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56 viewsQuartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz
Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which
are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K;
1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily
induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.
There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since
antiquity, varieties
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 viewsQuartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz
Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which
are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K;
1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily
induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.
There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since
antiquity, varieties
Uploaded by
denoc870Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 19
#9) WnarepiA
Tefen coped
Quartz
(Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a
continuous framework of SiO, silicon—oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between
two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO,. Quartz is the second most abundant
‘mineral in Earth’s continental crust, behind feldspar"®l
(Quartz exists in two forms, the normal a-quartz and the high-temperature f-quartz, both of which
are chiral. The transformation from a-quartz to f-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K;
1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it ean easily
induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.
‘There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since
antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry
‘and hardstone carvings, especially in Eurasia,
Quartz is the mineral defining the value of 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, a qualitative seratch
method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion.
History
‘The word "quartz" comes from the German _Quarz © {I which is of Slavic origin (Czech miners
called it kfemen). Other sources attribute the word's origin to the Saxon word Querklyjtert,
‘meaning cross-vein ore]
Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance maban in Australian
Aboriginal mythology. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial
‘context, such as Newgrange or Carrowmore in Ireland. The Irish word for quartz is grianckloch,
which means ‘sunstone’. Quartz was also used in Prehistoric Ireland, as well as many other
countries, for stone tools; both vein quartz and rock erystal were knapped as part of the lithic
technology of the prehistoric peoples.
(Quartz crystal cluster fom Brazil
General
Category Silicate mineral!
Formula SiO,
(repeating unt)
IMA symbol
Strunz
classification
Dana
classification
Crystal systern
Crystal clase
zt
4.0A.05 (oxides)
7501.08.01
(octosticates)
c-quartz: trigonal
Bequart:
hexagonal
e-quar:
trapszohedral
(class 32) ‘While jade has been since earliest times the most prized semi-precious stone for carving in East
Asia and Pre-Columbian America, in Europe and the Middle East the different varieties of quartz
‘were the most commonly used for the various types of jewelry and hardstone carving, ineluding.
engraved gems and cameo gems, rock crystal vases, and extravagant vessels. The tradition
continued to produce objects that were very highly valued until the mid-1oth eentury, when it
largely fell from fashion except in jewelry. Cameo technique exploits the bands of color in onyx and
other varieties.
Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder believed quartz to be water ice, permanently frozen after great
lengths of time 8! (The word "enstal” comes from the Greek word xpioratios, "ice")) He
supported this idea by saying thet quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic
mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands, This idea
persisted until at least the 17th century. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a
spectrum, {1
In the 17th century, Nicolas Steno’s study of quartz paved the way for modern crystallography. He
discovered that regardless of a quartz erystal’s size or shape, its long prism faces always joined at a
perfect 60° angle {7
Quartz’s piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 180.8129] The
{quartz oscillator or resonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921,2°21 George
Washington Pierce designed and patented quartz crystal oscillators in 1923.22) warren
Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927.l25)
Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid-nineteenth century as scientists attempted to create
‘minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in
nature: German geologist Karl Emil von Schafhiiutl (1803-1890) was the first person to synthesize
‘quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a pressure cooker.26) However, the
quality and size of the erystals that were produced by these early efforts were poor. 27)
By the 1930s, the electronics industry had become dependent on quartz crystals. The only source of,
suitable erystals was Brazil; however, World War IT disrupted the supplies from Brazil, so nations
attempted to synthesize quartz on a commercial scale. German mineralogist Richard Nacken
(1884-1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s.°8) After the war, many
laboratories attempted to grow large quartz crystals. In the United States, the U.S. Army Signal
Corps contracted with Bell Laboratories and with the Brush Development Company of Cleveland,
Ohio to synthesize crystals following Nacken's lead 918°] (Prior to World War TI, Brush
Development produced piezoelectric erystals for record players.) By 1948, Brush Development had
Bequar:
trapszohedral
(class 6 22)
Space group c-quaru: 9,21
(00. 14)81
Bequarte: P62
(90. 180) or P5422
(oo. 1618)
9133 Ae
5.40834; Z=9
Identification
Formula mass 60.083 g-mol"
Color Colottess through
various colors
(ink, orange,
purple, dark
brown) to black
Crystal habit 6-sded prism
ending in 6-sided
pyramid (ypica,
crusy, fine-grained
to microcrystaline,
Twinning Common
Dauphine tw,
Brazil law, and
span law
Cleavage {0710} Incistnct
Fracture —_Concholdal
Tenacity Brite
Mohs s¢ 7 lower in
hardness impure varieties grown crystals that were 1.5 inches (3.8 em) in diameter the largest at that time 2HK°2) By the (dofring mineral)
1950s, hydrothermal synthesis techniques were producing synthetic quart crystals on an industrial tap
seale, and today virtually all the quartz erystal used in the modern electronics industry is
synthetic, [33]
Vitreous — waxy to
dull when massive
Streak White
Diaphaneity — Transparento
early opaque
Specific 288; variable
sravity 259-263 in
impure vaiaios
Optical Unianal (+)
roperti
Refractive n= 1.543-1.545
Index ne =1.852-1.554
Birefringence +0.009 (8-6
interval)
Rock crystal jug with cut Synthetic quartz crystals Fatimid ewer in carved rack Pleochroism None
festoon decoration by Milan produced in the autoclave crystal (clear quartz) with
workshop from the Second shown in Wester Electric's gold lid, ¢, 1000 Mohing point 1670°C (@
haf of the Tein conty, plot hydrolnemal quarts ted 179370
National Museum in plantin 1959 (G exstbattoy
Warsaw. The city of Mian, Solubility Insoluble at STP;
apart from Prague and 4 9s at
Florenea, was the main 400 C and 500
Renaissance centre for Ivin? to
crystal cutting 41 £2600 pores at
500°C ana
1500 tbvin?9)
Etymology Other Lattice
characteristics hexagonal
piezoelectric, may
be
tnboluminescent
chiral (hence
‘The word “quartz” is derived from the German word Quarz, which had the same form in the first
half of the 14th century in Middle High German and in Fast Central German{5] and which came
from the Polish dialect term kwardy, which corresponds to the Czech term turd ("hard")..26 ‘The Ancient Greeks referred to quartz as xptaxaddog (krustallos) derived from the Ancient Greek opticaly active it
‘xpbog (Kruos) meaning "icy cold”, because some philosophers (including Theophrastus) understood rot racemic)
that the mineral to be a form of supercooled ice.“ Today, the term rock erystal is sometimes used References ‘(ss
4s an alternative name for transparent coarsely crystalline quartz/281851
Crystal habit and structure
Quartz belongs to the trigonal erystal system at room temperature,
and to the hexagonal erystal system above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F).
‘The ideal erystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-
sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often
twinned (ith twin right-handed and left-handed quartz crystals),
{istorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other
minerals as to only show part ofthis shape, or to lack obvious exystal
faces altogether and appear massive.
Well-formed erystals typically form as a druse (a layer of erystals
lining a void), of which quartz geodes are particularly fine
cexamples.(#I The erystals are attached at one end to the enclosing
ystal structure of B- A cial pair of quartz
eequartz fed balls quarte
2 oxygen, arsy
‘8 sean
rock, and only one termination pyramid is present. However, doubly terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without
attachment, for instance, within gypsum.l#9)
‘a-quartz erystallizes in the trigonal erystal system, space group P3,21 or P3,21 (space group 152 oF 154 resp.) depending on the chirality.
Above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F), a-quartz in P3,21 becomes the more symmetric hexagonal P6,22 (space group 181), and a-quartz in
'P3,21 goes to space group P6,22 (n0. 380) #4]
‘These space groups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both a-quartz. and f-quartz are examples of
chiral erystal structures composed of achiral building blocks (SiO, tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between a- and
B-quartz only involves @ comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra
‘with respect to one another, without a change in the way they
are linked 42148) However, there is a significant change in volume during this transition, and this ean result in significant
microfracturing in eeramies!* and in rocks of the Earths crust] i ¢ Pua
Prismatic quartz (6 Scoptered quartz Sceptered quartz Bladed quartz Druse quartz
facets) (2s aggregates:
"Elestial quartz")
Ww as
jer diamond” Twinned quartz Massive quartz
Granular quartz “Her
Varieties (according to microstructure)
Although many ofthe varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily
to the microstructure ofthe mineral. Color isa secondary identifier forthe eryptocrystalline minerals although itis a primary identifier
forthe macroerystalline varieties 31 Major varetes of quar
Type Color and description “ransparency
Herimerdamond Cooloss “ansparent
Rockers | Calorass raneparent
‘Amobyst Purl ovine colored quartz Teansparont
‘cine ‘Yelow quar ranging to edesnorange or brown (Madera quart), and occasional greenish yelow | Transparent
‘metene ‘Amox of amethyst and tine wih hes of purple and yollow o rangetbrown “ansparent
Rose quaz | Pla may depay dass Transparent
Frous, variously ranshcen, xyplowystaine quartz occuring in many vibes.
Chakedony | Theternis often used for nit, oudy oF HM colores materalInergrown wih mogante.
thers more spe names are used
Coretian Redsish range chalcedony Transucont
Aventurine Quartz wit tiny aged isons (usualy mica) Bat shiner wih aventurescence ‘Tranalveento opaque
‘Agate atcolore, curved or concenrc banded chalcedony . Onyx) Semirersbicet to ranstcert
omy Matar, sah banded calcedony or chert et. Agte) Semitvansticent to opaaue |
seeps Opaque enpoeytaline quarts, peal reo brown but on used for oe ors Opaave
iy quate | Whit, may col dastrism ransluconto opaque
Smoly quartz | Light io dark ray, sometimes wih a brownish hu ranslcent to opaque
Tors eye Fru gold, rex-brown or bush colored chalcedony, exhioting chatoyancy.
Green Teansparent
Ruled quate | Contains acl (needle she) incisions of
Dumortete quart? | Cortains age mounts of Bie durorterte crystals ranslent
Prase Groen Tranaiveont
Varieties (according to color)
Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and transparent or translucent and has often been used for
hhardstone carvings, such as the Lothair Crystal. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky
‘quartz, and others.{4°] These color differentiations arise from the presence of impurities which change the molecular orbitals, causing
some electronic transitions to take place
‘the visible spectrum causing colors. ‘The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macroerystalline (individual
crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or eryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates
of erystals visible only under high magnification). The eryptoerystalline varieties are either
translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline.
Chaleedony is a eryptoerystalline form of silica consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its
monoclinic polymorph moganite!®®! Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks
including quartz, often including contrasting bands or patterns of color, are agate, carnelian or sard,
‘onyx, eliotrope, and jasper. {421
Quartz eystal domonstatng
Senspeensy ‘Amethyst
Amethyst is a form of quartz that ranges from a bright vivid violet to dark or dull lavender shade. The world’s largest deposits of
amethysts can be found in Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, and Morocco. Sometimes amethyst and citrine are found
srowing in the same erystal, tis then referred to as ametrine. Amethyst derives its color from traces of ion i its structure,
Blue quartz
Blue quartz contains inclusions of fibrous magnesio-riebeckite or crocidolite.
Dumorti
fe quartz
{Inclusions of the mineral dumortierite within quartz pieces often result in silky-appearing splotches with a blue hue. Shades of purple or
rey sometimes also are present. “Dumortierte quartz" (sometimes called "blue quartz") will sometimes feature contrasting light and
dark eolor zones across the material, 554) "Blue quarta" is a minor gemstone.
cit
Citrine isa variety of quartz whose colar ranges from pale yellow to brown due to a submicroscopie distribution of cllodalferic
hydroxide impurities Natural itsins ae rare most commercial ctines are hea-feated amethysts or smoky quartes, However, a
beattreated amethyst wil have smal lines in the crystal, as opposed toa natural irine's cloudy of smoky appearance, Iti neatly
impossible to differentiate beoseen ext citrine and yellow topaz visually, but they differ in hardness. Breil s the lading procucer of
cin, with mach ofits production coming from the slate of Rig Grande do Sul, The name is derived from the Latin word rina which means "yellow" and is also the origin of the word "citron". Sometimes citrine and
amethyst can be found together in the same crystal, which is then referred to as,
ametrine.'57] Citrine has been referred to as the “merchant's stone” or "money stone”,
due to a superstition that it would bring prosperity. {381
Citrine was fist appreciated asa golden-yellow gemstone in Greece between goo and [Mo
150 BC, during the Hellenistic Age. Yellow quartz was used prior to that to decorate
jewelry and tools but it was not highly sought after.{59)
Milky quartz
Milk quartz. or milky quartz is the most common variety of crystalline quartz. The
White color is caused by minute fluid inclusions of gas, liquid, or both, trapped during
{60] ‘making it of little value for optical and quality gemstone
crystal formation,
applications. ue quar
Rock esa
Rose quartz
Rose quartz is a type of quartz that exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. The color is
usually considered as due to trace amounts of titanium, iron, or manganese in the
material. Some rose quartz contains microscopic rutile needles that produce asterism Cine quarts (heat
in transmitted light. Recent X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the color is due to teres amet
thin microscopie fibers of possibly dumortierite within the quartz (©)
Additionally, there is a rare type of pink quartz (also frequently called erystalline rose
quartz) with color that is thought to be caused by trace amounts of phosphate or
aluminium. The color in erystals is apparently photosensitive and subject to fading,
‘The first crystals were found in a pegmatite found near Rumford, Maine, US and in
Minas Gerais, Brazit.l®) The erystals found are more transparent and euhedral, due to
‘the impurities of phosphate and aluminium that formed crystalline rose quartz, unlike
the iron and mieroseopie dumortierte fibers that formed rose quartz] ky quart
Smoky quartz Smoky quartz is a gray, translucent version of quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost Smoky
‘complete transparency to a brownish-gray crystal that is almost opaque. Some can
also be black. The translucency results from natural irradiation acting on minute
traces of aluminum in the crystal structure.[°
Prase
Prase isa green variety of quartz) The green colour is caused by inclusions of amphibole 2
Prasiolite
Prasolite, also known as vermarine, is variety of quarte that is green in color! the green is caused by iron ions 2 Iisa rare
mineral in nature and is typically found with amethyst, most "prasoliteis not natural ~it has been artificially produced by heating of
aametyat. Since 1950) almost all natural prasioite has come from a small Brazilian ine, but iti also eeen in Lower Silesia in Poland
Naturally occuring prasiolite is also found in the Thunder Bay area of Canada.)
Synthetic and artificial treatments
Asynihatc quartz ey
1 grou
the hysrotnermal method, about
18. lng and weighing about 12
Occurrence
Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using
heat or gamma-irradiation to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally.
Susceptibility to such treatments depends on the location from which the quartz was mined £69)
Prasiolite, an olive colored material, is produced by heat treatment;(?l natural prasiolite has also
been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland” Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the
result of heat-treating amethyst or smoky quartz.7°1 Carnelian has been heat-treated to deepen its
color since prehistoric times.(721
Because natural quartz is often twinned, synthetic quartz is produced for use in industry. Large,
flavless, single erystals are synthesized in an autoclave via the hydrothermal process.78140)i3),
Like other crystals, quartz may be coated with metal vapors to give it an attractive sheen (85 Quartz is a defining constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks. It is very common in
sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale. It is a common constituent of schist, gneiss,
quartzite and other metamorphic rocks.#°! Quartz has the lowest potential for weathering in the
Goldich dissolution series and consequently it is very common as a residual mineral in stream
sedimer residual soils. Generally a high presence of quartz suggests a “mature” rock, since it
indicates the rock has been heavily reworked and quartz was the primary mineral that endured
heavy weathering.!741
While the majority of quartz erystallizes from molten magma, quartz also chemically precipitates
from hot hydrothermal veins as gangue, sometimes with ore minerals like gold, silver and copper.
Large crystals of quartz are found in magmatic pegmatites.[4°) Well-formed crystals may reach
several meters in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms 1777
Elemental impurity incorporation strongly influences the ability to process and utilize quartz,
Naturally occurring quartz crystals of extremely high purity, necessary for the erucibles and other
equipment used for growing silicon wafers in the semiconductor industry, are expensive and rare.
‘These high-purity quartz are defined containing less than 50 ppm of impurity elements 7 A major
‘ining location for high purity quartz is the Spruce Pine Gem Mine in Spruce Pine, North Carolina,
United States 79] Quartz may also be found in Caldoveiro Peak, in Asturias, Spain !85———=—=—=—Granterockinthe lof Grosla
SEE EES Tate on Arie Isard, Seychales,
‘The largest documented single erystal of quartz was found near Iapore, Goiaz, Brazil it measured The hn ('=0 em we br ahie
approximately 61 m=.g mx 1§m and weighed 39,916 klograms® lyse qt ws, oes
ung the late stages
a crystaizaton of rane magmas.
Mining They are sometimes called
“hydrethermal vi
Quartz is extracted from open pit mines, Miners occasionally use explosives to expose deep pockets
of quartz. More frequently, bulldozers and backhoes are used to remove soil and clay and expose
‘quartz veins, which are then worked using hand tools. Care must be taken to avoid sudden temperature changes that may damage the
cexystals (621
Almost all the industrial demand for quartz crystal (used primarily in electronics) is met with synthetic quartz produced by the
hydrothermal process. However, synthetic erystals are less prized for use as gemstones I The popularity of erystal healing has
increased the demand for natural quartz crystals, which are now often mined in developing countries using primitive mining methods,
sometimes involving child labor (851
Related silica minerals Tridymite and cristobalte are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO, that occur in high-silica voleanie rocks. Coesite is a denser
polymorph of SiO, found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical ofthe
Earth's crust, Stishoviteis a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of SiO, found in some meteorite impact sites Lechatelerite
is an amorphous silica glass SiO, which is formed by lightning strikes in quartz sand.!27
Safety
[As quartz is a form of silica, its a possible cause for concern in various workplaces. Cutting, grinding, chipping, sanding, drilling, and
polishing natural and manufactured stone products can release hazardous levels of very small, crystallin silica dust particles into the
air that workers breathe !8#) Crystalline silica of respirable size is a recognized human carcinogen and may lead to other diseases of the
Tungs such as silicosis and pulmonary fibrosis, ®91291
Piezoelectricity
Quartz erystals have piezoelectric properties; they develop an electric potential upon the application of mechanical stress"! An early
use of this property of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a
crystal oscillator. The quartz clock is a familiar device using the mineral. The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed
by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the quartz crystal
‘microbalance and in thin-film thickness monitors 921
See also
= Fused quartz
* List of minerals [Eh irerais porter
* Quartz fiver (7° Sectegy port!
* Quartz ee! mining Earth stones
+ Quartzoite paar
= Shocked quartz
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