Solved Problems FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF PROBABILITY 4 Determine the probability p, or an estimate of it, for each of the following events: (@) An odd number appears in a single toss of a fair die (®) Atleast one head appears in two tosses of a fair coin, (©) Anace, 10 of diamonds, or 2 of spades appears in drawing a single eard from a well-shulfled ‘ordinary deck of $2 cards (@) The sum 7 appears in a single toss of a pair of fair dice. (€)_A tail appears in the next toss of a coin if out of 100 tosses 56 were heads. SOLUTION (2) Out of six possible equally likely cases, three eases (where the die comes up 1,3, oF $) are favorable to the event. Thus p= 4 =| (8) IH denotes “head” and T denotes “tail.” the two tosses can lead to four cass: HH, HT, TH, and TT, all equally likely Only the first three cases are favorable to the event, Thus p =} (©) The event ean oecur in six ways (aoe of spades, ace of hearts, ace of clubs, aee of diamonds, 10 of diamonds, and ? of spades) out of $2 equally sociated with each of the si equally likely, is 6:6 = 36. Thes ofthe other di, so thatthe n be denoted by (1,1). (2.1), (Each ofthe six faces of one die can total number of cases that ean arise, Doo 66) ‘There are six ways of obtaining the sum 7, denoted by (1,6), 5). 8,4). 3), (5.2), and (6,1), (©) Since 100 ~ 36 = 4 tails were obtained in 100 tosses, the estimated (or empirical) probability of til isthe relative frequency 44/100 = 0.44cur. 6) ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY THEORY 9 162. An experiment coms of tosing oon and de I the event that “head” comes up in torsng the con and she even that "Sor 6 comes up in tossing the di, sate im words he meaning ofeach ofthe following (@) BBE) PEE) ©) Bd) RHEE) PILE + Bh (a) Talon the coin and anything on he de (0) 1.2.4.0 Son the dic nd anything on the in (©) Heats onthe coim and 30 6 he he a) Probtility of eds onthe conan 12.4 0F S09 he de (©) Probably of head on the coin, gen that 3.6 has come upon te ie (OP) Probabity of tai. he ena oF 12.4 0F S08 the de, both 63 A bulls drawn at random from a box containing 6 red balls, 4 white halls and $ blue ball Determine the probability tha the hall dean i (a) eed, (2) white, () blue, (d) ot ed, and (o) rotor white LeU Wand denote the vents of avin all white al and oe bal ext Then way of chosing srl ball 6? « POOR) = Si ways a choos a fall @FETS TSS » = esis © P18) = ® Pan ® PH atl nas of choosing «Ball 63 Avett met ecw =P) Pray = by rae) Note that PCW) = Po) + PW) Ges FFA Th eam sation oF he see ake ‘Pe{Es Bs) = Pr{Es) Pr] tat iste for mal cae vet, 8 Fs 64 A fir dies tose eve Find the probability of geting a 4S, 0% 6 on the ist toss ad 1, 2,3, for onthe son ts, sn fallon he cond 1s tll of 636 ws al equal ely ach f the thee ways in MED fi our et be amocted eac of the our as in whic cam eee. Be ‘hich both Fy and aor Eyes osu Ths PFs) = 12/3817, ‘oe that Pl Esp = rls P(t} es) dK te bk ee a“ wo cans are dean fam a well-shufed ordinary deck of $2 card. Find the probity that they are bth aes i he it cad i (a epee (8) a eps 1 event aon te it dy ants — et “ae” he ssn (o) IF he fn candi repel and fae inpeten fens This Pibth cide de te tes) = P(E) = Pe) Pas) = a) = 1) Tt ct en mas oo an li en a snd Ey oF EB am ocr in 4 my. Ths PEE) = (4-3) (52 Nov tht (Een) = Pend atl ae eta st a ) =f. Ths oo "e 7 reat am sation fhe pnt PEE) = PLE) PES} wom a Ese hice lls are drawn sosseivelyffom the box of Problem 63, Find the probability hat they are drawn inthe ordor fed white and uc seach all (2) replace and () ot replaced et Rss “a” o he fn da, =e wie o he sd ro and B= ht ae” on ted dam Weege rA08). (0) each eae, hsm RH, an Bare pdt et and een rns m0 = (3) (43) (esas) ~ (i) i) is) 3 “enn emer meen (ore oed) (rks) = GG) -% ere (8 isthe conional poi eing ue alli white and alae ake Find the protubilty of a4 twang up at kas nee in to tosses of a ade ‘Nevapaie Ps 1 “he tomar ey ey wa in ih th ci fa ‘amber fsa hh os at not Pee eg efcomi hat tne en a os +1 = a hscua. 6 ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY THEORY 1st ‘Shean ae not mat acai, PH} ~ Pe) 9 PL =P) te 1a eigen) PHE\} Pes) Mas PE, #} =e) Pa) Pune} a rfl ae 4 comes up + Poo comes ap) = 1 Thos Patent one come 4p) = 1 =P(on 4s wp) 1 brf 4on i tos at ao #on sos) Pa) ~~ PE) PE) aaa ‘One hag contains white alls nd 2 Hack ls tote ont 3 whi alan S lak balls, Ione bls daw ro each ba. a the pabubty tht a oth are ns () oth ae lack. ‘nde one ir white and one ack. (re3)-3 o ern ean mi (523) (585) -S (6) Tee “one wt anon fac the ae a he “kt het wie a Pe Hs) — He) Px) Pi) + eo Pm) ~G5)(E5)* ‘There poten 11H HS} — PAHS raed 4 and play 12 games of chest, of which 6 are won by 4,4 are won by Band 2 end ina “raw. They aprr to play 4 match consiting of 3 gum. Find the probity That (2) ‘Aine all pune. (8) 2pm eo ina (c) 4 and Bin aero, ad (4) 8 woe “Ons bn f ep eaprsce col proby we al same ht Pet wo een) hl Pane ame) = f= att Peay one meen nad) = (0) PH wna games Pras Pea) a) Prt (2)(2)(2) -$12 ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY THEORY roar 6 ing tat her ofc einen oft os of any oe. wich apn oe Jae elo. couse he panes apps te pei ene the ie mes (0) 2 ame ede) = Pet a2 ot So nd lg ed de) (00, Ds) + PDD) Pr) 9B) LD 9G) OOO O08 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS {610 Fin he probaly of toys git in amis With he chide ssamins equal robes For boys and gis Levent “by inthe fay” and ke = event “gin he ay." Th sing he sup ed) “Pe Tt rc efi es (a) Tr tys en -Pan min m=} moa (0) Tian 68 0 + pays pb