇥
r ⇥E E== j!Bj!B M Mii
B̃
@B̃ H=
r⇥⇥ Ẽ Ẽ =
= @ M̃
r⇥
r ⇥H = j!D
j!D ++J + JJcc
Jii +
r @t M̃
@t r D=
r ·· D =⇢⇢ee
@@D̃D̃ D̃
@@D̃ B=
r ·· B =⇢⇢m
r ⇥ H̃ = + J̃
r ⇥ H̃ = @t + J̃ = @t + = + J̃J̃i +
+ J̃J̃c r m
i c
@t @t Linear and
and isotropic
isotropic media
D̃ =
r ·· D̃ = ⇢⇢ Linear media
r ˜˜ee
B=
B =µ µrr H
µ00 µ H
r B̃ =
r ·· B̃ = ⇢⇢
˜˜m
FEM workshop 2012 3/6
m
Domain Decomposition D=
D = ""0 ""r E
E
0 r

E: electric field intensity (volt/m) H: magnetic field intensity (ampere/m)

D: electric flux density (coulombs/m2 ) B: magnetic flux density (weber /m2 )
J: electric current density (amperes/m2 ) ⇢: electric charge density (coulombs/m3 )
r ⇥ the curl operator. Magnitude: the “rate” of rotation; direction: the axis of “rotation”
r · the divergence operator. A measure of “source”, positive for “radiation” and negative for
“absorption”
 23

Course Outlines

1. Vector Analysis 3. Radiation in Free Space

1. Gradient, divergence, curl 1. Scalar and vector potentials, Gauge conditions
2. Integral theorems: Gauss, Stokes 2. Solution to vector potentials
3. Symbolic vector method 3. Radiation by infinitesimal and finite dipoles
4. Helmholtz decomposition theorem, vector identities 4. Radiation by a current loop

2. Maxwell’s Equations 5. Far-field – Sommerfeld radiation condition

1. Integral-form Maxwell’s equations 4. Electromagnetic Theorems

2. Maxwell’ s equations in differential form 1. Uniqueness theorem
3. Inter-dependence, continuity equations 2. Image theory
4. Boundary conditions 3. Reciprocity theorem
5. Constitutive relations – Classification of media 4. Equivalence principle
6. Energy and power – Power conservation law 5. Aperture radiation
7. Time-harmonic fields – Phasor , Fourier transform 6. Babinet’s principle
8. Complex power – Power conservation law 7. Complementary antennas
 24

Course Outlines

5. Uniform Plane Waves 7. Plane Wave in Anisotropic Media

1. Velocities: Phase, energy, group 1. Uniaxial medium
2. Polarizations: Linear, circular, elliptical, left- & right-hand 2. Quater-wave plate, polaroid
3. Relation between E, H, and β vectors, dispersion relation 3. Gyrotropic medium
4. Wave impedance, intrinsic impedance 4. bi-isotropic medium
5. Propagation in a left-handed medium 5. Faraday rotation
6. Plane wave produced by an infinite current sheet 8. Fields in Rectangular Coordinate System
6. Reflection and Transmission 1. General waveguide analysis
1. Reflection & transmission: normal and oblique incidence 2. TM and TE modes
2. Phase matching: Snell’ s laws 3. Empty rectangular waveguide
3. Brewster angle (no reflection) 4. Partially filled rectangular waveguide
4. Critical angle (total reflection) 5. Dielectric slab waveguide
5. Transmission into a left-handed medium 6. Analysis of rectangular cavity, quality factor
 25

Course Outlines
9. Fields in Cylindrical Coordinate System
1. General wave functions
2. Circular & coaxial waveguides and cavities
3. Circular dielectric waveguide
4. Wave transformation
5. Scattering by circular cylinders
6. Radiation by 2D sources – addition theorem
7. Scattering by a conducting wedge – edge singularity

10. Fields in Spherical Coordinate System

1. General wave functions
2. TMr and TEr modes
3. Spherical cavity
4. Biconical antenna
5. Wave transformation
6. Scattering by a conducting sphere