IEEE C37-03 94 MM 4805702 0533989 345 mm IEEE Std C37.011-1994 (Revision of IEEE std ¢37.011-1978) IEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis Circuits and Devices Communications Technology a ar IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Switchgear Committee DO eae aera y ma on IEEE Std C37.011-1994 > Scvcnns sansa mnunnerwim e = = & Electronics Engineers IncIEEE 37-011 94 MM 4805702 0533990 Ob7 mm IEEE Std C37.011-1994 (Revision of EEE Std G97.011-1979) IEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis Sponsor ‘Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved September 22, 1994 IEEE Standards Board ‘Abstract: Procedures and calculations necessary to apply the standard transient recovery voltage (TRV) ratings for ac high-voltage circuit breakers rated above 1000 V and on a symmetrical current basis are covered. The capabilty limits of these circuit interrupting devices are determined largely by the TRV. TRV ratings are compared with typical system TRV duties. Keywords: high-voltage circuit breakers, transient recovery volage ‘The Instute of Electical and Electonics Enginoors, inc ‘345 East 471h Stoot, Now York, NY 10017-2888, USA Copyright © 1998 by the insttute of Eloctcel and Electronics Enginoers, ne ‘Allighis reserved. Published 1908, Printed in the United States of America, ISON 1-55097-167.5 ‘No part of this pubicaion may be reproduced in any form, an elecronie reteval system or therwiea, without the prior writen permission ofthe pubisner GHT 2000 E aE EnginTEEE C37-0h1 94 mm 405702 0533993 TT3 a IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IGEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IBEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. 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COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Electrical @ Electronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000TEEE €37-02] 94 mm 4805702 0533992 937 Ml Introduction (This inrextuction isnot part of IEEE Std C37.011-1994, IEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for [AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis) ‘The manner of presentation of TRY applications hes been changed in this revision of IEEE Sid C37.011- 1979 from an emphasis on system application examples to a dual emphasis on 1) a generalized description of the effect of circuit parameters on TRV shape, rate of rise, and magnitude, and 2) a relating of the TRV requirements as presented in the standards IEEE Std C37.04-1979, ANSI C37.06-1987, and IEEE Std €37,09-1979 to these various circuit conditions. The methods for determining a circuit breaker’s TRV with- stand capability from circuit breaker standard ratings are also illustrated. Examples of techniques for calculating TRVs for different circuit conditions are presented in the annexes, ‘The annexes also include an updated and expanded listing of typical capacitance values of substation com- ponents, graphs of transformer limited fault frequencies, and an updated bibliography. ‘At the time this document was published, it was under consideration for approval as an American National Standard. The Accredited Standards Committee on Power Switchgear, C37, had the following members at the time this document was sent to leter ballot: E. Byron, Chair M, Williams, Secretary M. Calwise, Program Administrator A. K. McCabe, Executive Vice-Chair of High-Voltage Switchgear Standards (vacant), Executive Vice-Chair of Low-Voliage Switchgear Standards 'D. L. Swindller, Erecutive Vice-Chair of FEC Activities Organization Represented Name of Representative Association of Iron and Steel Engineets.....--- ~ (vacant) Electric Light and Power Group. ae “M.-C. Mingoia D.J Borchart TE Brick IH. Provanzane LD. Stewart G.R Brandenberger (Ait) ALK. McCabe (Alt) Institute of Electrical and Electonics Engineers... = nw DF Peele LB. Beard HLL Bowles BW. Dwyer D. Signoa $.C. Atkinson (Alt) D.G. Kumbera (Att) LV, MeCall (Al) W. Laubach RR, Garaon, G. Haynes W. Keach HLL, Millee T.Oison E. Byron (Alt) GT Jones (Alt) - Sokaes (Ait) 5. Stone (Ait) D.L. Swindler (At) D.N. Reynolds “L. Feet W.T.O°Grady USS. Department of the Army, Otic ofthe Chief of Engineers L.A. Gilson US. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation oR, Ammold USS. Department of the Navy, Naval Construction Battalion Canter» RL. Clare ‘Western Area Power Administration... ~G.D, Bimey Laubach Associates - ‘National Blecirical Manufacturers Association . ‘Tennessee Valley Authoriy.. ‘Testing Laboratory Group...IEEE C37.02 94 mm 4805702 0533993 876 Me ‘The following is alist of participants in the IEEE Working Group on Transient Recovery Voltage: ‘The following persons were on the balloting committe: fee rn RogoZuteg multiplying factor ‘TRV capability for 75% current: E, = OT4KV Ey = 968+ 1.044 = 1011 kV R= 16+ 1.625 =2.60 kVIS Ty= 1325.0/1.625 = 815.4 us T,=54s = EyIR = 673.6/2.60 = 259.1 ys Based upon the evaluation of many actual system configurations, standards assume for 121 kV systems and above, that clearing terminal fault currents between 30% and 100% of rating will result in a TRV character- istic, which has an exponential-cosine waveform (see figure 1). For terminal fault currents between 7% and 30% for 121 KV systems and above, and for all terminal fault currents for 72.5 kV systems and below, the standards assume a I-cosine waveform that is characteristic of a transformer limited fault illustrated in figure 2. The shapes of the TRV capability curves are adjusted by the factors given in figure $ as is illustrated in figuce 4. The general characteristics of the TRV envelopes defined by IEEE Std C37.04-1979 are illus- ‘rated in figures 6 and 7 as a function of the fault current magnitude. 4.2.2 Shortline fault ‘Short-line fault (SLF) capability is defined in 5.11.4.2 of IEEE Sid C37.04-1979. Exhibiting a triangular waveshape with a relatively high rate-of-ise but a low peak magnitude compared to the three-phase ‘ungrounded terminal fault, a typical SLF waveform is illustrated in figure 8 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Electrical @ Electronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000IEEE C37-011) 94 MM 4805702 0534003 313 mm (eee Sid €37.011-1994 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC [ste symmetrical current rating Figure 6—TRV envelopes, 121 kV and above 17 &|- 3.19 62 ~ 107 E Te A te 1 is 1is the symmetical curent rating Figure 7—TRV envelopes, 72.5 kV and below In general, itis not necessary to calculate the SLF TRV as long as the three-phase ungrounded bus or termi- ‘nal fault TRV are within rating and transmission line parameters are within the values specified in IEEE Std C37.04-1979. The transmission line parameters are given in terms of the effective surge impedance, Z, of the faulted line and the amplitude constant, d, defined as baze =O 3) 2K + Xo " where 2 is the effective surge impedance of the faulted tine 1 is the surge travel time per unit length (approximately 5.35 ys/mi for overhead conductors) Xzq & Xyp are the fundamental frequency positive and zero sequence impedances per unit length of the: faulted line ° js 2- m- system power frequency (377 rad/s for a 60 Hz system) 8 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000TEEE C3?-011 94 MM 4805702 0534004 2ST mm eee HIGH.VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS ‘sid 037-011-1904 Figure 8—TRV waveshape for short-line fault ‘The maximum values for Z and d as defined in TEE Sid C37.04-1979 are as follows: 242 kV end below: 224509 18 362 RV and above 223600 d=16 4.2.8 Special fault conditions Referring to figure 4, for fault currents less than rated, the prospective system TRV envelope may exceed the ‘maximum envelope defined by the standards only a the very beginning of the waveform, In actuality, the standard defines & higher withstand in this region through the SLF capability. Iti often unnecessary, Dut ‘when itis needed, the user can apply the capability associated with SLFS to bus faults, The SLF capability is defined as a triangular wave in IEEE Std C37,09-1979 as follows: e = daa & @ =f omni eqs a ° COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services, 200IEEE C37-OL1 94 MM 4805702 OS34005 196 Ml eee ‘Skd €27.011-1994 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC. e a 6 z © ¢ isthe peak value (kV) Ry is the rate-ofrise (RVAIS) Ty, is thetimeto peak (us) isthe amplitude constant given in 42.2 Mis the ratio ofthe fauk current to the rated short circuit curent Bag is the rated maximum voltage (kV) 1 israted shor circuit current (kA) Z is the surge impedance defined in IEEE Std €37.04-1979 (@) In figure 9, the TRY capability curve for the example in 4.2.1 is shown with the short-line fault capability superimposed. For this example, E pax = 550kV 1=40kA M=075 @=377 rads From IEEE Std C37,04-1979. d=16 Z=3602 Calculated: 180k Ry = 5.76 KVMS T,=31.2n5 4.3 Exponential (damped) TRV Figure 10 shows the one line diagram of a 500 kV substation. Figure 11 illustrates the TRV scen by circuit ‘weaker A when clearing the three-phase ungrounded fault shown in figure 10 (circuit breaker B is open). ‘This waveform is overdamped and exhibits an exponential waveshape. A reflection occurs from the end of the shortest ine after approximately 535 tis, causing a slight inerease in the TRY crest. The TRV capability curve (figure 4) is also shown in figure 11, indicating that the breaker TRV capability exceeds system requirements. In some cases it may be necessary to use a higher current rated circuit breaker to obtain the desired TRV capability curve. In figure 12, the TRV capability curves for a 242 kY, 40 kA, and 63 KA cirouit breaker are ‘compared (0 a 30 KA fault application, Tt is evident that the 63 KA circuit breaker provides additional capability. 10 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000TEEE C3?-OL1 94 MM 4805702 0534006 O22 me ce HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS swca7 or 1964 seco 00 g 2 coo 3 SHORTUNE FauLr 400 -T COMPONENT | | a 200 200 00 eto 0 TIME (ue) Figure 9—TRV related capability envelope for 550 kV circuit breaker at 75% of its rated fault current capability with SLF component 100 mi (1624) som (81 km) 13h) « AO s00200 Kv 100m G62 en 4 100 mi (162 km) MH s0nz00 wv | oni 4 30K uA G c THREE PHASE 01d son CIRCUIT BREAKER UnNeRSUNDED PALLY Figure 10—System configuration n COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute 0: Information Hand ingIEEE €37-02) 94 MM 4805702 0534007 769 mm eee reason rene srg a Ve sr vex 6 z Tawar wom 4 3. 4 3 earner tea : ca a ss = Figure 11—Three-phase ungrounded fault TRV aka, 202 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER AT 20 4A \ 400 60 kA SOURCE (SLFSm 4.8 km] OUT) \ 4OKA, 242 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER AT 30 KA TRV 40 kA SOURCE (SLF 1.6 mi [26 km] OUT) 00 200 300 TIME (us) Figure 12—TRV capability curve for 40 kA and 63 kA circuit breakers. 4.4 Oscillatory (underdamped) TRV 4.4.1 Transformer limited fault In figure 13 the 40 kA, 145 KV circuit breaker has to clear « three-phase ungrounded fault at 10% of its rat- ing. The resultant TRY is shown in figure 14. This TRV is determined by the inductance and capacitance of the transformer and the capacitance between the wansformer and the cireuit breaker. It is a high frequency transient that exceeds the capability curve defined by the standards. Figure 15 illustrates the TRV for the same condition, but with additional capacitance assumed between the transformer and the circuit breaker, In this ease, the system TRY curve is within the standard capability envelope. COPYRIGHT 2000 Ins Information Handlin ervices, 200COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing TEEE C3?-0L1 94 MM 4805702 0534008 97S mm eee HIGH-VOUTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS std e97.011-1004 345/138 KV ‘200MVA4KA fh mmm 7 \ georroe 40a a LUNGROUNDED FAULT BREAKER Figure 19—Fault location ‘The standard capability curve shown in figures 14 and 15 is defined by a one-cosine curve as follows: Ey FU 00s (xT) where £, and Tas defined in table 3 of ANSI C37.06-1987 for rated current and maximum voltage (Eings = 145 kV) areas follows: ‘TRV capability for 10% current is as follows: y= 296 KV T= 62s TRV CAPABILITY FORA STANDARD BREAKER, VOLTAGE (k¥) 25 0 75 TIME (us) Figure 14—System and circuit breaker TRV curves, ServicTEEE €37-023 94 MM 4805702 0534009 831 ieee ‘Std 637.011-1904 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC 00) TRV CAPABILITY FORA — STANDARD BREAKER, a) % 50 6 TIME (us) ‘Same system as in Figure 19, but wih adctional capactance between crcul beaker and transformer. Figure 15—System and circuit breaker TRV curves ‘The exponential portion of the capability curve is zero for this current value. The constants are given in ANSI C37.06-1987 as explained in 4.2.1. 11 should be noted that the transformer limited fault can occur in @ well developed substation, not just the radial system shown in figure 13. A similar condition could occ the system of figure 10 if wansformer breaker “C” was the last one to clear # bus fault with breaker “B” open. 4.4.2 Reactor limited fault When line side series reactors are used, high rate-of-rise TRVs can result in much the same ways as for transformer limited faults discussed in 4.4.1. An example of a series reactor used on a 230 kV system is illustrated in figure 16. The resultant TRY for the case described is shown in figure 17, This system TRV exceeds the standard capability curve, which is described by a I-cos curve as follows: 2 ey = ZU e085 (ne 17) where y= 1.76 Biggs = 426 KV T= 520 us “The factors for 10% fault current from table 6 in ANSI C37.07-1987 are as follows: Ky=116 5 The TRY capability for 10% cuentas fellows: y= 494 KV Tye 104 ys Wavetraps used in transmission line communication systems may lso add a high frequency component to the TRY although of a lesser magnitude than a transformer of a curent limiting reactor. However, under some circumstances, wavetraps can substantially increase the TRV over that present without the trap. A wavetrap is usually a parallel L-C device that is placed between the line and circuit breaker. 14 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute 0: Information Hand ingIEEE 37-012 94 MM 4805702 OS34010 553 mm VOLTAGE CIRCUT BREAKERS RATED ON ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS sw carom mow « am = TaANsMisSON UNE | \ ribecouse AOA 262 kV UNGROUNDED FAULT Secu Sreacen Figure 16—Fault location 8 “TRV CAPABILITY FOR A STANDARD BREAKER VOLTAGE (kv) & ‘SYSTEM TRV CURVE 25 50 75 TIME (us) Figure 17—System and circuit breaker TRV curves. 4.5 Applications where breaker capability is exceeded ‘When the inherent TRY of the system exceeds standards, the user has three main altematives outside of reconfiguring the system. They are the following: a) A breaker with a higher rated interrupting rating, a higher voltage rating, or a modified circuit breaker should be used. 1b) Capacitance should be added to the circuit breaker terminal(s) to reduce the rate of tise of the TRY. ©) ‘The manufacturer should be consulted concerning the application, ‘As long as a circuit breaker is applied within its symmetrical current and voltage ratings, one of the above ‘methods should result ina satisfactory application 1s COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services,COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hal IEEE C37-01) 94 MM 4805702 O5340%) 49T mm eee Sid 097-011-1904 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC Annex A TRV calculation techniques (informative) A ypical system is shown in figure A.1 consisting of local sources and remote sources connected through transmission lines. This system will be used to illustrate the TRV types and calculation procedures. Four transmission lines and two transformers (local generation and a tie line transformer) supply the 138 kV sta- tion. A number of references are available on calculating TRVs (see (B1] through [BS], (B7] through [B9]. and [B11] through [B13})*in addition to the information in this annex, [B2] gives a basie discussion of TRVS while the papers referenced deal with specific problems and concerns as well as more complex applications. ‘SOLIDLY GROUNDED AUTOTRANSFORMER WITH DELTA TERTIARY BV } 70%A aKa it pula a BmpaKm] te 2UNES: 245 /138/19.8 A 4g} soonva 2 3 Som Tonite pe H+ ta s— J 40 mi[65kmy wu aa boot 9] 3 aur Pe OSH ay aa in Ee Figure A.1—System diagram A.1 Transient recovery voltage types ‘Three-phase ungrounded terminal faults and short Tine faults will be discussed. The ungrounded fault discus- sion is further divided into terminal faults having oscillatory and exponential waveforms. The three-phase ungrounded fault is usually the most severe terminal fault type and is used to define the breaker rating. Short line faults generally have higher rates of rise of recovery voltage than do terminal fault TRV’ but have lower crest voltage magnitudes [B11], [B13] A.1.1 Three-phase ungrounded fault During the interruption of a three-phase ungrounded fault, the circuit shown in figure A.2a) defines the gen- eral electrical equivalent network for the first phase to clear. The reduced circuit is valid for short time ‘The number ia brackets correspond othe bibliographical tens ised in annex C, 16 Institute 0:IEEE €3?7-022 94 MM 4805702 0534022 326 A eee HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS sid 037-011-1904 frames until reflections return from remote buses. Reflections are covered in A.1.2. Figure A.2a) shows a ‘one-line diagram representation, white figure A.2b) indicates the three-phase representation. Figures A.2c) and A.24) are equivalent circuits and show that the problem reduces to a simple parallel RLC circuit. ‘The Z, term is equal to ZN where 2, isthe positive-sequence surge impedance of the transmission lines terminating at the station N isthe number of lines Lg is the positive-sequence equivalent local inductance, representing all other parallel sources termi- nating atthe station (transformation to lower or higher voltage systems, generation, etc.) C, isthe total positive-sequence phase-to-ground shunt capacitance Vey is the voltage across the open circuit breaker contacts ‘These parameters are discussed in later subclauses, A.1.1.1 Exponential (overdamped) TRV Current injection techniques can be used to solve for the circuit breaker TRV and, because the time span of interest is short (microseconds), the interrupted current can be represented by a ramp. The solution for the parallel RLC network as shown in figure A.2d) is Ye = 8 ~2% (coupes simp) kv ap E, ist 5 42 toL,in kv © is 2xf=377 radls for 60 Haz systems 1 isshorteireuit current inka, rms a is /@Z,C,) B 2, is yor- 14L,C,) 7, is ZUNin 0; Nis the numberof lines 1, isinhenrys C, isin farads For many systems the circuit will be overdamped by the parallel resistance of the line surge impedances, thus the capacitance can be neglected as a first approximation. The solution to the simple RL circuit is then Vy = Be") kV a2 where < B(LSL MIS Z,) 0€L,/2, s ‘The derivative of equation A.2 at time zero is the rate of rise of the recovery voltage and is given by WM dt = R= L5d2 102, 10 kV aa The above exponential expressions [see equations (A.1),(A.2), (A3)] desribe the component of the TRV nfl reflections return from remote station associated with the transmission lines connected tothe faulted station. COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000TEEE C37-013 94 MM 4805702 0534013 262 mm \ece Sis C97.011-1998 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC ——_1HH " TRANSMISSION 4 —————{}} LUNES — oa 24) UNGROUNDED FAULT AT ‘THE BREAKER TERMINAL a) Single line diagram Ag By ce z eo) 4 rau b) Three-phase diagram Xx. () zhu ze F ¢) Equivalent circuit (cy ) Reduced equivalent circuit Figure A.2—Circuit definition—interruption of a three-phase ungrounded fault 18 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute 0 Information Hand ingIEEE C37-02) 94 Mm 4805702 0534034 175 mm eee HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS. Swi c37.011-1904 A.1.1.2 Oscillatory (underdamped) TRY Te there ate no lines onthe bus, then the resistance is removed from the equivalent circuit in figure A.2d), and the TRY will be oscillatory. An approximate expression for the voltage is given in equation (A.4). The ‘expression is approximate because of neglecting the source impedances behind the transformers Vey = By U1~c0s (0//E,6) kV as Even when lines are present, itis possible for the recovery voltage to be oscillatory. To be oscillatory, the surge impedance of a source side line has to be such that 2,=>05 Jt, 16, where Zz, N ne as ‘This formula shows that as the number of transmission lines is increased, the circuit is likely to be non- oscillatory, ie., overdamped. In most cases, however, even N=1 makes the circuit overdamped. A.1.2 Reflected waves ‘The initial wave that was calculated in equation (A.2) appears across the breaker pole, It also appears as traveling waves on each of the transmission lines. When one of these waves reaches a discontinuity on the line such as another bus or a transformer termination, a reflected wave is produced, which travels back ‘towards the faulted bus. The time for a wave to go out and back to a discontinuity is = 107 0dr ws ao whee © amilesto the fin iconiity he ispemeabiy k is dielectric constant for overhead lines for cables, typically k= 4 b= 1.0, Auk = 2 ‘Ata discontinuity transmitted and reflected waves can be described by equations (A.7) and (A.8) and figure A3 (BI), [B6). ‘Transmitted wave 6,122, (2,421 an 19TEEE C37-0b1 94 MM 4805702 OS340%5 035 mm ieee ‘Sid €97.011-1094 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC. Reflected wave 2-2) | (ZZ) as where is the incident wave Z, and Z, awe the effective surge impedances on either side of the discontinuity a ° e et zy 1 2 ee 1 |-<— DISCONTINUITY Figure A.3—Traveling waves at discontinuity Returning to the bus, the reflections are in tum reflected to begin the process again (see (B3] and [BS]}. A typical TRY, including the first reflection, is shown in figure A. TRY REFLECTION FROM. END OF LINE ~—_ Figure A.4—Typical TRV including the first reflection COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services,IEEE C37-0L1 94 Ml 4805702 OS3401b 17) mm eee HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS sid 097 011-1904 (BS) shows that a reflected wave returning from an open ended line will contribute to the bus side TRV as follows: Ey nA ay {In [B5] itis suggested that the maximum reflected voltage is Ez max ‘more lines connected, the lower the magnitude of the reflected wave. .7 E/N (due to damping, etc). The AA.3 Short-line fault ‘Triangular-shaped recovery voltages are associated with line faults. Because cables and overhead lines have distributed constants, the line side voltage oscillates in the form of a traveling wave with positive and nega tive reflections at the open breaker and at the fault, respectively. The line side component of the recovery voltage has a sawtooth shape and a high rate of rise. Generally, the source recovery voltage rises much more slowly and only the line side triangular recovery voltage is important during the early portion of the TRV. As the fault is Located closer to the circuit breaker, the initial rate of tise of the line side recovery voltage inteases due to the higher fault current, while the crest magnitude of this line side triangular wave decreases ddue to the shorter time for the reflected wave to return, "The fault current fora line side fault is somewhat reduced from that obtained for a bus fault due to the addi- tional reactance of the line, Let be the Fault current through the breaker for a single-phase bus fault atthe breaker terminal, and /; be the reduced current for a line fault. The fault current is Yue kA, mms (Ato) L¥V ig lly X_ is 13 Oy, + Xan + Xo) @ Xs the reactance of the transmission line tothe fault point X11, _ is the positive sequence line inductive reactance Xoq,__ is the negative sequence line inductive reactance Xo, _ is the zero sequence line inductive reactance Vig isthe system line-ground voltage in KY, rms ‘The TRV rate of rise (R) of the line side TRV for a short line fault is equal to the effective line side surge impedance (Z) multiplied by the slope of the current at current zero as follows: a= ior, 210 ens can ‘The line side recovery voltage will crest in Te = et us (a2) where isthe distance from the breaker to the fault in miles ty, istwice the travel time of 1 mi (1.61 km) of line (10.7 ts for an overhead line) a4 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hal TEEE C37-02) 94 MH 4805702 0534017 508 a eee Sta €97.011-1904 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC ‘The line side recovery voltage crest will be equal 1o TR KV (A.13) ‘The effective surge impedance is a function of both the positive and zero sequence surge impedances and is, influenced by bundle and tower configuration. Typical valucs for different voltage class lines are presented ina2s. A.2 Equivalent circuit representation In the calculation of inherent TRVs, itis first necessary to determine the effective inductances and capaci- tances at the frequencies of the TRV near the circuit breaker location. Next, the line and cable equivalents are determined by their surge impedance, length, and remote terminations and interconnections. The equiva- lent three-phase circuit representation of the transient system can be calculated using these parameters, From this representation, the circuit transient recovery voltages can be determined as indicated in A.3. The follow- ing examples in A.2.1 illustrate the various techniques for the reduction of system elements to equivalent ‘eansient circuits. When three-phase faults are being examined, itis only necessary to include the positive-sequence compo- nents, For greater accuracy, the zero sequence network can be included, The circuit is modified to include zero-sequenice components when the single-phase grounded fault is snalyzed, A.2.1 Examples of system inductance determination ‘The examples that follow are based on the system and characteristics shown in figure A.1. A.2.1.1 Transformer equivalent ‘The reactive ohmic values and normal frequency inductive values are calculated from equipment data as follows: (ky, Reactance = where the impedance X is given in per unit For the autotransformer used in the example (see figure A.1), 138° Reactance = 82 (0.0926) = 300 (00926) Forthe generator step-up transformer, Resctaee = © oss) = 100 = 150 = 2 Institute 0:TEEE C37-012 94 MM 4605702 0534018 444 mm EEE HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUTT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS ‘std 097.011-1004 8.21.2 Line equivalents ‘The positive-sequence reactance of the 138 kV overhead line is assumed to be 0,80 Omi (0.5 S/n). A.2..3 Line termination equivalent For the 138 kV system in figure A.1, the line terminations are determined from equipment characteristic data or from a lumping of system parameters at a multi-element termination (see figure A.5). The positive- sequence reactance of the generator is given as 19.6 ©. The reactive equivalent of the 345 kV system is 2.6.2. The terminal reactive equivalents at the end of the 27-mi (44 km), 40-mi (65 km), and the 25-mi (41 km) lines are 2.0 £2, 16.0, and 22.0.0, respectively. The 10-mi (16 km) line is load terminated at a unit substation, contributes no fault current, and is considered an open circuit. LOCAL SouRCES REMOTE SOURCES 2 se 26 20 on ie OO - Auto | ar mi LINE 44 1 ae seaisronmen Ht is i® =e eo oo 198K 0m LINE [18 nd is 198 20 soa 180 san STEPUP | #0 niLINE [65 Km) a TRANSFORMER, + 20 220 jBxv AULT a) 25 miLINE (41 em) ts NOTE—Ohme at 198 KV for figure At Figure A.5--System reactive ohms and effective voltages A.2.2 Calculation of short-circuit currents ‘The short-circuit current associated with each local and remote source is calculated as indicated in 5.3 of IEEE Std C37.010-1979, A2.2.1 Total short-circuit current calculation Using the reactances calculated in A.2.1, the total short-circuit current is equal to the line-to-neutral system voltage divided by the system reactance at the fault location. As an example, a fault at the 138 kV bus is illustrated in figure A.1 1s as follows: 2aTEEE C37-01} 94 MH 4805702 0534019 780 mm tees Sid 37.011-1604 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC ‘otal short-circuit current = BBM3 VY 1744 472 A2.2.2 Individual source short-circuit current calculation ‘The total short-circuit current is supplied by the contributions from the individual sources. For a fault at the 138 kV bus, the short-circuit current contribution of the autotransformer is as follows: 38/3 kV v3 EV 2 7kA (26+88) ‘The fault current contribution from each branch is given in figure A.1 A.2.3 Effective local source inductance ‘The effective local source inductance Ls, as illustrated in figure A.2, i the parallel combination ofthe induc- tances that are active in producing the TRV. Inthe frequency ranges of concern, equipment capacitances and line surge impedances often have the effect of shorting the transformer terminal opposite the cireut inter- ‘upting device and, thus, eliminating the effect of system inductance. That is, the high side frequency is gen- erally slower than the transformer component and is not significant during the period of interest (B2]. That response is assumed inthis example, Using the transformer reactances calculated in A.22.1 Inductance (autotransformer) = Reaetance/(2nj) = 8.81377 = 0.023 H Inductance (generator transformer) = 7.01377 = 018 H Ls= (0.023) (0.018 (0.023 +0.018) = 0.010 # A.2.4 Effective capacitance ‘Typical equipment capacitance values are given in annex B, The total substation capacitance is labeled as Cs in figure A.2. ILis determined by summing the equipment capacitance. ‘A.2.4.1 Station capacitance equivalent ‘The single-phase station capacitance, excluding power transformers, consists of the following assumed equipment (see table A.1). The fault side capacitance is neglected because it is small. Operating breaker ‘capacitance is not included because the intent is to produce the inherent TRV generated external 10 the oper= ating breaker. ‘A.2.4.2 Transformer capacitance equivalent ‘Transformer capacitances often make up a significant part ofthe toral ata given bus; however, they are often difficult to determine especially in the planning stage. A more detailed discussion is given in annex B, For the transformer in this example, the following single-phase, line-1o-ground eapaeitances are assumed: Autoiransformer capacitance = 3200 pF Generator transformer capacitance = 2440 pF pry COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Electrical @ Electronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000IEEE C37-O12 94 mM 4805702 0534020 4T2 a ‘eee HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS eta ca7.o-994 Table A.1—Single-phase station capacitance 4 Dead-tank ol circuit breakers (closed) +600 peach 2 Livectank air circuit breakers (closed) - 100 pF each 2 Live-tan aie circuit breakers (open) 50 pF eact 44 Carron iansformers - 300 pF each 193 1(39 m) bus and switches 3.0 pn (0.9 pm) 12 Disconnect switches (closed) +90 pF each 2 Potential transformers - 400 pF each 1 Current timiting reactor - 200 pF 6560 pF 4.2.5 Line and cable equivalent ‘The line and cable surge impedances (Z) for line transient consideration appear as resistances and may be calculated using techniques developed by Carson and others. They may be approximated as summarized in table A. Table A.2—Surge impedances ‘System 2 Le? av) (Ohi) fms) ‘Overhead ines 38 350 220 Bo, 373, 225 hase awe 330 sae 2a0e 30" 368 268 310" Cables ® Cable sug impedance depends on the cable ype and 138 ‘configuration, Typically 2} and Zyy range from 50 to zo BawihZ, ay us ‘SF ¢ buswork All voltages 5S i] 55 — Used for the phase ungrounded terminal faults. 24k, 3 2 Used for shot Tine faut where Zap = and 2s devarined at evitching surge frequencies. ‘Bundled conductors assumed for 345 KV clas lines and above. For the example, a surge impedance of 350.0 was assumed for each line, The effective surge impedance for all four lines at the 138 kV bus is Z, = 350/4 = 87.5.0. This representation of the lines is correct until the ist ‘wave reflection from the nearest remote terminal is received, 25 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Electrical @ Electronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000IEEE C37-022 94 M@™ 4805702 0534021 339 mm ere Sti €37.011-1004 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC A.3 Example of transient recovery voltage calculation ‘Using the system shown in figure A.1 and the equivalent circuits determined in A.2, the TRVs are calculated for a bus fault and for a short Fine fault ‘A.3.1 Three-phase ungrounded terminal fault For the first phase to cleara three-phase ungrounded fault as labeled in figure A.1, the equivalent circuit for the last breaker to clear the fault is shown in figure A.6, The equivalent transformer inductance is 10 mH (see ‘A.23), The total equivalent capacitance is 12 200 pF (see A.2.4). The surge impedance for the four lines is, 88 (See A.2.5) The circuit will be oscillatory if the conditions given in A.1.1.2 ae satisfied as follows: 2505 POs E,IC, Z>0SJEIC 132 >0.5,/ (0.015) /(8.13 10") 132>679 01H 12.20 wen 01H sank Sis20 (0.005 H NOTE—See figure A.2c) as a reference, Figure A.6—Equivalent circuit—Last pole to clear Because the conditions are not met, the circuit is not oscillatory and the exponential solution form (either the hyperbolic or the simplified form given in A.1.1.1) is applicable. ‘The shunt capacitance essentially results in a delay at the start of the exponential TRV. The amount of the delay is equal to ZC, which in this ease amounts to the following: ZC = (52) (C/15) = 1328.13 10) = Lips ‘This delay is small and can be neglected. Note that for other conditions, such as when only one line is con- nected, the delay will be more significant due to the increased Z.IEEE C37-021 94 MH 4805702 OS340e2 275 Me Ieee HIGH: VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ONA SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS sts 637 011-1908 For the example, the delay is small, the capacitance can be neglected, and the following simplified exponen- tial form can be used: Yow Bye!) isB rot, = 15/207) 377) (010) = 136%V 1,12, = 010088 = ld ps Veg = 136 (1 = eM) Ry ‘The rate of rise of the TRY is R=1SA2-1-@+Z,- 10% Vhs = 1542 (1) BT (88) CO) = 12 kvhs ‘The resultant TRV for the circuit of figure A. is illustrated in figure A.7. This, then is the TRY, which acts 48 atraveling wave, and willbe transmitted down each line connected tothe station, As this wave reaches the remote termination of the lin, it will be reflected. The reflected wave will return tothe faulted station and will be superimposed on the circuit breaker TRV. 160 8 VOLTAGE (kv) 50 109 160 ‘200 250 TIME (5) Figure A.7—Breaker TRV for circuit of figure A.6 ‘The first reflection will come back from the shortest line, which is 10 mi (16.1 km) long. Since this line is ‘transformer terminated, it can be considered an open circuit (Le., Z, = «as illustrated in figure A.3). The reflected wave front will then be identical with and superimposed on the incoming wave. In actuality, the 7 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute 0: Information Hand ingTEEE C37.022 94 mm 485702 0534023 101 mm ieee Sid G37 011-1994 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FORAC transformer will initially appear as an open circuit to surges and then change to a short circuit. This transpo- sition is exponential, having a time constant of L of the transformer divided by the surge impedance of the Tine. Because the line is 10 mi (16.1 km) long, it will take 107 us for the wave to be reflected back to the bus. ‘The front of the wave will be positive and added to the original outgoing wave. The voltage at the remote ‘transformer will be double that of the incident wave. That portion of the returning wave that will be trans: ‘ited through the bus and out on the other three lines (neglecting the effects of bus inductance and capsé tance) is as follows: (See A.1.2). ‘The wave reflecting back on the line ) = «(Z25%) = ~0.50e, Z+ZB d ‘The second reflection will enter the bus at 214 ys and will add to the line voltage. The TRV waveform, including the reflections for the first 250 us, is illustrated in figure A.8. 150 VOLTAGE vy 8 3 50 00 150 ‘200 280 TIME (us) Figure A.8—Breaker TRV for circult for figure A.6 with reflections When the remote sauce inductance is considered, the transmitted voltage vaves a the bus willbe a more complex function of time (ee [BS). Foran incident wave of e, = E, (1 2-2"), the fst transmitted wave is ofthe following form: 22, B, NE, rehith Lg isthe source inductance isthe number of transmission lines connected to the bus COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing TEEE C37-032 94 MM 4805702 0534024 046 mm ieee HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS sid 697-011-1984 ‘The inclusion of the remote transformer inductance will tend to reduce the TRV and may be sufficient to ‘make marginal breaker applications suitable. ‘The first reflections from the 27 mi (43.5 km), 40 mi (64.4 km), and 25 mi (40.2 km) lines will retum at 289 pis, 428 js, and 268 ys, respectively. These reflections may add or subtract from the total TRV, depend ing upon the type of termination at the remote ends of the lines ‘A.3.2 Three-phase ungrounded terminal fault—Autotransformer breaker last to clear ‘The equivalent circuit for the opening of the autotransformer breaker, assuming circuit breaker 3 (as ilus- ‘rated in figure A.1) is the last to open, is as shown in figure A. Breaker 4 is assumed open prior to the fault with 1 and 2 already having cleared. The capacitance of the transformer plus that of the bus, disconnect sumed to he 3228 pF. The simpler equivalent circuit is given in figure A.10, and the corre- illustrated in figure A.11 for the following parameters: Time terest = aL = nef (0.0351) (2152-107) = 273s Veg = 2B: F by, =2./2.377-7-35.1 = 262kV 262.0 KV Average rate of rise = = 273 Hs = 9.6 KVis ‘TERMINALS OF FIRST POLE TO OPEN 234 mH 228 oF no 6456 pF 05 Ecaest Figure A.9—Transient equivalent for the tie transformer bus fault A.3.3 Single-phase short line fault A single line-to-ground fault is evaluated at two miles from the substation illustrated in figure A.1 on the 10:mi (16.1 kam) long line (see A.1.3), The key parameters assumed for this evaluation are given as follows: 29 Institute 0:IEEE C37-012 94 M™ 4805702 Os3402s Té4 mm IEEE St Ca7 orr-1994 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC ae Figure A.10—Transient equivalent of figure A.9 262.0 KV eran Figure A.11—Breaker TRY for figure A.10 — The single line-to-ground bus fault is 17 kA, which isthe same as the three-phase bus fault. — The positive and zero sequence line impedances are X, = 0.8 Qmi (0.5 km) and Xy (1.2.Qhem). 0.21mi Using equation A.10, the single line-to-ground fault current at 2 mi (3.2 km) from the substation is deter- ‘mined as follows: isa 135 kA eae Using a value of 420 0 for the effective line side surge impedance (see table A.) the line side component is, a sawtooth wave with a slope of f2-13.5-377- 420-107 kV Ips = 302 RVs and will crest in 10,7 2.0¢ 21.4 ps, ‘The TRY effective inductance is assumed to be equal for both the positive und zero sequences. Therefore, = 0.010 H. The source side component, assuming capacitance can be neglected is as follows: 30TEEE C37-011 94 MM 4805702 0534026 910 mw eee HIGH.-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS, xd 697.011-1004 Vyowce uae = Ey 27) RY B10 bey = 2.135 -377-0.010 = 72 ‘The time constant, t, ofthe source side TRY is = 0010 /(420/3) 714 ps ‘Therefore. Veoure site =72 (1 — e7/7148) KV ‘The source side, line side, and total TRV are shown in figure A.12. fo TOL ane THY 7 2 Titec vero 3 S 7 a 3 TIME (us) a rer une: rm couwoenar 05 Figure A.12—Short-line fault TRV Ifthe TRV duty is excessive, capacitance to ground can be added on the line side of the breaker to reduce the rate-of-rise of the TRV. For heavy fault currents, conductor clashing may occur when bundled conductors fre used. In this case, the effective line surge impedance will increase, resulting in a higher TRY. A detailed discussion of added capacitance and bundle clashing can be found in (B4] and (B9). 31 COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services,IEEE 37-021 94 MM 4805702 0534027 85? mm lee Si 057.011-1994 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC. Annex B Typical capacitance values for various equipment (informative) In the calculation of TRVs, circuit constants should be supplied for each of the elements on the system. In ‘general, only inductances and capacitances are needed; resistance can be neglected. Accurate information on the inductance of apparatus is given by the manufacturer, but little or no information is given on the effective capacitance of apparatus, The effective value of capacitance is the lumped value at the terminals that is equivalent to the distributed ‘capacitance of the apparatus in the frequency range of the recovery voltage, In many cases, there may not be fn opportunity to measure the effective capacitance of the equipment to be used. Tables B.1 through B.9 of this annex provide a guide for estimating the effective capacitance of various apparatus, The range of data is ‘wide but in many eases itis suitable for estimating the TRV. In those eases where more accurate capacitance values are needed, values should be determined by measure- ‘ment or calculation. It is possible to calculate effective capacitance from simple apparatus geometry, ¢.g.5 GIS bus. IL also possible to calculate effective capacitance from low-frequency measurements of capaci. tances combined with apparatus geometry, €.g, reactors and transformers, but these calculations are com- plex and beyond the scope of this annex, and caution should be used in applying the resulis. ‘The effective capacitance can be evaluated by measuring the natural frequency of the apparatus under speci fied feult conditions, The natural frequency can be determined by low-voltage current injection to excite the system by variable-frequency resonant measuring circuitry and by measurement of the TRV during interrup- tion of short-circults at full or reduced voltage. The effective capacitance can then be evaluated using the inductance of the apparatus and the measured natural frequency. ‘The effective capacitances of several items in parallel can be simply surnmed to yield a total effective capae- itance that can then be combined with the effective inductance for TRV calculations. In those eases of oscil- latory transients where the toral capacitance is large, e.g., more than 10 times the effective capacitance of the current limiting apparatus, the effect of the wide range of eapacitances inthe tables is small and the resulting frequency is accurately predicted. In those cases where only a few pieces of apparatus are connected, the large range of capacitance results in a wide range of estimated TRY frequencies. ‘The interruption of fault currents limited by transformers without additional capacitance between the trans- former and the circuit breaker results in very high TRV frequencies that impose severe duty on the circuit breaker. These frequencies have been extensively measured by several investigators [B8), (B10), (B12) Figures B.1 and B.2 show the 50th and 90th percentile frequencies vs. fault current for maximum system, voltages from 15 kV (0 550 kV. The graphs are based on transformer-Limited faults supplied by an infinite source. It is recommended that these graphs be used to estimate TRV frequencies of transformer limited faults and to calculate the effective capacitances more accurately from those frequencies when required. 32 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000TEEE C3?-011 94 MM 4805702 0534028 793 mm HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS eee. ‘sid 097.011-1004 Table B.1—Effective generator capacitance (per phase) Generatorsize | Capacitance ova) | (Gr 15-70 30-85 7 Steams-turbne driven 70-300 50-110 300 and up 65-250 10-25 50-85 Hydro driven I 25-100 150-300 NOTE—There is no direct corelation between MVA size and capacitance limits. For Instance, a $0 MVA generator may have acapacitanee-lo-ground anywhere from 30-85. depending upon machine design. ‘Table B.2—Outdoor bushing capacitance Capacitance or) Maxiowm — [- - system voltage | _Alr-to-ll, alr-to- — a Ky) SF laminated foil, || _Air-to-SFy SFeto-il, pieee als alte —— siitaoaate SFeand ol | oil ar-to-SF solid renee Insulated Insulated 15-725 150-650 25-150 = 30-200 725-800 100-1200 28-150 100-500 100-500 voliage level: Not all types of Bushings are made at every volage level, [NOTE Larger values of capacitance are typically associated with higher voltages but there is a wide range at each Table B.3—Effective capacitance of inductive instrument transformer tee ‘Outdoor potentat Outdoor current | SF tngulated potential, aE. ‘ransformers| ‘wansformer ‘ansformer for GIS “are ‘capacitance ‘cpacltance capacitance eth oF) oF) oF) isms 125-500 75-260 7200-400 Epoxy insulted) 725-800 130-450 150-450 70-150 ‘Laminated fil, SF, insulted) COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services, 200 33COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing TEEE C37-012 94 M™ 4805702 0534029 b2T mm tee Sid C37 011-1904 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC Table B.4—Capacitive voltage transformer capacitance Voltage class Capacitance ay) oF) 14s 000-16 000 22 000-11 000 362 7000-11 oC0 550 4000-7000 800 2000-4000 Table B.S—Bus capacitance—Air insulated bus Isolated phase Segregated phase | buseapacitanee ‘bus capacitance Outdoor substation Ampererating =| (pF (pF/m) (pF/t» (p/m) bus capacitance | up 10.38 KY maximo 1SkY maximom (BEM (pF/m) | system voltage system voltage 1200-3500 8-16(26-52) 10-20 33-66) 25-55 (82-180) 4000-6500 1219.39-62) 10-20 (33-66) 25-55 (82180) 7000-12000 14-24 45-79) - — Table B.6—Gas-insulated substation capacitance ‘Rated maximum voltage | Isolated phase bus ‘Three-in-one bus ‘avy? (pF Itt) (pF/m) «E/E (pF/may* 242 and below 15-20 (49-66) 20-25 (66-82) 362 and above 12-17 69-56) 15-22 49-72) "Inthe case of disconnecting and grounding switches, elbows, tees etc. their eapaci- tances do not vary significantly from the values per foot. A conservative valve for circuit breakers will result ithe length which they occupy is used to calculate the ca- pacitance, Surge impedance is typically $0-70 0. Engineers Services, 200TEEE €37-0%) 94 M™ 4805702 0534030 341 Ml eee HIGH.VOUTAGE CIRCUTT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMNETRICAL CURRENT BASIS. sid037.011-1964 Table B.7—Etfective capacitance of circuit breakers, clrcult switchers, and disconnect switches Capacitance @P) Apparatus description Maximum system voltage ‘Maximum system voltage 15-725 KV "725-800 KY Open Closed pent Close ‘Ouidoor, dead nk, rol, aewum, | or SP circuit breakers ol & paper bushings 150-650 300-1300 | 250-550 500-1300 ‘with SF bushings 25-180 030 | 25-150 50-300 ‘ith solid resin bushings 50-200 100-400 100-500 200-1000 uidoor,ve-tank iol, vaesum, | 20-50 40-100 25-150 50-250? or SF circuit breakers GS cireit breakers NOTE? NOTE2 NOTE? GIS disconnect switches | xore2 NoTE2 NoTE2 Outdoor SF, circuit switchers 20-40 40-1008 25-100 50-2008 Ouudoor SF iret switchers with 25-80 0120 30-200 80-250 legal disconnect bade Ovidoor disconnect switches 20-60 30-100 30-130 ‘60-200 NOTES 1—The higher values of capacitance are associated wit the higher voltages ‘2--For GIS systems, the capacitance of disconnecting switches and circuit breakers does not vary pred ‘alues per foot for the bus * Voltage-grading capacitances or resistances may be present across the open gap of circuit breakers. Consult the rmanvfactuter for specific values. Capacitance is based on one incemupter per pole. The closed capacitance is in proportion to the numberof inter- rulers per pote. Table B.8—Etfective capacitance of miscellaneous equipment ‘Outdoor suppor insulators ‘Outdoor lightning areesters Ourdoor current-limiting reactors "The effective capacitance of support insulators is overshadowed by the connected apparatus effective capacitance and it can be neglected. 35 COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services,TEEE C3?-011 94 mm 4805702 0534031 268 Wm eee. Ste C37.011-1008 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC. ‘Table B.9—Etfective capacitance of transformers for three-phase ungrounded faults, first pole-to-open Capacitance en ‘Transformer size ~ (MvA) Maximum system ‘Maximum system ‘voltage voltage 15 to 121 kV 12110 §50kV 1010 900 to 10 000 S 1010 100 2000 10 12.000 2000 wo 6500 100 10 1000 me 3500 ro 16 000 36 COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Handling Services,IEEE C37-0)1 94 Mm 4805702 0534032 114 mm ieee HGH OLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYNETRIGAL CURRENT ASS suco7 oe = | | —— | +80 =) LS] mew ” eS Ci wash § | sev 2 _ | eanv a & tis 3 is ae 461 kV 3 zw é as 8 aoe g soy a [1 res ev 3 7 z 7 7 | | r | | INHERENT THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER SECONDARY FAULT CURRENT (kA) Figure B.1—Three-phase power transformer TRV frequencies across the first pole to clear for three-phase secondary faults—S0th percentile curve 0TEEE C37-0L) 94 mm 4805702 0534033 O50 mm Sacaron-904 IEEE APPLICATION GUIDE FOR TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC = saw ® raew a eaKv g asi 5B « aekv s cow E Eo 3 nse tek é rank 8 a0 2 asiy s° cox & Sook 2 8 é | | res v ° | | | 2 i oz 0808 40 2 AS 888 BO INHERENT THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER SECONDARY FAULT CURRENT (KA) Figure B.2—Three-phase power transformer TRV frequencies across the first pole to clear tor three-phase secondary faults—Median curves 38 COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute 0: Information Hand ingTEEE C37-0b] 94 MM 4805702 0534034 797 mo ‘eee GH. VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS 18 037.01-1094 Annex C Bibliography (informative) [B1] Bewley, L. V., Traveling Waves on Transmission Systems, (second ed.) New York: John Wiley, 1951 (B2| Circuit interruption — Theory & Techniques, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., Chapter 3, 1984. [B3] Colelaser, R. G., Je, Bechler, J.E., and Garrity, T. F, “A Field Study of Bus-Fault Transient Recovery Voltages,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-95, pp. 1769-1776, Nov./Dee. 1976. (B4] Colelaser, R. G., Jr, Berkebile, L. E., and Buettner, D. E, "The Effect of Capacitors on the Short-Line Fault Component of Transient Recovery Voltage." JEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-90, no, 2, pp. 660-669, Mar/Apr. 1971. 1B5] Colclaser, R, G, Jt, and Buctiner, D, E., “The Traveling-Wave Approach to Transient Recovery Volt- ‘age,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol, PAS-88, no. 7, pp. 1028-1035, July 1969. {86} Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book. Fourth Edition.) East Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania: Westinghouse Electric Comp, 1950. [B7) Greenwood, A., Elecirical Transients in Power Systems, New York: Wiley, 1971 (BS) Harner, R. H., and Rodriguez, J., “Transient Recovery Voltages Associated with Power-System, Three Phase Transformer Secondary Faults," JEEE Transactions, vol. PAS.91, pp. 1887-1896, Sept/Oct. 1972 (B9] Hedman, D. E., and Lambert, S. R., “Power Circuit Breaker Transient Recovery Voluages,” JERE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-95, pp. 197-207, Jun.JFeb, 1976. (B10) Heinmiller, W. G., Katterhenry, R. W., Lambert, $. R., and Stringer, T. R., “Transient Recovery Volt- age Failure of Two 15 KV Oilless Circuit Breakers,” IEEE Transactions, vol. PAS-102, pp. 2578-2584, Aug. 1983. [B11] Naef, O, Zimmerman, C. P, and Bechler, I. E., “Proposed Transient Recovery Voltage Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers" IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-84, 0.7, pp. $80 608, July 1965.5 1B12} Petitpiere,R., and Watschingen, H., “Transient Recovery Voltage Conditions to be Expected When Interrupting Short Circuit Currents Limited by Transformers,” CIGRE 13-07, 1970. [B13] Transient Recovery Voltages on Power Systems (as Related to Circuit Breaker Performance). New ‘York: Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, 1963.6 Fee toorme She symbols uted in thie erence donot coespead othe teferences of IEEE Std C37. 100-1992, COPYRIGHT 2000 Institute Of Blectrical 4 Flectronics Engineers Inc Information Handling Services, 2000TEEE C37-021 94 Ml 4805702 0534035 923 mo To order IEEE standards. Call 1. 800. 678. IEEE (4309) in the US and Canada. (Outside of tho US and Canada: 1, 908, 981. 1393 To order by fax: 1. 908. 981.9667 IEEE businoss hours: 8 a.m.~4:30 p.m. (EST) For online access to IEEE standards information... Via tho World Wide Web: hipuistdsbbs.iees.org:70/0/pub/icsestds.him Via Tenet, te, or Gopher stdsbbs ieee.org (IP address 140.98.1.11) Via a modem: 1,908, 981. 0035 ISBN 1-55937-457-5 slraiss9'37467: IN 1-55987-467-5 COPYRIGHT 2000 Information Hand ing Services, 200