MATHEMATICS IN

THE MODERN
WORLD

DATA
MANAGEMENT
Presented By Group 1
 MATHEMATICS IN
THE MODERN

Group 1 WORLD

Apostol Members
Group
Leader
Abelido Alvarez
Abog Apuran
 A S
P THE S
DATA
GROUP 1
 GAME RULES
1 NO TALKING!

BAWAL
2
LUMINGON SA
LIKOD!
ARE YOU
READY?
 OBJECTIVES

Use a variety of
statistical tools to Use the methods of
process and manage linear regression and
numerical data: correlations to
predict the value of a
variable given certain
conditions: and
OBJECTIVES

Advocate the use of

statistical data in
making important
decisions
CONTENTS

Gathering, Organizing, Representing and

Interpreting Data

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion
CONTENTS

Measures of Relative Position

Probabilities and Normal Distributions

Linear Regression and Correlation

 DATA MANAGEMENT

Data management is the development,

execution and supervision of plans, policies,
programs and practices that control,
protect, deliver and enhance the value of
data and information assets.
 DATA MANAGEMENT

It is an administrative process by which

the required data is acquired, validated,
stored, protected, and processed, and by
which its accessibility, reliability, and
timeliness is ensured to satisfy the needs of
the data users.
 GATHERING, ORGANIZING, REPRESENTING AND
INTERPRETING DATA

An investigation should always be

based on accurate data which requires
good management. Correct methods
of collecting data, right way of
organizing them and good data
presentation will result to a precise
analysis and interpretation.
 DATA GATHERING

Direct or
Direct interview method Person - to - person encounter
/ Interview

Indirect / Questionnaire Used of Questionnaire or a set of

questions.
From the records of government agency
Registration
authorized by law

Observation Observation or watching the behavior

or individuals or groups
Experimental Commonly used in scientific inquiries
 DATA ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION

Data collected or obtained

from whatever manner are
called raw data. Data
collected can be classified
according to the scale of
measurement used.
 DATA ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION

Nominal scale

Assigns names or labels to observation

in purely arbitrary sequence. The labels
are used to classify the respondents or
objects without ordering.
 DATA ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION

Ordinal scale

Assigns numbers or labels to observations

with implied ordering. Ranking the
respondents preferences means measuring
responses in the ordinal scale and the data
obtained is called ordinal data.
DATA ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION

Interval scale

Assigns real numbers to observations to reflect

distance between rank position of the respondents or
objects in equal units. This scale give distance
between any two numbers of known sizes, has a zero
point and has a unit of measurement. The data
collected can be manipulated algebraically by
addition or subtraction but not division or
multiplication.
DATA ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION

Ratio scale

Assigns numbers to observations to reflect the

existence of true absolute zero point as its origin.
the ration of two scale point is independent of the
unit of measurement. The data collected has all the
properties of an interval data and can be
manipulated algebraically by multiplication and
division.
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Textual form

Commonly used when there are

only few numerical data to be
enumerated or to be compared with
other data.
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Example
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Example
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Example
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Example

In Statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained the

perfect score of 50. Sixteen students got a score
of 40 and above, while only 3 got 19 and below.
Generally, the students performed well in the test
with 23% or 70% getting a passing score of 38 and
above.
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Tabular form

Is a systematic presentation of data in

rows and columns. It is used when
related numerical facts need to be
classified in arrays.
TABULAR PRESENTATION

It should be simple.
It should focus the reader’s attention on
the data rather than on the form.
It should make the meanings and
significance of information being
presented clear.
TABULAR PRESENTATION

Statistical Tables should have the following

parts:

Heading which shows the table number,

title, head note.

The title is a brief statement of the nature,

classification and time reference of the
information presented and the area to which the
statistics refers.
TABULAR PRESENTATION

Statistical Tables should have the following

parts:

The head note is a statement enclosed in

brackets between the title and the top rule of the
table that provides additional information.

Box Head is the portion that contains the

column heads, which describe the data in
each column.
TABULAR PRESENTATION

Statistical Tables should have the following

parts:

Stub is the first column on the left of the table, which

describes the data on the given row.
Footnote is a statement inserted at the bottom of the
table.
Source note is the exact citation of the source of data
which is usually include to acknowledge the origin of
the data
TABULAR PRESENTATION
TABULAR PRESENTATION
WAYS OR FORMS TO PRESENT DATA

Graphical form

Shows numerical values or

relationships in a pictorial form. It
makes use of graphs, symbols or visual
aids.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Good chart should possess the following

properties:

Accurate - It should not be be

deceptive, distorted, or misleading
or in any way susceptible to wrong
interpretation as a result of
inaccurate or careless construction.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Good chart should possess the following

properties:

Simple - the basic design should be

simple and straight forward and not
loaded with irrelevant, or trivial
symbols and ornamentation.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Good chart should possess the following

properties:

Clear - it should be easily read understood.

There should be a forceful and unmistakable
focus of the message that the graph is trying to
communicate and there should be a truthful
and unambiguous representation of the facts
and that the message it conveys is meaningful.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Good chart should possess the following

properties:

Attractive - it is designed and

constructed to attract and hold the
attention by holding a neat, dignified,
and professional appearance. It
should be stylish.
 TYPES OF GRAPHS

Line Graph

Line graph is used when

1. Data cover a long period of time
2. Several series are compared
3. Movements are to be emphasized
4. Trends are to be established
5. Estimates are to be forcasted
TYPES OF GRAPHS

EXAMPLE
 TYPES OF GRAPHS

Bar Graph

Is used when numerical values of an

item over a period of time are
compared. It consists of regular bars
where the height of bars represents
quantity or frequency for each category.
TYPES OF GRAPHS

EXAMPLE
 TYPES OF GRAPHS

Pie Graph

Is used to show
percentage or the
composition by parts of
a whole.
TYPES OF GRAPHS

EXAMPLE
TYPES OF GRAPHS

Pictograph or Pictogram

Is used to
immediately
suggest the
nature of data.
TYPES OF GRAPHS

EXAMPLE
WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

ARRAY

Is an arrangement of the numerical

data/values according to order of
magnitude either ascending or
descending.
 WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

Frequency distribution table

Is a condensed version of an array.

It categorizes the numerical data
into intervals or classes.
 WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

It has the following parts:

Classes are mutually exclusive

categories defining the lower
limit and the upper limit with
equal intervals.
 WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

It has the following parts:

Class frequency is the number

of observations in each class.
 WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

It has the following parts:

Class mark or class midpoint is

used in computing the mean and
some measures of variability.
 WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

It has the following parts:

Cumulative frequency tells the

sum of frequencies in a
particular class of interest.
 WAYS TO ORGANIZE COLLECTED NUMERICAL DATA

It has the following parts:

Relative frequency tells the

percentage of observations in a
particular class of interest.
 STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Example: Raw scores of 50 students in 200

item test

144 112 156 122 168 172 141 159 127 154
156 145 134 137 123 149 144 160 136 139
142 138 159 151 147 150 126 152 147 136
135 132 146 133 150 122 139 149 152 129
131 155 116 140 145 135 160 125 172 163
 STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Determine the range R of the numerical data.

R = / Highest value - Lowest value /

 STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Determine the number of classes K to

which the data are to be grouped using
the Sturges’ Approximation:

K = 1 + 3.322 Log N

where N = total number of values to be grouped

STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Determine the class size C

C=R/K
 STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Determine the lower limit of the first class.

Note: There is no fixed rule in

determining the lower limit of the first
class. For the purpose of uniform result,
the lowest value in the data set should be
the lower limit of the first class.
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Example: Raw scores of 50 students in 200

item test

1. The range R = 172 - 112 = 60

2. K = 1 + 3.322 log 50 = 6.643978 ≈ 7
3. C = 60/7 = 8.571428571 ≈ 9
4. The lower limit is 112
5. Construct the Frequency
Distribution Table
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
WITH EQUAL CLASS SIZE

Example: Raw scores of 50 students

in 200 item test
FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM

Is a set of vertical bars whose areas

are proportional to the frequencies
presented.
 FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM

Note: The length of the bars is equal to the class size and
the heigth is numercally equal to the class frequency.
FREQUENCY POLYGON

Is a line chart plotted along the

same scale as the histogram. The
class frequency is plotted against the
class mark.
FREQUENCY POLYGON
LESS THAN OGIVE
the less than cumulative frequency is
plotted against the upper-class limit.

GREATER THAN OGIVE

the greater than cumulative frequency is
plotted against the lower-class limit.
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Is the process of making sense of

numerical data that has been
collected, analyzed, and presented.

Common method: Descriptive Statistics

 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Common method: Descriptive Statistics

describing the characteristics of

individual objects or group of
individuals under study
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Common method: Descriptive Statistics

give a single value which represents

the set of values
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Three (3) methods of describing a set of

values:
Measures of central tendency

Measures of dispersion

Measure of skewness and kurtosis

 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Inferential Statistics

Are techniques wherein samples can be

used to make generalizations about the
populations from which the samples were
drawn.
Sampling
process of achieving inferential statistics
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Two (2) methods of inferential statistics:

Estimation of parameter(s)

Hypothesis testing
THANK
YOU!