Applied Electronics

Điện tử ứng dụng

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Contents
• Chapter 1: Semiconductor components
• Chapter 2: PCB Assembly and soldering techniques
• Chapter 3: Several applied circuit designs

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3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• A regulated power supply can be any power supply, the quality it should possess is
a constant output voltage. A linear power supply, or an adjustable power supply, or
a variable power supply can be a regulated power supply. It may have any voltage
value, like 5V, 10V, 12V and many more.
• a regulated power supply is not always designed for just constant output voltage, it
may be designed for constant output current.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• General Block Diagram
• The Input Transformer
A transformer is a device
which can step up or step
down voltage levels,
following the law of
conversation of energy.
Depending on your
country, AC coming to
your home has the voltage
level of 220/120 V.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• General Block Diagram
• The rectifier circuit
The stepped-down voltage is
still AC. To convert it into
DC, you need a good rectifier
circuit.
A rectifier circuit is the
combination of diodes
arranged in such a manner
that converts AC into DC
voltage levels.
Basically, there are two types
of rectifier circuits; half-wave
and full-wave. However, the
one which we are interested in
is a full rectifier, as it is more
power-efficient than the first
one.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• General Block Diagram
• The filter
The rectifier circuit converts
the incoming AC to DC but
unluckily it does not make it a
pure DC. The output of the
rectifier is pulsating and is
called pulsating DC. This
pulsating DC is not
considered good to power up
sensitive devices.
So, the rectified DC is not • A capacitor filter is used when we need to convert a pulsating DC into
pure or to remove distortion from signal.
very clean and has ripples. It • A rule of thumb is DC voltage must have less than 10 percent ripples
is the job of the filter to filter to be regulated perfectly.
out these ripples and to make • The best filter in our case is the capacitor. You may have heard, that a
the voltage compatible for capacitor is a charge storing device. But actually, it can be best used as
regulation. a filter. It is the most inexpensive filter for our basic 5V power supply
design.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• General Block Diagram
• The regulator
The rectifier circuit converts
the incoming AC to DC but
unluckily it does not make it a
pure DC. The output of the
rectifier is pulsating and is
called pulsating DC. This
pulsating DC is not
considered good to power up
sensitive devices.
So, the rectified DC is not • A capacitor filter is used when we need to convert a pulsating DC into
pure or to remove distortion from signal.
very clean and has ripples. It • A rule of thumb is DC voltage must have less than 10 percent ripples
is the job of the filter to filter to be regulated perfectly.
out these ripples and to make • The best filter in our case is the capacitor. You may have heard, that a
the voltage compatible for capacitor is a charge storing device. But actually, it can be best used as
regulation. a filter. It is the most inexpensive filter for our basic 5V power supply
design.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• Circuit diagram of 5V DC power supply
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• Step 1: The selection of regulator IC
• The selection of a regulator IC depends on your
output voltage. In our case, we are designing for the
5V output voltage, we will select the LM7805 linear
regulator IC.
• In the design process, the next thing is, that we need
to know the voltage, current, and power ratings of
the selected regulator IC. This is done by using the
datasheet of the regulator IC.
• The datasheet of 7805 also prescribes to use of a
0.1μF capacitor at the output side to avoid transient
changes in the voltages due to changes in load. And
a 0.33μF at the input side of the regulator to avoid
ripples if the filtering is far away from the regulator.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• Step 2: The selection of transformer
• The right transformer selection means saving a lot of money. We got to know, that the
minimum input to our selected regulator IC is 7V (See above datasheet values). So, we need
a transformer to step down the main AC to at least this value.
• But, between the regulator and secondary side of the transformer, there is a diode bridge
rectifier too. The rectifier has its own voltage drop across it i.e. 1.4V. We need to
compensate for this value as well.
• V (secondary) = 7+1.4 = 8.4 V (peak value)
• this means we should select the transformer with a secondary voltage value equal to 6V
(RMS) or at least 10% more than 6V (RMS), and current rating 1A.
• Why is 1A current? Because the regulator IC has a current rating of 1A, meaning we cannot
pass more current than this value. Selecting a transformer with a current rating more than
this will cost extra money. And we don’t need it.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• Step 3: The selection of diodes for the bridge
• You see in the circuit diagram, the rectifier circuit is made by arranging diodes in some
patterns. To make a rectifier we need to select the proper diodes for it. When selecting a
diode for the bridge circuit. Keep in mind the output load current, and maximum secondary
voltage of the transformer i-e 6V(RMS) in our case.
• The selected diode must have the current rating more than the load current (i.e. in this case is
250mA). And peak reverse voltage (PIV) more than peak secondary transformer voltage.
• We select the IN4001 diode because it has a current rating of 1A more than our desired
rating, and a peak reverse voltage of 50V. Peak reverse voltage is the voltage a diode can
sustain when it is reverse biased.
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• Step 4: The Selection of smoothing capacitor and calculations
• Things we need to keep in mind while selecting a proper capacitor filter are, its voltage,
power rating, and capacitance value. The voltage rating is calculated from the secondary
voltage of a transformer.
• The rule of thumb is, that the capacitor voltage rating must be at least 20% more than the
secondary voltage. So, if the secondary voltage is 8.4 V (Peak value for 6V (RMS)), then
your capacitor voltage rating must be at least 50V.
• Second, we need to calculate the proper capacitance value. It depends upon the output
voltage and the ripple factor (the effectiveness measure of the capacitor filter). If you
remember I shared, in the beginning, that we want to design a 5v power supply for at least a
3% ripple factor.
• V0 (p-p)=0.03 * 5 = 0.15V
• V0(p-p)=V0cc /(f.RL.C) C = V0cc / (f.RL.V0pp) ≈397 uF
• Now, this value of the capacitor is not a standard one. Remember in most of your designs
you will not have a standard value all the time. A good practice is always to choose the close
one to your theoretical value the capacitor which we use for our design is 470uF
3.1. 5v regulated PowerSupply
• Step 5: Making the power supply safe
• Every design must have a safety feature to protect it from burning. Similarly, our simple
supply must have one i.e. the input fuse. The input fuse will protect our supply in case of
overloading.
• For example, our desired load can handle 500mA. If in case our load starts to miss behave,
there is a chance of burring of components. The fuse will protect our supply.
• A rule of thumb for selecting the fuse rating is, it must be at least 20% more than the load
current.
• The simple power supply we designed has the capability to deliver 1A current, which in
some cases you can use it for. If you decide to use it for such cases, then don’t forget to
attach a heat sink to the regulator IC.
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• The light sensor circuit is a simple electrical circuit, which can be used to control
the (switch on and off) electrical load appliances like lights, fans, coolers, air
conditioners, street lights, etc., automatically. By using this light sensor circuit, we
can eliminate manual switching as the loads can be controlled automatically based
on the daylight intensity. Hence, we can describe it as an automatic light sensor.
• The light sensor circuit helps to evade the manual control of the street lights
erected on highways which is risky and also causes wastage of power. The light
sensor circuit consists of major electrical and electronic components such as light
sensor, Darlington pair, and relay. To understand the working operation of the light
sensor circuit, we must know a brief about the components used in designing the
light sensor circuit.
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• Light Sensor
• There are different types of light sensors available such as
photoresistors, photodiodes, photovoltaic cells, phototubes,
photomultiplier tubes, phototransistors, charge coupled devices, and
so on. But, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor or photoresistor) is used
as a light sensor in this light sensor circuit. These LDR sensors are
passive and doesn’t produce any electrical energy.
• But, the resistance of the LDR changes with the change in the (light
illuminated on the LDR) daylight intensity. LDR sensor is rugged in
nature, hence can be used even in dirty and rough external
environments. Hence, LDR is preferable compared to other light
sensors as it can be used even in the outdoor lighting of homes and
in automatic street lights as well.
• Light Dependent Resistor is a variable resistor that is controlled by
light intensity. LDRs are made of high resistance semiconductor
material, Cadmium Sulphide that exhibits photoconductivity.
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• Darlington Pair
• The back-to-back connection of two transistors is called as a Darlington pair, this Darlington
pair transistor connection is used in this light sensor circuit.
• This Darlington pair transistor is also considered as a single transistor that has very high
current gain compared to the general transistor gain. The product of input current and gain
of the transistor gives the input given to the load through the Darlington pair. We know that,
if the base voltage must be greater than 0.7v, then the transistor switches on – but, in case of
Darlington pair, the base voltage must be 1.4v as the two transistors are required to be
switched on.
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• Relay
• A relay plays a vital role in the light sensor circuit for activating the load or for connecting
the load to the light sensor circuit as well as to the AC mains.
• Generally, the relay consists of a coil, this coil gets energized whenever it gets enough
supply (required amount of supply depends on the rating of the relay).
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• BC547 Transistor: Pin out, Features & Applications
• BC547 Transistor is a general-purpose transistor mostly used in educational and electronics projects
and It is also used in commercial circuits as well as in hobbies projects. It is a tiny three-terminal
device capable to convert small signal inputs into large amplified outputs. It is a BJT (Bipolar
Junction Transistor) NPN transistor that comes in TO-92 packaging and it can handle 100mA output
current. The transistor, BC 547 is shown below.
• Bc547 transistor has three terminals Collector, Base, and Emitter. Pin detail is clearly shown in the
figure given below.
• Features:
• Package-Type: TO-92
• Bi-Polar NPN Transistor
• DC Current Gain (HFC) is 800 maximum
• Max Collector current (IC) is 100mA
• Emitter Base Voltage (VEBO) is 6V
• Max Collector-Base Voltage (VCB): 50V
• Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
• This simple circuit clear shows that when you touch the points shown in the circuit. A
small amount of + current flows through the figure from + to base and this small current
turns on the transistor.
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• Light Sensor Circuit
• The light sensor circuit is an electronic circuit
designed using (light sensor) LDR, Darlington pair,
relay, diode, and resistors which are connected as
shown in the light sensor circuit diagram. A 230v
AC supply is provided to the load (in this case, the
load is represented with a lamp).
• The DC voltage required by the light sensor circuit
is supplied from a battery or by using a bridge
rectifier circuit. This bridge rectifier circuit
converts the 230v AC supply into a 6v DC. The
bridge rectifier circuit utilizes a step-down
transformer to step-down the 230v into 12v. The
diodes connected in the form of a bridge are used
to convert the 12v AC into 12v DC. The IC7806
DC voltage regulator is used to convert the 12v DC
into 6v DC, and then, this 6V DC is supplied to the
circuit. A 230v AC supply for both the load and the
bridge rectifier is to be maintained continuously for
uninterrupted operation of the light sensor circuit.
3.2. Light sensor using transistors
• Light Sensor Circuit
• During the daytime, the light sensor LDR has very-low
resistance of around a few 100Ω. Thus, the supply
passes through the LDR and ground through the resistor
and variable resistor as shown in the light sensor circuit.
This is due to the fact that the resistance offered by the
LDR during daytime or when the light is illuminated on
LDR is less compared to the resistance of the remaining
part of the circuit (that is through relay and Darlington
pair). We are aware of the principle of current, that the
current always flow in the low resistance path.
• Thus, the relay coil does not get enough supply to get
energized. Hence, the load is switched off during the
daylight.
• Similarly, during the night time (when the light
illuminated on LDR is very less), the LDR resistance
increases to a very high value of around a few Mega
ohms (approximately 20MΩ). Thus, due to very high
resistance of LDR the current flow is very less or almost
zero like an open circuit condition. Now, the current
flows through the low-resistance path such that it
increases base voltage of Darlington pair to reach more
than 1.4v. As the Darlington pair is activated, the relay
coil gets enough supply to get energized, and hence, the
load is switched on during night time or when no light is
illuminated on LDR.