How to find the Correct

answer for Reasoning ability

related questions

PROF.A.BALASUBRAMANIAN
Former Dean, Fac. of Sci.&
Technology, University of Mysore
Purpose of Competitive exams
 Verbal Reasoning
• Coding - Decoding • Statements and Conclusions
• Blood Relations • Evaluating Course of Action
• Direction Sense Test • Decision Making
• Analogy • Assertion and Reason
• Classification • Number Analogies
• Series Completion • Critical Reasoning
• Alphabet Test • Sequential Output Training
• Symbols and Notations • Statements and Assumptions
• Logical Sequence Of Words • Inferences
• Statements and Arguments • Cause and Effect
• Situation Reaction Test
• Verification of Truth of the
Statement
 Non-Verbal Reasoning
• Analogy • Paper Cutting
• Series • Rule Detection
• Analytical Reasoning • Dot Situation
• Classification • Image Analysis
• Mirror Images • Cubes and Dice
• Embedded Images • Figure Matrix
• Pattern Completion • Water Images
• Paper Folding
Triangles
In the following question number of
triangle are
• (A) 21
• (B) 23
• (C) 25
• (D) 27
Correct Answer : D ie. 27
Explanation :The main triangle shown is in the given
figure and this the total no. of triangle is 15. remaing
triangle we can find out in the drawing the triangle in the
image.
In the following questions, count the number
of triangles and squares in the given figure.
• (A) 44 triangles,10
squares
• (B) 14 triangles, 16
squares
• (C) 27 triangles,6
squares
• (D) 36 triangles, 9
squares
• Correct Answer : A
• (A) 44 triangles,10 squares
 Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive
Reasoning
• People often confuse inductive and abductive reasoning
with deductive reasoning. These three types of reasoning all
fall under the umbrella of logical reasoning.
• Deduction: a rule or general principle leads to a specific
conclusion.
• Induction: a specific example, or a set of repetitive
occurrences, lead to a rule or a general principle.
• Abductive reasoning, on the other hand, is similar to
inductive reasoning in the sense that conclusions are based
on probabilities. In abductive reasoning, it is presumed that
the most plausible conclusion is the correct one.
 Syllogisms
• one of the most popular and common forms of
deductive reasoning tests.
• A syllogism is a certain form of argument that consists
of a major premise, a minor premise, and a logical
conclusion. Using syllogisms is considered a good way
to ensure validity when assessing deductive reasoning.
• Syllogism Example Question:
• Major premise: All plants are photosynthetic.
• Minor premise: Algae are plants.
• Conclusion: Algae are photosynthetic.
There are six known rules of syllogism
• Rule One: There must be three terms: the major
premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion - no
more, no less.
• Rule Two: The minor premise must be distributed in at
least one other premise.
• Rule Three: Any terms distributed in the conclusion
must be distributed in the relevant premise.
• Rule Four: Do not use two negative premises.
• Rule Five: If one of the two premises are negative, the
conclusion must be negative.
• Rule Six: From two universal premises, no conclusion
may be drawn.
 Categorical Syllogism
• Let's look at some more examples of
syllogism.
• All cars have wheels.
• I drive a car.
• Therefore, my car has wheels.
– Major Premise: All cars have wheels.
– Minor Premise: I drive a car.
– Conclusion: My car has wheels.
 Examples of syllogism
• All insects frighten me.
• That is an insect.
• Therefore, I am frightened.
– Major Premise: All insects frighten me.
– Minor Premise: That is an insect.
– Conclusion: I am frightened.
 Examples of syllogism
• All crows are black. The bird in my cage is
black. Therefore, this bird is a crow.
– Major Premise: All crows are black.
– Minor Premise: The bird in my cage is black.
– Conclusion: This bird is a crow.
Paper Folding Reasoning Questions
• Find out from amongst the four alternatives as
to how the pattern would appear when the
transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.

Check answer
 Answer
• A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
• Find out from the four alternatives as of how
the pattern would appear when the
transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.

A. a
B. b
Check answer
C. c
D. d
• Find out from the four alternatives as of how
the pattern would appear when the
transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.

A. a
B. b
C. c
D. d
 Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the
pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at
the dotted line.

A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
Check answer
 Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the
pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is
folded at the dotted line.

A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
 Seating A/sitting rrangements
• Another popular form of deductive reasoning
question is seating arrangements.
• This type of question requires you to arrange
certain items or persons according to a set of
given rules regarding their placements.
 Sitting Arrangement
• Eleven friends M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting in
the first row of the stadium watching a cricket match.
• T is to the immediate left of P and third to the right of U.
• V is the immediate neighbour of M and N and third to the
left of S.
• M is the second to the right of Q, who is at one of the ends.
• R is sitting next to the right of P and P is second to the right
of O.

QWMVNUSOTPR
Q.1. Who is sitting in the center of the
row?
1. N
2. O
3. S
4. U

QWMVNUSOTPR

Check answer
Q.1. Who is sitting in the center of the
row?
1. N
2. O
3. S Sol : Option 4
4. U The arrangement of the persons is
QWMVNUSOTPR
U is sitting in the center of the row.
 Seating Arrangement Example
Question:
• Dan, Sam, and Peter are standing in line.
• Dan is not behind Peter.
• Sam is last in line.
• Who is standing first in line?
• Answer: Dan.
• According to the above set of rules, there is only
one logical way to arrange Dan, Sam, and Peter in
line—Dan is 1st, Peter is 2nd, and Sam is 3rd.
 Sitting arrangement related Q=1
• A total of 10 people, 5 men and 5 women are sitting in
two parallel lines, facing each other. Five men, namely,
Ajit, Bharat, Chirag, Dharam and Ejaz are facing to the
south and the five women, Meenal, Neelu, Octavia,
Preeti and Arpita are facing towards the north.
• Bharat, who is just next to the left of Dharam, is
opposite to Arpita.
• Chirag and Neelu are diagonally opposite to each other.
• Ejaz is opposite Octavia who is just next to Meenal.
• Preeti, who is just to the left of Arpita, is opposite to
Dharam.
• Meenal is at one end of the line
 Seating Arrangement Example
Question-1:
• Who is sitting right in front of Dharam?
• Neelu
• Meenal
• Octavia
• Preeti
• Arpita
 Matrigma Test
• The Matrigma test is a cognitive ability test
that measures your general mental ability. It is
an unconditional test and uses a question type
you probably never encountered before.
• Based on logic and pattern recognition, you'll
need to select the missing tile from a 3*3
matrice.
• Due to the stressful time limits and the very
similar answers - it's easy to get lost and fail.
 What is the Matrigma Test?
• Matrigma is a non-verbal problem-solving test
that assesses your capability to discern
patterns or find internal logic from sets of
shapes.
• It is an Abstract Reasoning test with a single
type of question presented in 3x3 matrices in
which you’re asked to find the missing tile.
There are 2 versions of the Matrigma
test:
• 1) Classic Matrigma: The difficulty of the
questions increases as you continue to
progress throughout the duration of the test.
• 2) Adaptive Matrigma: For each question that
you answer correctly, the next question will be
even more difficult than the one before.
Similarly, if you answer any of the questions
incorrectly, the next question will decrease in
difficulty.
 Matrigma test Example
• The questions in the Matrigma are presented in
3x3 matrices, in which you're asked to find the
missing tile marked by a question mark (?).
• Matrigma tests are difficult especially for people
that have never tried this type of question before.
• There are 5 logical rules you need to
understand and learn to recognise in order to
familiarize yourself Matrigma.
Understand the following matrix
 Rule 1: Progression
• In this kind of matrix,
the object changes, or
rather progresses with
every step throughout
the row or the column
(the direction may
vary).

Check answer
• ✔️ The correct answer is D.
• In this example, in each step, one rhombus shape is added to
the frame. This rule applies to both the rows and the columns.
• In the rows, the addition progresses in a clockwise direction.
• In the columns, it progresses in an anticlockwise direction.
 Rule 2: Rotation
• In questions of this type, the figures in the
matrix rotate in a determined pattern across
either rows or columns.
Check answer
• ✔️ The correct answer is E
• You can see that the figure
rotates upon its axis at 90°
clockwise in each frame
(looking from left to right).
• It makes sense to look at
the changes occurring in
the rows from left to right,
as the missing figure is the
rightmost frame in the
bottom row.
• The missing figure, then, is
the one which completes
this pattern.
• Look at the middle figure in
the bottom row and picture
what it would look like if it
were turned 90° clockwise.
This is your answer.
 Rule 3: Frequency
• In questions of this type, the relationship
between certain features of the figures in the
matrix determines the frequency and/or order
of their appearance. Let’s look at an example:
Check answer
• ✔️ The correct answer
is D
• In this sample question,
the relationship is
between the alignment
of the shapes.
• You can see that the
pattern established in
the top 2 rows is that
two of the 3 shapes face
a certain direction and
the third shape faces
the opposite direction.
• Looking at the columns,
you can see the
relationship is of
shapes.
 Rule 4: Construction
• In this kind of matrix, two objects from the same
row or column are combined to form the third
object. In simple matrices, this combination
might look just like a simple addition equation.
For example:
Check answer
• The correct answer is
D
• This question shows
that the combination
of any 2 consecutive
blocks starting from
the top left corner,
either vertical or
lateral, form a third
block that combines
both preceding blocks.
• The combination of
the 2 objects in the
bottom row, or that of
the 2 items in the
right column form
answer D.
 Rule 5: Motion
• In motion matrices, the
objects move (change their
position) with each step.
• Usually, the motion is of one
or more of the objects
inside a frame.
• To identify the movement of
the inner object, it is useful
to compare the outer object
or frames across either the
rows or columns.
Check answer
• ✔️ The correct answer is
B
• In each frame, there are
three shapes: a X, a heart
shape, and a circle.
• In each step, the three
shapes move positions in
a clockwise direction.
• Therefore, in the correct
answer, the X should be
at the top-left corner of
the frame, the circle at
the bottom-left corner,
and the heart at the
bottom-right corner.
 Reasoning Ability Tests
• In these tests you will be presented with a
sequence of five images that have a pattern
running through the series. You have to
identify this pattern and use it to deduce the
next image in the pattern.
 An Example Question
Look at the following example question. What do you
think the answer is?

• Which of the following follows on from the sequence?

• Let’s take a closer look at the question above.
From left to right we can see that the images
increase after each set of two matrices.
Moreover we can see that for each set the
actual shapes stay the same.
• Finally, we can see that the second image of
the set is a mirror image of the first one. For
example:

Check answer
As we can see, the image on the right
is a mirror image of the one on the
left. The following is true for the next
two images as well:

• We can therefore use the

same rules to determine the
last set of two. This gives us:
 Abstract Reasoning Tests
• There are four different question types in the Abstract
Reasoning section:
• Type 1 – You are given a test shape and asked to decide
to which set of shapes presented your shape belongs
(Set A, Set B, or Neither).
• Type 2 – You need to choose which shape comes next
in the provided series of shapes.
• Type 3 – You need to select which shape completes the
provided statement (involving a group of shapes).
These statements are presented in the form of an
analogy.
• Type 4 – There are two sets of shapes and you need to
choose which answer choice belongs to one of the
sets.
• In some cases the questions present shape
sequences that are ordered by a
predetermined logic. The examinee is then
being asked to choose the following shape in
the sequence or draw conclusions about the
shape's expected configuration and
conformation after it has gone through a
spatial change.
 Question Type 1
Where does the following test shape belong?
Inductive Reasoning example

The answer is:

Inductive Reasoning example

Check answer
• The logic: An X shape is dotted with black and white
dots. Both sets of dots are independent and follow a
similar pattern. In each frame, a black dot is added
counter-clockwise in the angles of the X shape, until all
the angles are occupied. Then a dot is reduced, also
counter-clockwise. The same pattern occurs with the
white dots, only in a clockwise manner.
• Examining the changes before and after, the “question
mark” figure should look the same as in frame 2, only
with an additional black dot (making all four black dots
present) and an additional white dot in the upper right
corner, as determined by the pattern
Programme continues……