0% found this document useful (0 votes)
31 viewsBEFA Notes
Uploaded by
Dinne Police Shashank ReddyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
31 viewsBEFA Notes
Uploaded by
Dinne Police Shashank ReddyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 44
— Bustness Kconsintes & Financtal Analysis :
ae Fanbners hip Act 1432.
Ans difpe of nite agreemert 7 the patrers fs calkdf
Partner shipteal [ PAoftt chase valtn Name and adele)
Business — dhe stale of Pe busy
Economics — Human behaviour
“Type of patoers ee
4S leeping partn
foie
P Ree partner tA ferson acho makes fnvedbuunt in busines,
S- Formanl pasta /nomnalipartner (oey ber name sehe
Pate 4y ue ppt cher, Penta >
6. preety etiing aut
Bustness ¢Bustness Ub means the Stale of being busy fo
those actMiltes which ave important /ackvanl to tke
bustness There ave Various forme Of bustoess ,
4. Sole Lia den/pooporator
2. Pasknership business
3. LLC (dimibed bebttily compan )
£ LLP (dimited debeatre! pontnersiep)
a ation
6 Jott Seeck — Company
7. Public, poreb and Government Onpeng
Tapes of povtoer - ¥Adarotrmtth fe cath Mther of
b Aetive: Pourtner Eecanomics
2 Sleeping pawtnes K-Arictotle — ated Economies -
8. Dormant Pavtn AOA Spectties the
Goro parnsy' ofevarbion
Ob -Spectbies the perpore of Setting Up the onge ogaticn |
lee and a for tke
seth aso Company
aecuments aaqutred ave business»
oe — OL Rnclades the proces of 2 crrkmert of diveckors
MOA + Memorandum ef asseciation charles of Company. Q the procedure haa she dine oe
S AOA Ac ee | = r mee
2 AOA 1 Articles of arcoct action bE Includes
Dl Allotment of shares
B. Prospectus
» voting aight
MOA —> Governed with chjeettyes of ca ce | » Appotntrmer and, aumunaration of directors
ton —> Consists of rules and regulation pertaining te | yawn of Share
— | 8) Duvclent and mesewes «
: 4) Procedure of windong +P
specks 5 chrculor /Bdwerttivemen Sree,
Moa t- 6 clauses Freopects 8° According be Gee 2 (36) of the compar { &
wt a } prospec Rnelude a modtee, a ctreutay » advertisermerdt
tawrting es
| : Shares fn a compat
| LLP t dimited bili poires dp sf
Name clause —
apn he public -ferthe purchase a
2 Registered clauic «ise agicdthel
Bbject efause
diahility cary,
: cat 7 Partner chip buttness 2x Fehr ene
; : partners deermot have person Las
6. Subs cripton Laure A sagt | ent oe J |
be iss Mipe usiness
oon i Sogerigel and Lacy?
. Faby! of LB
( aye Deny cee
> weabittty : :
8) Becly hpepesste ce orporale
fy Lasy branters ob le ovoner ships Te tet aor Bee ——— ne eee reli ( sestst—‘“‘i‘i OT
Qrpue which meant ecg Drusiness and enjoy qrenk flenshiltty of manag ;
SE Te a Complencferin of Baumert thucluve uttch ts Mat t
termed fer protitray nem propre pope
peerten Gs tuned by chare helders and mange ej 1 Easy te chert 4. Oncentaxrit
board of Aivecters Bop. _ 5p -Personal contact wit 2.Na dition of tebouw
pit Gukemers lini ted amount of opted:
2 Direct Contr ° More pene
5- Unlimited ability
| & Prompt decisfons
Dent
7 8
BOD are elected by Shave holders
Bod elect the Corporate offices
LLC t Cdimited Labrt ty Company)
Resbicts the wight of orf ef fo Subsite any
3. Paebubebs aay Sov ae pes ‘
abe n-buves
Share OF
Bia dew | ;
ts el sec 3 4 indian Compas
a miotwurn fF
por
a8 ra. Every pralz Geojomy Shouthd et end win Ui Oown capital
perd “paiva Mentted a. chare capital
CE ee 3. Debenbuves -
ret 2. Medfum term doanc
¢ # pbc compa who-has a itina fat p oP . ceed
Paper re THAR nat glee 2 Hee Revehase,
R Se mifofoum no. of members fn pobte open 3 be 3. deasing
Seven ant imaitmum hundred 4 Vanbure Copia.
| 8. Short tem loans
3, Every pubtic 4g nam Should end voit word
ny + al | ‘ sad te 1 Commercial Papers
Public Limited! gems
* 2. Bank Overde:
4The Shares are trandesrable Snt public Srmpare ee. sone
: = es
Seu if : 4. Credit fackeri
_ “ey : ‘ pe|peclaora
4. Aetoed Dlong Tenn loans
[oferty ts section oF bodadt Gmpanicbck 195% Beh cactint tc A. capita (nbrodsted. yi proms
tl af te
nto The Business is called oem cap’
a get Cope An which not Jess than et]. he
paid up thane Capttal As het by the central 1
af nenfnal value $f Sherer
2s Share capital & The amount
hetd by the Share holders
joven marl
“YF SATL — Steet Auttonila of Onda. Limi teal
# Sndtian fale aye 3-Prefpena share capital 1 Prete
: adpechor } qiven the povity during the pay
ES Hf Pte thany) berber | ype igh Ses ole
Teeny of y v
us Afr works tn athe Lackdop of Miro Beoromtes 4 dostrumeda that it
Miro Lenronfes tor ro deciston naling in Verity of
A¥eas In resource aileation py?
Pavcina, Pao du ets
Reduced aed oa a3
nee Share holders ale
re Asbededlt
4. Debentuve + Debenburet 4% find :
umsecuved cdl ateral.d -belps tm +e vacee captial
Oy Funds
5: Hire Purchase & dt an
cuter Whe agyers
{ the Ufa! amount and fhe +
fowtabbements
Bosurver Seeks -bo maxfrrige overall udititry
Sources of Finance
9 long termboans .
= i. 1@) Define Duriness, explain Various Cpe eal eee
2. Dating Sole Preperstor ? Write the Membr @ Derweriby of
sole facperector
8: Define partnerstip. kite the merits @ Demeribs of
partnership
+ lAbite the difference fo pulelic company pivale
Company
% Dijjerentiate b]o Micro ¢ Macro
G bthat ave the en converbrenal and Conventional
Goce inence” Hee ort em
| ingel Broking
+ Define Exoromics, Explain the Significance of Economfes
[98 Dafne Leenemtct Enplain the rata ad Spe Hf Cemnorta?
Je that National Oncome” shat are the. Concepts of NabionalSncorne)
Etencmies
esiom Terms
Gusev Teme
YO What ts buiness epee? het are the phases of
Busfress ogee '
‘ Whek fs Geftation? Enplain dhe Epes qorttctor.
a, Leasing L dease 7s a Contvack Tenis the tewms
underwhich one party sqrees to rank property
curmed by’ ameter
ss. Venbuve Capttal te Start Up companies with the potential
be pow eed come amount of enpttel a Snvedbmol-
tentthy daweskers stte fo Foveet 40 business wilt
long temo are rerigecte
2B. Yrork tern boas
+ @amantal Poe ts a chort term
1+ Commenctal papere
Ae Fssurd boy wthe Poni to
Aabt Pnstrument
in ntige funds.
Goresaily apr m porto t
2 Bank Arapt rte te quem & only certain, peopts soho lave
qoot Business wih bank: :
Ob a person wank te draws mere amourk dak his
ik actual Bank balance uhic prtncmeee with Some aye
\ Ve call Bank draft
a ede Credit 2 A Trade evedit ts =
in whitch a Conrumer| Caskerner can puvehert geet
| and Seavices . without Prting “y cash bak paying
‘ Te en Some Laker tate
op ome yer
busines aqres rok
i 4. Credit rye ctoring % Creattt ackoring te snp another
; name for Invoice fey
tte a Spe of { eet
tty receive upto 100%/0 of tnvdice Value.
;
het aoe a Concept th National Sn core
bh GNP - Gao National produck
achronal @nceme
D Eradierting Pow 2.NNE — Net N
‘ ‘ . : 2 NBP — Neb domedic produc
2) Setehon to Production Fe corsets ds
Cigpthi cance of Econo mtes
| D> Knowledge to Manager - : 5. Disposable Income
» Guiaing fn Decision Making : + Pend fneome
| D Proper Budgetma . : 3 Net nacional Socome at factor cost
D Terence fn Netfonal tsleatth- these are TF Conciph national fneome
A Cenfess
» Hetps fo frarning. claws Ser tie Country D GNP F The Sncome earned on all the qeeds 4
wtthouk any deductions 4s called Grow
Micro Leon emice Macid ‘Geonomtet product»
ihe = fatten of the
LNINI tlhe trome carned after depred es
| +H Ys The Study of Individual 1. O£ fs the Stacy of 24g rege ‘3 BW) cormmedtttes te ain Pe id incone
Continmmes OF dren :
q a $F Ov otal (gerry ee NDP GDP deprestation on the enpfial geeks te NPP
| % Mero means Millfonth 2. 0b deals with flow of ’
? . : a r Kourschetd trem
| : economfe Yerourees | Fop BS, gid tocome + Grcome Hh 4 parern ar Nev te
J) F-8t deabs wttir trdividunl acton of potuch Nyy Lertess
behaviour » 3-Tt deals usth prece Level hte tad $e payment
! iS Disposal fncome % Income hel
{ 4d deals with Pree Them euch as cheme Loan poyererts Yer and various offer
and MeakFens of -Laur tq uctiom
| au °F : olottg tt ov
demand. Rncome and amy tangerine | :
4 “thee: & Real income Income of “the Radin? dual opter ating
: “ ~ Raft action oy purchasing peer
| Nectional Oncome } NaBfonal Onaone 4c the plow of qoods ak
Sere produced fo a Country» a. Real Met Nabenal Sroome ot freee Cook ©
\
“fe qeneral
4.8 Includes Nackional
~ ee Abed : Se means the cum OL Pncemet Carne be
Be depp ten Marshal has defined national Income Aeseunee Gupptins for A ptt ua.
e our and Capital ef a ae ackang prcduction
upen th naturel recouvers predated Prd
Certain ret agave galt i
DTT I Of commodition aad
a Water als. Onfletion &
Onplatien occurs according te Coul Boon Tnttctren %
“eee enuch monty chasing b {ew qoods-
Ongtetion Is trreventible tepward movement of
Patces cost by encess demand eeeraetpt
The of Ont fation =
e Creeping,
2. Walking
. Auaea
Gale ping
|
e B i cle + DA] Dec} 02>
usines Cele i
\ Sametion sha. defined business cycle asa Swing
Qn the dotal Aectional treome and eroployprnenle wnat
fora eae Bh two te ten (2-10) years
dete masked i} why fete spread exp omsten and
contraction to mot Sectou d thy &
Feabuces.- a.
Cyeltent m overnnlm
2. Wave Like movernenk:
&. Quterntional to nabave
Varying degree of frnpacl *
= tllten I tT tal
haus of Butocst cycle
h all Stage
2. Recereny tlnge
Zep, i ob
a.) et
pee
S» Recesion Abege
4. Depression Mage ro fe a prstongd shyt wolre you
exporcene: all busines achntly are clens than nove =
t
ee Paiaony thege 2 * sti ach
ge Rrereant in the ceonemie
vaire tke eupesionce slight
a Prsspeslh shag +The Busines expater
Gnerease Io pr
{
sit
1
Ineveasein cates
ce agh press,
edu ebron righ peop, pu eroploy meet
| kde” a
.# segs — ee aoe rel te
abeve ermal preg phigh pie aud
He, business
expansion ie
S Re ceailon shaget Ot 4s ta
about fatere tyerds fn econo}
Nedure & Scope of Economtcs anaes
Masagergal Economics Te the gounqut sf all the Socal
Sciences .
3 9t asunres thal firm and hageract fava Nabural mann ey
ion 3
The MBS are clenteet avery thy Re ranct deetle
Reabuves
1. Close to Mero Exons mites
2. Nettle UaBieent
J 2. Whats in back drop of Macro Lconentos
4. Aeplied tr Natiave :
5. Nlhernectives
SCOPE
' Gree pls and Technf ques of Economies
ee % Reduction |
— ¥ control of Cot
|
| Teete * Makeor
[Techtquas of Ms ne pti
oonomtes. ¥ inventory Accson | Goll
capt Man aa tron
* Poop pla
# Delermnati h VR
biota paet |
Dy
We
UNIT-2 DEMAND And supply
Flostretty
1 Alhat i tastici ij volect ave Lgpes ot Ctawticity ?
9. Enplano Ctasely Write about the Hinds of elarberty of
demands -
a nthet {5 demand ? Eoplain law of termand with
aasumplions and ex ecpptions :
Detpt Method — 20
i pt Patton ese of Supply with menwmptions?
forecasting fw
5-lathat Is dso Cost
450 Quanttors)
os on} aoa3 .
f
a hthat fe dave oF Supply bw
3° Define the Concept of production (*
4. Describe meonospelystic competition (2 ™
various phases anol features
duatt )
” Fao business cycle , @aplainThe
7
a. lalhat ts national Income 1
_ what ig Clarbicrty o{ demae
demaud 2 10%),
i ealy , onnt she thei’ gre
fen tom,
concept of National Sncenre. ciom)
E. Jb TG PS Of alesticily Of
| 4. klhet of cor? tem"
6: Native 6 Fealires of pefece Lompet
i PP elasticity s- :
The tern tlarlicity is defined a8 the vot of
proportionali. change t quanliliy demanded to that of
| Paeportionale change in pe
ee
| 1. Price
|| 2 Income
(oan
| + ctdvertisement -
Pie Flasticitgof olemanc >
~The offet of Changeinm pe
PED= f change tn Quenl'bh demanded.
ice on the quantity demandsh
neorme Lladticitg of demand
dt meagures the response of quent demanded to a
Change in consumers Encome
She formula for TED 6
TED = “fichange (0 Qeankity demanded 95)
thchange t% Income,
E capserses the rulitionship belicen Quantity dernende.t
aud wcome of ‘the Consumer '
Grote Blacbicrty of demand &
4 oe Aespensiveress th the quantity demandik
4 t when the pote of another preded changes
age Tea and Coffee
«rate for CED ant
[ CED = of change» Guantity oy Peoduct A
i eo
err
Aduerticernenl” : Adverbizement ds a measure, ofthe Eakere
& improve the meursshles fr hy oaganication «
Gtk calculated as prsportionals change quantity
demanded (GD) of a product dined by poportionalz
change tn Advestisement expendi :
a froperGenali change in AD
change in Advertisement coperditure
Paepertronalé
Pri
Gh pes oft tlasbtty of dame
I Penge ctly alaxbe wlemand,
2. Perfect in elastic. demand-
3. Relatively eladic demank
A Relatively to elastic oe
c Bnitary Aer and .
: tl te,
1 Pespecty ofasicdemonds Jethen lhe rater abt to ill
J a fond spre be without reducing.
alate ened
qier comcdities at
othe paice dt is Ca led popetly
Y
Price
ent
D
* Hrontity domande
cap)
2 fafectty inelastic dirmand tb Small Ag
Weill Lact Le NO change oF Little chang
et
ve (dy
haf
cc of change in frie
een quent
o pp Pr 2 Rebtel eaticdeand * y
Danand “us toed be he Habit er
este. ache dha change tere .
N |) tv mare chan charge tn be fin Phe, \
Sfere, ab av obsecred hak :
tladttty of demand a guealer
then one (471)
4 Retetinely Snel artic demand
ea Wh. change ine demande sin Aetg than
chang. price dt is satel
7 sn fate dy he mebebrvel,
aa *
5 Unitary dimanl.
Shea aee of triers
eate af eer denardelbe change in fhe pce
equal bo thet of thange i quonkely dimancled »
yo
a oe
Hh 2a the pre of gerds aud serving
8D revise the God pelicies
FG forecast umand
FTo flaw the level of onfpit sod Srpule «
ea
ao 5 2 ©
DY pasuverentis of Ctesbicts of demand |
4. Pont Method
2. whre MethoL
our
9. Total. Aang mathod
Barons. pling cel of damand
1 (Nature af fe protuct
Corpplernertmny ia
Substitutes
. Take G proeren ces
climatic Cendttions
Government htervention
4 lemogeneous product
Demand fo spaeduct la tard doAare dumand, Whuss
none
g Conditions are satisfied deste, willing ness and abeltty te
pay
Qa ctors determining demand #
D) Noatiire cof uthe product
DPrice of the product
2 Socome of Consumer
D Tarts & preferences of Consumes
S) dw ertisernent affect
) Size of pepalstron
Dy Caper tations of price om —putwre
how of Bemand
dau of clear spales that-Hings are equal nee fee nd will Aecrease o
cf the -precuct frereacet demand & T fatp
hace ts an pavers rection ship bfo quantity demanded g
price
7H
Ascampions of Daur of! dmbad Seq dnote
qe 40 Sacome devel,
2») No change fo Size of popetation
DQ No Change 2n climatic. con attion
DN» change Sn Taste, Preferences of Comumer
5) No Change Sn Palco, of el.
8) No eapectati
: * faction of pafee changer foputuve .
“*eepttons of Lavo of demancl
) Giger gout
i
ate} qeock, |
errr ret
9
yeblen qeods
~ Fubure pte changes
@anerance
9 “4
sjemagendes
oo change in ee & preference
2) Gorapteous goods
a) Band wager apyet
4
D
ie
J
Gg, demarel
Demand fore carting pre
Slaps to demand forecasting #
D Sd entify G SiG the objectives of “forecasting deals
D ddesti fy the vaviahles effecting the demand jor a produd
3) Gllect the Yelovant ctaty to fepretert rhe var? ables -
»») Express the Varfables in appropriate form
DDetermine the wert probabl. Actatrombip
6) Make appropy ale axcumptions & taterpret ( Coe
tt a
| | oe a7 Fy = 0athex 9 fTen|aces
| i l Emy = AEA tbe
( oer
rah = Statistical oo Be Moving Arges Eire sdb te a Series of afthmetic meen
| Send Method Hat Moke and As used AP Stile ov mo dvend ‘ie pretert th the
| 3 i . -
v Expert ' —
Ok has cpixed Cequenceof perteds and fe geed-for steble
JP Hoing verege
Suen of
ipedrtenteon
metho <4
oe 7 - 2 demand wth no hehetoual pattems
= _ Sedgemere) 3. Baromelsic Method 2.
Cn sus
Melnod > Leatt Gjuae Hehe) | > ppresch 4,
: | Seas an improvement over trend projection method -
eee L Grr. be 4 dene by Certain econoenfe and Afecticticah In.
periments whlch Indicates changes ‘in economy
Method 7 ¢
Olen Method
Srna Method.
Test Mier eating :
The prectuct 4s cold fm cevtad
without being observed hy
Demand fe perecatted en the baste of actual Safes
made in best marke Cs
& Census Method» Cencus method fc alo called at Total
Enumeration Method,
A Suevey fe Conducted ctthey
population or boy Selectin,
Ceqments Li the Sectety
cthe Comune rs
Soy Covering ihe -lo}al
4c Sample group of buyers
2. Samp, .
fle Mettod + The icin selects medte
elects ther"Jroup of buyer whe ® Eapent ophten Method t
Aepretents the whole population apt :
: A group of exper fn that particular peed, ave
Satesfo. = = Jeg : .
esrore. Opinten Methocl CSFom) Shee people ave pencatorek Gorsutted -for “thet optatens
as the backbone of ever rE
“These
4 organtgection ay Ageeertal wroach $-
i people have personal Aapo With the comumerg andthe , ths val, Ac ued whee there Each of past
a Collected hy them 4s Contdered as oa.
primary ak or Wetorfcal tale. Ot provides “the fe
] : Metnodt - % f sion
important Aecislens
i Tren .
d Method : Trend shine methoel to alse called as feast So ange eee
Foquere methed , =" : me :
Uncler-tife methoa| afffferent deterininents Of emaud
Large amounl ate Ge Vequtyve ss :
ge arount of data Jt Yequtved toy finding out fhe are verted and ‘price ancl apatite, rsteationsip are
‘tend analysis eskabtished ge Ne chaugeto the pra of other goode.
Delphi Method - 2M 4
Tits method feo ttruetuved ammunication techrfaue
orginally Awe loped as an ‘nteractive fprecartin j
method , which velfes o panel of expat.
| ares highly wied ty Golleatine Tatelligence
SUPPLY
# hthat= ts Spply 2 Enplain low of suppl with aetir plone) |
e cols te Obbered for
Supply Sopp wa gpa of ee wlceh f bie + . i -
Seale at a quer pre at « perbontar tne.
cto affect
The ies Supply «
1, Own prfce of qeode
2 Bie Of related goods:
3> Phe of Ooputs [aM] eRaw Makesialy i eS
Me et
Ij 2° Sot of Techoetegy oo
6 objectives Of fvm, Linttations of opty
ee od te theetion fale
ta Supply. Atalis hat other things remaining fhksame, > Price Expectation
the yoy Sappbed of & Comme 4s Arvectty oy positively 3. Stock clearence cale
Aclatid te ats epic, A: fear of being cut of Fashten
Aesumptions of tour of ppl : © Rertehable. grote
No change fy AbalZ of Tchad,
No change fy tale of Meta
2 No Change fo Factors op preduttnon
3 No change fo 98 of Alerms to Mav bat «
G. Ne change to ehjectives [goats 6 c
Ne change Haley's ex petabies« ee
Laament —
Assignee I usin
«
Laplatn the native and Scope of sieeaeen a 2 dear Saleelvakhs)
. Saplatn the ‘
Define Stledieder write the erie and demeli of fled eae
ational Income iqag.. FY
2. Uthat 46 Netional Trcome Con cop of N
: Beco, 4
Ae that 4c Onfladion apes of Orftcte7” - re
Define clemand ,explase Lew of Cees 204 as.
Uvite arcumphion | eaceptfort Colirnati the Sates bor er 2006 G >e08
i 12 Esbimactien of Sales for the ear 206 ¢ 2008 .
6. Debine, elesbictly of dimand Ak types of Clesbiaty of | fees 7 : ;
i demend ‘Clakhs) 12 seo ee
|
S lthat ts demand forecasting.) wile the methods of ae ; = :
oe: ce 3 age 4
Lapldin the Supply wetth aHumpbions ae 5 460 Ae
ooo
. Define Busines eycle /WHIE the phase of Busemess exjcle, E | 78 f 48 4a
2004
10. Detine production Emplafo Production-puretion withrene ee a Tae 4)
Variable Empul= €cagy Stoas Sstenes Abus
ésenatyser 20
Est = KET 49E7 3O)
: a _p toler trerened fom
ee the pear te t9 206%
Nene Gj tort Hur, decreased ond
O asq e6tnrtosy charted bnereating
aren 2006.
@- 2265 = ase HHesy
Reread ye
Zales 2006 = X4+YCT)
= 97-442)
= 1teY
eet
(rede O34 al of 4) Ustt-T
| Production
Cost
Market
Preting
Te produce
Paro
Proctuctiron t Convercion of Paur material into -fieisheel outs
factors of Production _
Feward
bo Lane = Gut
2. Labour wager
> Capital ee :
objectives of tacton, Maragent
2. To increase the procuuction
3. Customers Sakistaction
us Profttatt lili,
5 Oplimoum ublltsation of Resource
ee 4 also drown 28
D0, edution function wit one vawable %& /
Production Adbidtion given by Micha) ® US Las of Variable Prspertion or Laue ef demtatching ~#twons
10
Er 4 ptpul ‘ation
ocean amount Of Output that The Law of variable Peepertion explains toput eptput: cla
con be produ alied: eee eect Aue fe addttten of one variable impute
“opel “hfs a Short Tun Phenomenon
eV,
Marginal a
Paoetu el
Oncrense tate! a
Quatily yrs
Auction quneti }
porction ce
\
ns . x af teboutP A
tong wun pred ction fumetien Lars of f
Rertuction foretion withrene.
Short sun proctuction
“onction .
to the Same
€ rudackon Technology vermet
iv oe : ee rt a
Aoducten tinction tuoo a . Bie beer
r Variable (2m) Homogeneous
wr
Wx Short Qustone *
1. Qs0 Quantity ?
Sk means—the quantities given though out sthebe Quocls
ave eqpelt “dh ds abo called os dso _pacduct-eanve:
whee a=ffiey v4 4. Drak tio
G = Quactily [output \
$2 functional vetationthip: |; Ss
: 4 Se
L= Labour Seakue’ tr
word .
ave Downer ds sleping :
a 80 cost Curve + oo
The dso cost COVE represent “the Cewblnation of
Anputs thet will cost the producer the
Same amount oF mere:
a4 Cach Tso cost clenoles a portale dewel of
aN Sy output
(obeur i
2. Retuens to Scate «
| Sncreasing Re burns
2+ Combart Relures oP Lonslant
’ "\S,
- Dentefeting fe Le Ne, o & Diseconemies of Scoble. 2 [Febfaoas
\
ane
ternal Cconormie s
So Extemal Bon emies
PMarageral econenfies
> Excenomres 4 Corcantradron
DFivandal
eConomies > Economies 9
RED.
D> Risk bearing economtes search & Deweloprent
i
> Technica) econemtes
Deommercial
seComomics
Managetal economies .
AS m fiom grows —there4s a need
qrews reds an. per pote
whe are Specialized ty certain tanks
They. pe:
ee tes high Level of
Froncial economfes
ae Hm pects
busic
fess
tied man agers
anpentence and quatiteadion,
froanciad Sepport fo expanding tte
d
Budget ts prepred O48 per the vequivement the depear
Risk a)
Tecuired 90 of outputs labour
Ver 4 €.conomnfes
At reditce the unit cost of Soles. as 4b can spread ite
advertivement and seeming dada eves aff Range
Outpub and can neqotints, at diccounted prices ,
dd Techntcal Lconomies
Rucioess wht Sarge scale production can utemore
abranced. mackinany aud can apterd fn research anc
al evelopme nk
TH potion
&[ferfaors
Coble Dongias dood ff : pose
. oda cbt Auction Lartici
Production turelion eras, — Seely
Types of costs
& Fined cost
2. Vari able ast-
Megied cat
+ Oppertunt be i
Outrop potter
Snerernent-al Cod
we placernent cost-
© Past and pute cost
: Orqent g poste enable cok
2 ean Tey
Cost + Cost wetert tothe expendctuve fn cous ef to. pes
A particuter i Sinaia oy Sew ices -
angel fntengi ble
cork mong be neg, tes
inet Cost 2 de tat Cost which vem aims Gnelent rrreepretive
f pratuction ae aan ire
A of Maskar- Lec ee
Vou coct ¢ The ast which vematos fprud lrespective. of oh MBESET \ 7 oe
| fo productien acti ae pte “R] i iti
i oe calledd sited cose Githat 12. peripet: Ampetittion pentaras of forget mmpetition
dps Market © Market ds defined as 0 piece on port et
which bape and Sellers me qrotiati thew erchan ge”
of well defineet products. ov Services
May kab
J
Marginal Cost + the @et nctng’ on ae
To ape) Png —
Oppertuentiy cost # Opporbunttey cast Anthe value Of the very Perfect: Marist eee
Perfect Marke : A Situation ‘nr which both the buyert and, Sellers
best alkemnetive. organ Sn a Stuadiron 4, which
ore $o nuncous that all the element of men opel. ave
I Veviable costs the cost whitch varies af changes 44 per the
Production actitte ts called Variable ‘cost
rE
chéice f te be made:
Out lapis cee au a absent.
Re sts Out ap pocket coct are these em peret “Mi-Ihe. buyers and Cellers ave well inpernedt about the
i ave to be met a gaymet bo outsiders foarte ane 5
jut foreign exchange Market,
<9: Argrfeubtural May
£9: Transpentition charges, wages Sallavies :paymor
entine She pprry
of vent
Socremental E 4
cost 7 Bb te also ferred fe as marginal Lah asthe 4
pi santty lage 00
Fealires of perfect
ve and sellere
I
: and. there cre
heed “awe, SADE cost Sticke A there ar
of folentiad! -frems
if)
i
cost *
} ob crlertalicl by analagsiog,
neavree? based on Change fo aobatly
the additven |
. a Ket lcoropetition.
4
/ chavges 4 le sy
| Replacement Cost “The cst which must be Tocwrredt if the os 0 of homogeneous produce
/ ori Te te Be pre etoatas 3: Free entry anel enit ° :
i Past and pubes ath atkal cat lived to the post E Fk ais At eet Ch yea Celle
ana pecordedl 3p | beckt of accours 3 | a
— which will ctake pie in future period of Ege tpietooel mnarkel are the-bert examples Of pert
: Mackit -
|
}/Us ; . Ee
[sqrt § The cost which 4s be be meant ame diat eby Finperfect Market £
r if i a eee
|
Post rable :
L. athe cost Which lan be dvoideel ov postpone er +k situation prevating
Mebaged ts ede ea: | f ', rprmenspely exit +
eel _ produare exerclse the centre! OVer Marker
Some
Peatires of ierperfect Genepelition.
b large no. 0. buyers ard Seller -
2. Blend Of Competition awd cmeahopaly
Supra eats Ape Meee ye omakey +
4. calls cost
S: Free ante aoe) eat of firm,
Mrepaly fe gb te o marke shrecture where there Te a
Str gle Supper of a ee
Fealitres of merepsly fe
b Liew “tcc an tr duct
2. fice makere
2 Bowers of nly
{Pert pig ded
Se Subst lee
Orbit eves spy
Nee . 5a
TUTE They have ay
ae markeb thuctuye ,
Sepa
Fealires 4
Obpepel, «
Raite oe
ection
H] & Sine Lormere Le ea
Posstbilty sf colli ion cl
Pte om
a,
a .
c Duepely oe ot eA ipo ef market Where apne have.
eetine denffnatcd the entre market
Martel, fio
Dict Ayn SO apes OF fess Aresatorn fe" Tre. Grumess
fin chefee making
Memes peby FCI ~ foecl Cospenation India 4 Tre
singe Buyer onl organization of por chasing the
agicutturd pretu cls <
een exicti 4m both preduck and dabour markets
t dt fe a Conectttton fo wh Pech where
are G laxge buyees fon @ speaffe
protuct ov cewvicet
Duospeny
——
amarkt In which Ihe oe: of buyers
Oligocpony * te *
a q anef Contro) most of Ire
fs Large
d 9
dongle} oe :
= 5 intine
Pisiey 9 Ginkornatenal Attn as 2) Whats prfcing
Plog te an important encrdtee. Preing the
eating € aficut durk, Bray organizer] “hoe
in & prsteular price based on the Ceomumers om
product and Sewieg,
fs
|
wand
Methods of ping :
| 1 Cock based! pateina #
2 eel aol pid.
% Demand Oriented ricing
\ ft Glades y bored. pring
fneore fevel.
t Cast based pricing 4s Bvided nto three
HE plus patting (019 fall cont Paleing «
> MJorgioat cost j TM
|—> Srdal cost basecl piecing.
% Competition bareal. a 4s divided foto too
~ ra vate pera.
dead Bid Piteing .
& :
i Demand ovientet preing 45 divided tote Lev
N 7 Price etteertenln ation
~ Preceived value ory.
Fi shaky Borel ficieg is Aldea) into
—y Fone ae
> Gross subs dis,
Market Stoning Zi
> Two per og
~ Bock pacing
7 Grommet bundling
Bek Jonal Ptirea
© C68E ESE RG:
= Cost plus prong sdb Ts abo cabled <5
mobs pee Ths methed 1 adopted wher there
As a pee ffuchealions dt ts wraally followed ee
Feledlers and departrented Lore membere -
U cost picing ov
ig Megs o* Pend SE 1 abo catted o4 Langete
Pep Te] er breakeven pricing.
“The price is ye fm Such 4 ap where pret cost
ard Veriabk: cost ic covered.
The adlitienal cost Incurred fey prdicing ene
additions writ’ of output. :
> Soci al Ost lo asec prfctm 4 Fihe pice ts pad high a)
peak Fernand
Hic a Sytem of chav ealra for the user of a
neqwork sAning high demand.
Competitien bared pistag 7
— Gang wate: ping tthe pent Heel
paivaling & the anarkdsthe price ae a
Servies# tc tek 98 por the. cormpelitives P i
7 foduchies Where “the
Hie pitewed by ole pely oduuchi tT
deal with hemagencaus product.
— Seated Bid Pateeng & Ot te a peecete of qq"
or sel at polices duignstd byte a Se rel
aq) Gotractors
Demand Onented Meena,
—5 Pra Discviminabron? The proctice of chergng fae fine
che concumers forthe Sarre product 15 called differentia
ren ’
rt pore rales
pout and
+o bug ated bated on Onsumers need ,naby
Paces are diserinfn
Ha product jNdcome group + grap! ee
| Precsived Value pring rhe phe fe fred based on tp
Pe perception
eg Mobile phones udtth touch Screen al
Stratiqn bared Pacing i
Market Skiroming ¢ Ve pacing ie St ec
oo buy whe have a oo etesivefor the
precuuct:
Grodually the pried are reduce) Ae
marke Corctition
egt HD TV
wal rift pouch Sevan
poting upety the
2 Two part pricing s db ic eer of pre Aiccrimin abion
where ‘in th. ee op a protect OY SeawWee
Coreposedl of wo joule ce cLernp Sun yes well ag
fa vai chavges
TV Mobile Yechage p
where
Block. Pacing EL fe 9 abhatig ys Wercticn
packeal seythee 40 ovaley te enhance profile
tee “Thre method % ofcet Wheri the. aia Sells the
Qrmount vducts where marginal doct equals demand.
ee t lt
Corommoctity bundlicg 2S Kevelven grouping OP aelabeat protect
together ante a vied market offering
diveckmaterial #T " #
= = *\aga00 =
Avvect dakour E> a7 aalerbor>
eutate renk eww paint when Seley are 23 febfaoas
coo anh propre 480,000
NS
Alrect overheads 100‘ rect jor"
& 1,00,
00,000 joud cost
At oF OF
Gell ing pie per vit {62 2. £5;
é sl Given gales = & 600/000
So Caloatection of break Even alet = “Cited Cot BY Gre et 2 = ¥0080°
mar Pusticet="
i Ply ratio
Giver Fred cat E 90,000 | Profit = 1,80, 000
i See : '
| SF 450,000 peep = 6S ie
} |) Ply reto = ¢ fjvaato BEP=
as 400 Coctsio oli
° ica es
Cort buckion = Sales Variable cost plyratio = Gatco 109,008,
/ / B: 5,000
Variable Gost = 5 +2-+ toot af 2 <5 Variakt Cost * '
Jef arene
442249 c= $760,600 — 9150/00° = 04
: = Coshibativon —Profre
e=sty Setes = Aeltig poke per valk 12 Froud cost |
c= ta-4 pepyebee = ere
Er encase
[en ered
Ply Yabo Pee
if = s. Jgeo -
Mee a 85. ig EEE!
BES FA | aan a Pv wectio = 2)50,000 x00 = sve
Piviato a7. = 3,60/000 W ‘) 500/000 ‘
{eer 109008 x 160 = 9,00/000 «
- a
sis othe Company wn chee to
break evew au
in an profit Bf & 782,000 ee mat (Margin oF Softy) aud ly abo
gin sabe are & 1/00)200 j fond eipensee e754
Variable expenses sve Abrect- materlel in & |,00,000
4 Airect Labour —co,o00]- » Avec” experts 40/000 /-
| SE. caleatetion of ply watio
Yration ¢ x10 =
Conbibation = gale: Variable cost -
Variable cost = 1,00,000+ 60,000440/000
= 9,00,000
c= S-V
C= $,00,000 ~ 2,00,000
Ply xetio = 1007008 op 2 32-3'f = safe
——— so
=
Merging.
; Li een Break even Sales.
“ES = Fe a
BES =F = 16000, too: c19 21212,
Flyratio a
fs = 3,900,000 - 2,274,273,
take Ones Aas bo mints the Sales af B19 104 worde
te maintesy the profits sh onguigeien
a
ee ee ee cee ee
ere earned Aung the gear :
Beak F600; 000 y Salting precvatt ~ ts [Waal al
unit 1 FAO, Oudput Live} 5 1,60,000 Unit, Cateutate, Te
given Frais cost = 500,000
Conbibution= Sales Variable cost
Salling pre per ot = & S[- = Lso000 xIt= 225 990°
Variable Cot per UNE = FID, = 1,50/000x10 = 15/007 00
1, 50,000 Unie
Output tevel
o-v
22, 50,000 — 15,00,000
e
ie
je= 7170, 000 |
Fo e-Fe
Pe 1)50,000 — 500/000
P = 250,000
P= a 9,50,000 .
Bt companys mete rebecd =
devel of 1,50,000 Veils
Dp Coleutale exert Even anaby!
fe dit oH to eee = it of
+ over heads dost & oS and trad Selling over
head Costkl2, 000, Voriable ccna choning, co
Br And variate felling cost per Unit 8 B+ Selling price per
UnER ag.
pW Gluten op Bnk Aven analy
v 7 y = 42/000
Gen Profit 240,000 , Frud tosh 60/000 + 12,000 = 32/0
0,000 at oulpul
gales value and if the
= 20/000,T| Frud
is fo
perv 1
ec eee ee "fie le
scmipae aaae ert +
Gulliog pi | =
\ , = Fiatd cost ato = Corbi bation Break Even
Bret Geen foal Eellgphce~ Vasnbts cot per th ro ae 7
fer Unite Oar 2
2,000. 42,000 C = Gales—Vayjable ost
Q4—le qi (evens 60,000 - 26,000
35,000
tote Company hay be make 000 break even anabyic
Ply satio =
cto make 4 rye 4 40,008 , Ws 25000
Sion, = 58-333 =S8%
x10
60,008
Dertedd Sales = Ret Dever Proffh heer dren pote = EE $5008: vip saeger)
/ tly recto Plvietio ~ @
i oie
oe Margin of capes =-Actualsoles ~ BES
. 2 60,000 -25,e62
Ply vetio = Sy 100 : 2 34139
h i pee Calentakion of Year
a a BIE me © an! .
= A y100 = 81-5 fe
ay feo Pl wetio = Zvie0
Doce Sete = Tues 18S ao Kien Conte\bustion = Sales - Vastabte Coste
are se t = 1,20,000- 50/000
= 10,000
Oh fe owing Gail dali is avnctate for tee Suctesive, / |
yeas Hee tly watio = 70,000 59 - 59.922 SU
Hot len oe
po, Break Even point = FC = 20/000 oe
Sales 6a, 0¢0 120,600 r Phebe = H190,- 54724
Fined tos 18,000 80,000 |
arn = Gia) bales- BES -
Uoriehle Cost as;000 ee | Margin d) safely = Actitel
ali Pek st, Z tr. 120,000 ~ s1,724
i J 0 4 SC argo 4] :
oleatele th : Ce ew ie rg Oy “ PF = Gare tt
Os
aan 34 yom
The Company has pecfermed emuch bette Ledgen Accounts
GE te x bork Whe Contains Varios accounlt gt fs'1' fern.
skatereent of all the “transactions igtine
d-be ts a eee
doa person asest, ax penie or Anceme which have -Eaken plaw
ductoy a quer pe pened *b Hee and hows theby net eppeee
deriqned 49 Accormmadats ERdnvardee Adtpans riatnted
t.. trader ‘
no Whee Gourmal
Athy promsehy fransherring -Uhe entries te ae Te,
—Towana| Faro
Pearce tages OE tay Beet
dy Conger Sena Creaik “Cr es
Dati] Partondans [TE |-Arveust\ Dab Partfcub| TF + [mow
|
|
|
f—- + Trial Balance eect Comes
1
¥
Boia Uae te 3 Lore bee ping voor tahsel —e- aiicthe assert are recorded at-the cock at which E Fe
4p which The balance. of all dedgert are | acqpived-
Complied Woke debit anal event aceouk= [| i coro
Column totals that are War comes % The Receiver AN espeose a
| |] Business oy u
| a a cane tw Credit —> lathat” geet out The Giver All fpcome aud
i isa epor ate legal exctite] OL hascmm name Profit
Tee rn ora wrhag, we Lc appliatte, “Ws ome is apple
Applicable. — f adh tal
weakqsin. pon ste
a =. person and sepsis
Jets ie
t-Fs ab tumed thet evemy budness ts 4 Regie
spevever “there te no Diath te
£00 fiquid ation fy tide process Oke oe dike
Money measurement Concept | one bie tale
Every ransactions avd of | eapdend bustin . and Som ae
"4 art ef danced ante and | Poe ee
7 be: fae v1 ore a
casuved in fem pf monty "Rmiture auel-finture 6 aut ale CSI)
*Tindt marks + outstanding Salary "ve
i - El Di oad By pout +t Ley
pr Boks 57:
cath, bs 100,000 —
Peis Tmnal Entiet
ns crayted Business with
2030
go Rarchared Aypewnf te" foie
ath Gotel grote or
40 fanchased gee f 600 |
qi Sold gr0ds by y Ps gor
br Cash Aepostt
