Department of Education

National Capital Region

Schools Division of Parañaque City
Self-Learning Modules
Mathematics 7 Quarter 1 Week 5

OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS

Learning Competencies
The learner performs operations on rational numbers. (M7NS-If-1)

Objectives
The learner solves different problems involving operations on rational numbers.

Let’s Recall
To simplify a fraction, divide the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by the
Greatest Common Factor (GCF).
Examples:
15 8
a. The GCF of 15 and 25 is 5. b. The GCF of 8 and 36 is 4.
25 36
15÷5 𝟑 8÷4 𝟐
= =
25÷5 𝟓 36÷4 𝟗
Express the following in simplest form.
8 15 35 7 27
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
18 21 55 56 63

Let’s Understand
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
A. Similar Fractions
Method: Using the pattern
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
𝑖. + = 𝑖𝑖. − =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
In adding similar fractions, simply add In subtracting similar fractions, simply
the numerators then copy the common subtract the numerators then copy the
denominator. common denominator.
Note: Always express answers in simplest form.
B. Dissimilar Fractions
Method 1: Using Least Common Denominator (LCD)
Steps: Steps:
1. Make the given fractions similar (the 1. Make the given fractions similar (the
same denominator). same denominator).
2. Add the numerators, then copy the 2. Subtract the numerators, then copy
common denominator. the common denominator.
3. Simplify the fraction, if possible. 3. Simplify the fraction, if possible.
Method 2: Using the pattern
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑖. + = + = 𝑖𝑖. − = − =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑

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Steps: Steps:
1. Multiply the numerator of the first 1. Multiply the numerator of the first
fraction by the denominator of the fraction by the denominator of the
second fraction. second fraction.
2. Add to #1 the product of the 2. Subtract from #1 the product of the
denominator of the first fraction and the denominator of the first fraction and the
numerator of the second fraction. numerator of the second fraction.
3. The sum in #2 is now your numerator. 3. The difference in #2 is now your
4. Multiply the denominators of the two numerator.
fractions. 4. Multiply the denominators of the two
5. The product in #4 is now your fractions.
denominator. 5. The product in #4 is now your
6. Simplify the resulting fraction, if denominator.
possible. 6. Simplify the resulting fraction, if
possible.
Example 1: Perform as indicated.
4 6 4+6
a. + = Add the numerators then copy the denominator.
13 13 13
𝟏𝟎
= Simplify
𝟏𝟑
7 5 7−5
b. − = Subtract the numerators then copy the denominator.
9 9 9
𝟐
= Simplify
𝟗
7 2 7−2
c. 10 − 8 = (10 − 8) + Subtract the whole numbers. Subtract the fractional
11 11 11
components.
𝟓
=𝟐 Simplify
𝟏𝟏
d. Method 1:
1 2 3 8
− + =− + Make the fractions similar. (LCD = 12)
4 3 12 12
−3 + 8
= Add the numerators then copy the denominator.
12
𝟓
= Simplify
𝟏𝟐
Method 2:
1 2 (−1)(3)+(4)(2) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
− + = Follow the pattern: + =
4 3 (4)(3) 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
−3 + 8
= Perform the operations.
12
𝟓
= Simplify
𝟏𝟐
1 5 11 10
e. −8 − 2 = (−8 − 2) + (− − ) Separate the whole number part and fractional
2 11 22 22
part. Make the fractions similar.
−11−10
= −10 + Subtract the whole numbers. Subtract the
22
fractional part.
𝟐𝟏
= −𝟏𝟎 Simplify
𝟐𝟐
Other method:
1 5 17 27
−8 − 2 =− − Change mixed numbers to improper fraction.
2 11 2 11
187 54
=− − Make the fractions similar.
22 22
−187−54
= Subtract the numerators then copy the denominator.
22

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𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝟐𝟏
=− 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟏𝟎 Simplify
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

Multiplication of Fractions
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 ∙ 𝒄 𝒂𝒄
∙ = =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 ∙ 𝒅 𝒃𝒅
Method 1:
1. Multiply the numerators of the two fractions to get the new numerator.
2. Multiply the denominators of the two fractions to get the new denominator.
3. Simplify the fraction, if possible.
(Note: If the given involves a mixed number, change it first to improper fraction.)
Method 2:
1. Factor the numerators and denominators of the two fractions.
2. Simplify the fractions by dividing the common factors. In dividing common factors, we
must use one factor in the numerator and one factor in the denominator.
3. Multiply the remaining factors in the numerator to be the new numerator.
4. Multiply the remaining factors in the denominator to be the new denominator.
(Note: If the given involves a mixed number, change it first to improper fraction.)
Example 2: Find each product.
a. Method 1:
10 6 (10)(6)
∙ = (21)(25) Multiply the numerators of the two fractions to get the new
21 25
numerator. Multiply the denominators of the two fractions to get
the new denominator.
60
= Find the GCF. (GCF = 15)
525
𝟒
= Simplify
𝟑𝟓
Method 2:
10 6 (5)(2) (3)(2)
∙ = (7)(3) ∙ (5)(5) Factor the numerators and denominators of the two fractions.
21 25
(1)(2) (1)(2)
= (7)(1) ∙ (1)(5) Divide the common factors.
𝟒
= Multiply the remaining factors in the numerator to be the new
𝟑𝟓
numerator. Multiply the remaining factors in the denominator to
be the new denominator.
1 7 6
b. −2 ∙ 6 = − ∙ Express mixed number to improper fraction and whole number
3 3 1
to fraction form.
(−7)(6)
= Multiply the numerators of the two fractions to get the new
(3)(1)
numerator. Multiply the denominators of the two fractions to get
the new denominator.
42
=− Divide the numerator by the denominator.
3
= −𝟏𝟒 Simplify

Division of Fractions
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒅 𝒂𝒅
÷ = ∙ =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃𝒄
Multiply the dividend (first fraction) by the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of the
divisor (second fraction). Simplify, if needed.

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Steps:
1. Get the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of the second fraction (divisor).
2. Multiply the first fraction (dividend) by that reciprocal.
3. Simplify the fraction, if possible.
(Note: If the given involves a mixed number, change it first to improper fraction.)
Example 3: Find each quotient.
1 4 1 5
a. ÷ = ∙ Multiply the dividend (first fraction) by the multiplicative inverse or
3 5 3 4
reciprocal of the divisor (second fraction).
(1)(5)
= Multiply the numerators of the two fractions. Multiply the denominators
(3)(4)
of the two fractions.
𝟓
= Simplify
𝟏𝟐
2 16 8
b. 2 ÷ 8 = ÷ Express mixed number to improper fraction and whole number
7 7 1
to fraction form.
16 1
= ∙ Multiply the dividend (first fraction) by the multiplicative inverse
7 8
or reciprocal of the divisor (second fraction).
(2)(8) 1
= ∙ Factor the numerators and denominators of the two fractions.
7 8
(2)(1) 1
= ∙ Divide the common factors.
7 1
𝟐
= Multiply the remaining factors in the numerator to be the new
𝟕
numerator. Multiply the remaining factors in the denominator to
be the new denominator.

OPERATIONS ON DECIMALS
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals
Steps:
1. Line up the place values of the numbers by aligning the decimal points.
2. Add in filler of zeros, if needed.
3. Add or Subtract the numbers as you would whole numbers.
4. Affix the decimal point, aligned with the given.
Example 1: Perform the indicated operation.
a. 0.34 + 0.87 b. 4.68 – 1.3568
Solution:
a. 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 d. 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟐
0.34 Align the decimal 4.6800 Add filler of zeros.
+ 0.87 point then add. − 1.3568 Align the decimal
1.21 3.3232 point then subtract.

Multiplication of Decimals
Steps:
1. Disregard the decimal points; Multiply the numbers as you would whole numbers.
2. Count the total number of decimal places in the factors.
3. The product (final answer) should have the same number of decimal places as
counted in #2.
Example 2: Find each product.
a. (0.19)(0.82) b. (−3.57)(8.6)

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Solution:
a. 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟖 b. −𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟐; In multiplying two numbers
0.19 two decimal places with different signs, the
× 0.82 two decimal places product is negative.
38 3.57 two decimal places
+ 152 × 8.6 one decimal place
0.1558 four decimal places 2142
+ 2856
30.702 three decimal places

Division of Decimals
Steps:
1. If the divisor is not a whole number, move decimal point to the right to make it a
whole number and move decimal point in dividend the same number of places.
2. Divide as usual. Keep dividing until the answer terminates or repeats.
3. Put decimal point directly about the decimal point in the dividend.
Example 3: Find each quotient.
a. −820.6 ÷ 0.2 b. −414 ÷ (−1.2)
Solution:
a. −𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟑; In dividing two numbers with b. 𝟑𝟒𝟓; In dividing two numbers with the
different signs, the quotient same sign, the quotient is
is negative. positive.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0.2)820.6 We need to move the decimal 1.2)414 We need to move the decimal
point of the divisor once to point of the divisor once to the
the right to make it a whole right to make it a whole
number. Move the decimal number. Move the decimal
point of the dividend once to point of the dividend once to
the right as well. the right as well.
4103 345
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2)8206 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
12)4140
−8 − 36
02 54
− 2 − 48
00 60
− 0 − 60
06 0
− 6
0

Let’s Apply
Perform the indicated operations.
A. Fractions B. Decimals
5 2
1) + 1) 5.16 + 1.43
8 8
1 3
2) 3 + 2) 35.67 + 7.906
4 8
2 3
3) 3 − 3) −246.135 − 98.7
5 8
4 8
4) − × 4) (– 0.43) (0.2)
10 10

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5 9
5) − ÷ 5) – 4.543 ÷ (– 0.07)
2 7

Let’s Analyze
A. Fill in the blank with the value that will make the equation true.
1 7
1) + ___ = 4) (2.1)(_____) = 0.63
4 12
5 3
2) − ___ = − 5) _____– 0.98 =– 7.65
8 8
1 1
3) ÷ _____ =
3 9

B. Perform the indicated operations.

4 2 1
1) − × 3) (1.8 ÷ 0.3)(4.4 − 3.9) − 5.6
5 3 2
13 26 3
2) − ÷ + 4) (1.1 + 8.8) (6.6 + 2.2)
5 14 16

Let’s Create
A. Fill in the blank with the value that will make the equation true.
2 1
1) ___ + = − 4) _____ ÷ 0.04 = 800
3 4
3 7
2) ___ − = − 5) (_____)(5.6) =– 6.72
4 12
3
3) _____ ÷ = −2
4

B. Perform the indicated operations.

7 3 2
1) ÷ − 3) (5.18 − 3.96) + (7.25 − 2.83)
5 7 3
1 2 2
2) − + − 4) (1.7)[(2.3 − 0.5) ÷ 0.9] − (−9.8)
4 5 3

Let’s Try
Perform the indicated operations.
A. Fractions B. Decimals
3 5
1) + 1) 5. 37 + 9.08
14 14
1 3
2) + 2) 73.85 + 9.036
2 8
17 9
3) 9 − 6 3) – 39.051 − 46.8
19 19
8 4
4) × (− ) 4) (– 0.75)(0.6)
10 7
9 3
5) ÷ 5) – 7.836 ÷ (– 0.04)
20 5