THE ORIGIN OF HUMANNESS IN THE

BIOLOGY OF LOVE

H Ma a a R
a G aV -Z
E P B
 C igh H mbe Ma ana R me n, 2008
The m al igh f he a h ha e been a e ed.
N a f hi blica i n ma be e d ced in an f m i h
e mi i n, e ce f he a i n f b ief a age in c i ici m and
di c i n.
O iginall bli hed in he UK b
Im in Academic, PO B 200, E e e EX5 5YX, UK
O iginall bli hed in he USA b
Im in Academic, Phil h D c men a i n Cen e
PO B 7147, Cha l e ille, VA 22906-7147, USA
Digi al e i n c n e ed and bli hed in 2012 b
And e UK Limi ed
.and e k.c m
 E F
T O H a T B L
A path of changes
When D . H mbe Ma ana handed me he man c i f hi b k a
he Ame ican S cie f C be ne ic C nfe ence I a ended in 1995, I
had n idea ha hi ld lead a b an ial change in m n life and
ca ee .
A a em ec l gi , I had kn n f hi k, and had e en a ended a
emina he e en ed in m h me n he ea i , b I had n hen
nde d he de h f he k and i b an i e im lica i n f h
e hink ab el e and all ela i n - b h in c l al ma i
and in he bi he e. I n ha he emina had n been meaningf l. In
he 1994 Vanc e emina , Ma ana had ken ab he hif in he
li e f child en a he m ed f m he ma i ic ambience f a h me
c l e he ambience f a m e a ia chal eal ld c l e. A a
e l f he e ec i n hi im la ed, m h band and I e e illing
acce hen eenaged n ch ice f an al e na i e ch l - a ch ice
ha all h ee f l k back n i h g a i de.
Of c e D . Ma ana kne n hing f hi a he handed me he
man c i . He a a ing c ie , and I imagine he a h ing ha
me ne ld make a gge i n f he e hi li le b k c ld be
bli hed.
I a na e en gh ffe edi he k. I did n eali e h
e m I a , and h g aci he a in being illing c n ide
m ffe . N did I eali e ha hi ld bec me a leng h ce ha
ld aff d me he en m i ilege f ha am n ed e nal
ing f m a f nda i nal ch la f c be ne ic . And I did n e en
d eam h dee l he e idea ld affec me, he e en ha I changed
m ca ee f m a cce f l in e na i nal en i nmen al c n l an a
ni e i fe . I n l e each, in i e, and e and he
ii n f den h in n c n i en l nd he ma e ial dee l and
abidingl in i ing f h he li e, b h e nall and fe i nall .
Once e began edi ing, Ma ana gene l and im eccabl an e ed
man email , and a i h me, e ie ing m ed edi , d ing he
b eak in e e al f he c nfe ence . I had ec ed a bli hing ag eemen
and he bli he ai ed a ien l f he c m le i n f he man c i .
E en all b h f e e c n en i h he acc ac and he eadabili f
he b k. A ha in , h e e , a i e en a ing ci c m ance
in e ened, and blica i n f he b k a c ailed. F na el , he
iginal edi ed man c i ha n been e ec ed and e a e all ha
e en hi b k a eade hi h ma nd i a eminal a I did.
Signi cance of Maturana s work
N I ld like a a fe d ab h I nd Ma ana b d f
k im an , and al h i i me ime een a dif c l . M
den ha e a i l called i che , men al cali henic , and
ac ical hil h .
If I e e claim ha an f he f ll ing i ei he e, an
in e e a i n f Ma ana k, hen I ld be ac ing inc n i en l
i h he nde anding ha I ha e gained f m i . All I can d , and all I
i h d , i ffe m n nde anding ba ed n m n e e ience. I
ha e f nd he k ill mina ing, c m elling, and e ca i e f a manne f
cial and ec l gical li ing ha I nd i al, a ac i e and dee l e nan .
I i e i h he de i e ha ha I a ma igge me in igh
ill mina i n in he . I cann kn - I am c n i i nall n c m e en
kn - ha nde anding ac i n n ill la e e l in a ld ha
e, a Homo sapiens amans, ld like ha e li ed f h, al ng i h all
ela i n , h man and he . I d n kn ha d and ac i n li ed
n ill ha e he e en al e l ha e, child en, ill n la e li e
in eg e . Ye , e - I d hink and belie e ha a manne f hinking ha
c n e e e ec i n a ell a l e ha he highe babili f bec ming
a ld ha e can li e in h gh c n e ing lineage a de c ibed b
Ma ana and Ve den Z lle in hi b k. S hi i ha I an eak f
he e - namel h I hink Ma ana k lead c n e ing e ec i n a
a manne f hinking (a d e he k f hi c lleag e , and f he man
e le a nd he ld h ha e been in i ed b i ).
A network of ideas
I ha e n ed e he ea ha diffe en e le nd diffe en en in
in he ne k f idea , in igh and e lana i n ha c n i e he
life k f D . Ma ana. The diffe en en in [1] lead diffe en
em ha e . The iginal k a clea l in he d main f bi l g ; and
man e le efe Ma ana c n ib i n f autopoiesis[2] a he
cen al a ec , i h f he a en i n n c al c ling and lineaging
( hich he ma c n ide e i alen evolution). O he a e enchan ed b
he e e imen al k n he ne em, hich lead hinking ab
c gni i n and inabili claim an f i ileged acce
eali . The e e le f en efe he b d f k a he Bi l g f
C gni i n. Ye he a e m e dee l aken b he ela i nal d namic f
emotioning and languaging, and he c n e en c l al im lica i n , and
ee he h le a he Bi l g f L e. Thi b k em ha i e he Bi l g f
L e, a i e iden in i i le. The e a e al e le h a ach he k
f m a hil hical in e e , and a e c nce ned i h n l gical and
e i em l gical im lica i n .
In m ie all f he e a e enc m a ed in ha Ma ana and hi
c lleag e n call he Bi l gical and C l al Ma i f H man
E i ence. F ea e f in d cing i den , I efe i a a ne k f
idea , in igh , and e lana i n . I al ell m den ha hi i a
ec lia ne k. Le a he le e f he al habe e e en he a i
c nce and idea he e he ha e lea n A bef e he can nde and
B, b he cann eall nde and A f ll n il he ha e lea ned B. The
ame i e f C, D, E and F; each f hich c n ib e m e de h A,
and B, a ell a each he (Figure 1).
Figure 1. A Network of Explanations
Thi d a ing i n in ended de c ibe he h le ma i f idea
enc m a ed b Ma ana k, n ha f hi c lleag e a
In i Ma i ic . Indeed, me f he idea incl ded he e ma diffe
f m ha he incl de em ha i e. I h m g e he e a l
gi e a en e f he b ead h f idea in l ed, b m l em ha i e
he ne k na e f he h le. All he line in hi g e im l
eci ci in nde anding. N all c nnec i n a e h n; m
e he e i gge a den i f c nnec i n am ng he idea -
hich h c n i e a c he en h le.
 (A imila e f g e a e en ed in Ma ana and Va ela The
Tree of Knowledge, and mine i n in ended a a e lacemen f ha ).

Th i i a c he en ne k ha dee en a ne engage ih i.
H e e ne ha begin me he e, I e ha e begin i h he
c nce e e en ed b he le e A ( hich a ie acc ding he in e e
f he g being add e ed). I ca i n hem ha ince he kn ha A
ill a ea diffe en af e lea ning B, he ha e a ach he h le i h
he illingne n a me ha an elemen i c m le e in i la i n f m
he e . One ha be illing le g f ha ne kn ab an a ec
a an m men in de nde and i , and he h le, m e f ll . The
ce f bec ming an e e in an eld elie n a imila a ach.
N ne f hi mean ha he in igh ne gain f m A, f m A l
B, a e in alid; i j mean ha he im lica i n and a licabili dee en a
he in igh hem el e bec me b h e igenic[3] and eci call
ill mina ing. S ch i , af e all, he na al c e f lea ning; e en if e
f en hink i i im l c m la i e - i h he nf na e c n e ence ha
f en ed ca i nal em end ed ce nde anding kn ledge
and kn ledge c llec i n f fac .
Of c e man elemen c n ained in hi ne k f idea ha e been
e l ed b he bef e; Ma ana him elf ha f en claimed ha he e i
n hing ne in ha he a . H e e if eade li ene hei n
engagemen i h Ah, e , ha i ha and aid - hen hei
nde anding i limi ed b ha he kne bef e. Pe ha ha i ne i
he e-in en i n f he e elemen a a h le ne k f nde anding in
he m de n c n e f cience and h mani ie . In he l ng n, a h hi i
a he le ele an han he c n e ence f living an nde anding. I i in
he ela i nal d main he e he ackn ledgemen f c n ib i n
in i a i n, f m an ce, i a manne f li ing in l e and e ec .
Domains
In i ing hi f e d I had h gh highligh e e al ke heme . I
nd m elf immedia el ca gh in he ne k; nable lea e A B
E F, a he a e all ele an he h le. S in ead I ill add e an
a ec ha I ha e been hinking ab la el ; namel d main . Th gh
d main and hei im lica i n a e in he f eg nd f m h gh n , I
am a a e ha I ill hink diffe en l me ime la e . Unde anding
al a f ll an e igenic a h, ha ne i al a he e ne i , he e
he c en idea e n ha eceded and ac a he g nd f ha e e
ma e a i e.
In a ecen a icle[4] Ma ana h h c l al in en i n ch a ime
a e na al c me f li ing ge he . The e in en i n d n ca e
blem a l ng a e acce he e a i nal c he ence ele an he
c al d main hich ac i n e ain, and a l ng a e d n
c nf e d main .
D main a e ea il c nf ed beca e e a e gene all n a a e f hem.
In ne e ec he d n e en e i , a he e e en a lice,
e ec i e f an imagina n-dimen i nal ma i , and he making f he
lice i an ac f im li ca i n ha enable l cal ac i n. In an he ie , e
li e al a in ne d main he . We a e ne e e en , ac ing, in he
h le f he imagina n-dimen i nal ma i . Each d main i c m le e in
i elf, and nl a ial if e imagine a h le in hich he all e i . Ye
each i diffe en in i in e nal c he ence, i ele ance, and i ibili ie .
We, like he animal , ea il f m d main d main in he c e f
dail li ing. Unlike he animal , e d hi em ha icall al in
lang age, and in lang age i ca e blem beca e e f en e a e
nde he im lici a m i n ha all ha e eak and all ha e kn
e i in a ingle d main called eali . When e cann c -
e ce i n , idea , e e ience in hi edl ing la d main, e
f en c n ide hem del i n abe a i n f ne kind an he .
A Ma ana ha aid e e di inc i n e eal me eg la i in
li ing, and b c e he . A each di inc i n al b ing f h he d main
in hich i i alid, each d main al e eal me eg la i in li ing
and b c e he .
We d n li e in a a ld f ne d main, ne c llec i n f
eg la i ie . We hif lane , dimen i n , d main in he f
ac i i ie and ela i n hi , and he f em i ning and lang aging i
c mmen a e i h hi .O ede ian le f l gic a e alid i hin
an gi en d main, b bec me blema ic if e hif d main , a e ma
ea il d ih n ing i , e en in he middle f he a g men . L gical
c n c nl k e l a l ng a e a e ca ef l ha e d n c
d main . Pa ad e a i e hen e d n a a en i n change in
d main.
I began n ice hi i enc n e ing Ma ana k a I n iced
ha I c n ide ed ca ele l gic in he g e ha e le d e e lain
ai em d namic . N , ne f Ma ana eminal g e e e
a a efe en f m n i i n and f m eaching. Ma ana g e
(Fig e 2) i ic nic, and I hink e ca i e. The ci c la a e e en a
li ing em in ec i e a ie i , (i c n i i e d main,
h i l g ). The li ing em a a h le al ha a eci cal ada i e
ela i n hi i h i niche (i ela i nal d main beha i ). I nd i ea
e lain ha a li ing em cann e i a ch i h c n e ing
b h. Ye e cann claim ha ne ca e he he , n can e e lain
ei he in e m f he he , e en h gh ha ake lace in ne d e al e
he d namic f he he .
Pedag gicall hi g e e e a a ch ne f n ing he diffe ence
be een he gene a i e d main and he hen menal d main - and f
 ec gni ing ha c nf ing he e l k lead ble me
mi nde anding .
Ina m ch a d main a e e , ne k f ele an eg la i ie , he
can be di ing i hed acc ding ai diffe en l k , a he e a i e i h
diffe en in e e , c n e , c nce n . Th e can name he kind f
c nce n ha a ea e ail, and e can eak f e a i nal d main ,
gene a i e d main , ela i nal d main , and m e. If me ne an
anal e d main a if he had an e i ence he han in ei he ac i n in
e ec i n, hi can lead c nf i n. Rela i nal d main , hich Ma ana
e ae em i n , a e h di ing i hed h gh diffe en c n ella i n
f ible ac i n a ne li e a a ic la l cal eg la i . Again, e hif
d main idl , e ea il f m ne ela i nal d main em i n
an he (hence emotioning), and if e a e e ec e ee ha he
in e nal c he ence, l gic, f he e diffe . We hink and ac diffe en l in
diffe en ela i nal d main .

Figure 2. T diffe en l k f an b e e in n ing ei he he

gene a i e d main ( e e), he e l an hen men n in a diffe en
d main (l e e e). Thi g e i Ma ana ic nic e e en a i n f
a li ing em ha emain c n e ed a ch a l ng a b h
a ie i and ada a i n e i .
Like he d main , ela i nal d main cann h be c lla ed ne in
an he . H e e , e can na iga e f m ne an he ch ha he cial
c n e ence i ha m ni . S me ime hi bec me a delica e ma e a
e nd el e engaged in m l i le inc mmen a e ela i nal d main .
When hi ha en e me ime im l i la e e ence in ne f m
e ence in an he . Indeed i i ciall n nl acce able, b
e kee em i nal famil li e e a a e f m he em i n in
king ela i n . A he ime e cann f ll i la e ela i nal
d main , and e ei he nd a a h f beha i ha i acce able in all,
me f he ela i nal d main change e en c lla e. I hink e feel be
hen e d n e e ience a en e f di nance a e m e f m ne
em i n an he , a e d emembe a lea ac i n , if n h e
el e e e hen e e e diffe en . Thi i f c e ea ie if ne
e ain he e a ching em i n f l e, a he ba ic c n i en f
h manne - a i de c ibed in hi b k.
Writing from within the matrix
One f he in I ld like add e i he c m lain me ime hea d
ha Ma ana i ing i dif c l ead. Of c e a f he dif c l i
ha each elemen i a f a ma i , ne k f idea . I i n linea , and
h i e i e a manne f hinking ha diffe f m c l al habi .
Th gh he e ma be he ea n f he e cei ed dif c l , I an
add e he e he n i n f ci c la i in i ing.
Ma ana ha f nd ha edi me ime cla if hi k h gh
em ing ha he ee a e e i i n ed ndanc . In man ca e ha
he a e d ing i em ing he ci c la i ie . Ci c la i ie a e im an
beca e he la nch and ain a gene a i e ce . The nde anding
ha he a e in ended e ke a i e nl h gh he e a i n f he
ci c la i .
All ci c la i ie , he he he c n i f i e a i n ( he ce i
ea lied he e l f he ce ) ec i n ( he ce i a lied
i elf) e a e like hi . The hen men n, he he i i c n ide ed angible
chic, nl la a l ng a he gene a i e ce c n in e e a e.
Thi i n ea il a a en gi en ha e can name he hen men n,
and hen e ha name a if i e laced he hen men n. Wha ha en i
ha he ame d can ei he e ke he gene a i e ce hich gi e i e
he hen men n (and i d e hi i e a idl a ne bec me e e in
ha a ic la ci c la i ), i can be a ened in an bjec ha i ed
in an he d main f c dina i n . The ame d ha igni e igge
a gene a i e c gni i e e a i n can al e i a an bjec ha
c dina e beha i in an en i el diffe en e a i nal d main.
I i n al a ea n e he he a d i being ea ed a a
gene a i e ce an bjec , e en hen ne eali e ha he e
diffe ence e i . And i i e dif c l eali e ha ne need eae
men al ci c la i ie f he hen men n f meaning inhe en in h e
a i e if ne e ec nl de c i i n and de ni i n . Since Ma ana
i ing and hinking incl de man ci c la , gene a i e ce e , hi ma
ende nde anding dif c l n il ne e cei e ha ci c la i ie need
be e a ed ( me ime h gh e e al c cle ) in de f he h le be
nde d.
The ec nd in I i h add e i he le and a a en in en f me
f he i ing. I ha e a ked Ma ana h he i e a he d e , and he ha
an e ed ha he an be nde d. S me ne ained in i ing f a
b ad blic ld nd hi claim alm inc edible, a ha f m f
aining em ha i e e e en ing idea in e m ha he eade hi al ead
nde and . The i ing ha be diffe en hen ne an e ke he
a i ing f ne nde anding, and an d in a manne ha ill n
be mi nde d.
Me a h ical e lana i n a e ea ead, a a e ie ha e em lif a
a ic la idea. The blem i h hi kind f i ing i ha he di ec i n i
la gel e b he i kn ledge f he li ene . Me a h and ie a e
c n i i el en being nde d e diffe en l b each li ene .
H e e , if me ne i he nde and ha he eake ie
in end , he eake i e an be nde d in he e m ha he
he eci e , a diffe en kind f i ing eaking i e i ed.
In eaking, in e nal e ence, he li ene can be enchan ed f ll a
a h f e lana i n , ie , and e ca i n ch ha he nde anding
e l . Man e le ha e ld me ha nce he ha e hea d Ma ana
eak, he can hen ead hi i ing i h m ch g ea e ea e. The ha e
lea ned h hink al ng he a h he e ke in he m l iface ed,
c n en al dance ha e nal e ence all . In i ing, h e e ,
e king a ne nde anding i m e dif c l a he e i n ni f
he i e e nd he f he eade . Hence hen a i e i he
be nambig , he he ha ide an nambig e a i nal
 ce f nde anding ha i i en. Wi h hi f i ing he
eading i l , and ne ma ha e ead a en ence e e al ime b ain
he e l an nde anding.
Tha aid, I hink Ma ana e en hi ie he e in an ea .M e
echnical m e demanding bi ha e been m ed he a endice .
Conserving the impetus to re ect
Ea l in he ini ial edi ing ce I ld Ma ana ha I h gh hi k
a a c m l g . He a ie f a m men , hen a ked me ha I mean
b cosmology. When I an e ed ha a c m l g a a c he en a f
nde anding and e laining all f ne e e ience , he c nceded ha he
al had ied e ha d b had f nd i e ked he ng f
li ening. Wi hin m meaning f he d, e all li e in a c m l g ,
c ea ing c m in a a ha i c ng en i h he c l e in hich e
nd el e , and i h indi id al life e e ience . I d n ha e a
d ha be e e e e e e hing han he d cosmos, f he
ne fe a ag a h I a k he eade em a il acce m meaning f
c m l g hich me feel m e enc m a ing han world view.
When I a lea ning hi ma e ial, he e a a in hen I fel a if I
e e n a magic ing ca e f m hich I c ld e cei e e e hing. I
a head , e hila a ing. Then ne da I n iced ha in fac he e a n
ca e . I a al ne in mid ai . Ye ; I did n c a h and fall, n a I
i la ed. In ead I f nd m elf c mf able in a ne l en ed adical
e n ibili . Thi did n a ea me a a b den, b a he a a en e
f delici a n m ha came i h a c mf able e hical ca e f h I
engaged i h he ld. Of c e I ha e ince c mmi ed man mi ake ,
ha i , I ha e ac ed in a ha in e ec e e n he be a f
na iga ing me delica e ma e . Wha I ha e f nd m elf c n e ing i a
illingne engage in e ec i n, f eeing and changing ha i n
de enden n an hing an idea.
An indi id al al a g in a c l e in a manne ha i in a
de e mined b ha c l e. Ba ic emi e ega ding e i ence, ele ance
and e en h hink, a e ac i ed i ha ing de el ed he ca aci
in lang age e ec , e e ience elf c n ci ne .[5] The indi id al
acce and li e acc ding a c m l g im lici in he e emi e and
h ac in a fa hi n ha i c he en i h ha nde anding. Thi in n
c n i e he c l al ma i , hich hen alida e ha nde anding and
i c n e ed a he c l al c n e f ne indi id al . Th a c m l g
i all c n e ed in a c l e h gh an in e gene a i nal ci c la i
(Fig e 3 A). In hi i a i n c l e and c m l g a ea a ne and he
ame, h gh he cc in diffe en d main . I ake a c l e c m i e a
ne k f ac i i ie and ela i n hi am ng a g f e le, i cann
be enc m a ed in a ingle indi id al. A c m l g (a I am ing he
d he e), n he he hand, e ain an indi id al - h gh f c ei
can be ab ac ed and de c ibed a ical f a c l e.
The diffe ence be een m c m l gie and ha I ha e c me
nde and f m Ma ana k c me h gh he incl i n f a ec nd
kind f ci c la i i hin he c l e-indi id al ci c la i . He e, he
c m l g i a lied he c m l g ; ha i he ce i a lied
i elf, hich make i ec i e. In de f hi be ible, he ce
f e ec i n i e i ed; and e ec i n ake lace in he l c he e a
c m l g e i a ch, ha i i hin an indi id al. Re ec i n im lie
he abili elea e ha ne belie e hink , and me a h icall e
ide f ha c n ide i (e e nal e e, Fig e 3 B). Of c e ne
immedia el ee ha ne i n eall ide, ne ee ne elf b h a
e ec ing n he c m l g , and a he indi id al h e ec n he
c m l g , embedded in he c l e (inne e e, Fig e 3 B). Thi d ble
l k ha a ec lia effec ha I, and he , e e ience a an emanci a i n,
a en e f f eed m, a chic m bili .

Figure 3. C n e a i n f c m l gie in c l e . The indi id al (i) i

he mall hi e ci cle and he c l e in hich /he li e i he la ge
 g e ci cle (C). A e e en he gene al ca e, and B e e en he
addi i n f a ec i e e ec i n a an elemen f he c m l g .
Th gh an a ic la e ec i n ea il c lla e in a de c i i n
b e a i n, he f nc i n f e ec i n i elf emain , i egene a e i elf.
The e i h he ibili f an endle ge f e ec i n , each ne
g nded n ha e e eceded i . Indeed I nd i dif c l e e ien iall
e ain an a a ene f e ec i n a a ce be nd ne ec i n, namel
he e ec i n f e ec i n. If I men all ac all make f he
ec i n , i bec me an ab ac i n ha de c ibe he ce , a in Fig e
4. Ye he de c i i n ma be en gh engende in an in i i e g a f
h e ec i n i c n e ed, and ma e ke a ne e ec i n n e ec i n,
a e ec i n n he ce f ec i e e ec i n.

Figure 4. An endle ge f e ec i n, a enabled b he ec i n

n e ec i n.
 F ac m l g be ec i e, i m c n e e e ec i n, and f i
c n e e e ec i n, he ce f e ec i n m be inhe en in he
c m l g . Thi i made ible b a igni can a ec f Ma ana
c m l g ; namel he ha im eccabl a ided g nding hi ne k f
e lana i n in an e e nali , incl ding h e ha a e dif c l ef e
beca e he a e in i ible ab . If he e e e an e e nali , ne ld
n be able ge ide ha e e nali , and h he a lica i n f he
c m l g i elf c ld n ake lace. In hi c m l g he e i n
efe en he han he ha ening f he ce f h man li ing, i h all
ha e d and e e ience a e li e and e ec n el e , d ing ,
and ld.
Implications of conserving re ection
The c n e ence f e ec i n cann be ede e mined. Th a e ec i n
i c n e ed, a c l e ill change al ng a a h f change ha cann be
ede e mined. Thi ma c nce n an ne h i he e ain be l al
a a ic la idea, belief, e en m al c de. I i nl eall c mf able
c n em la e he ma e f enne in c l al change if ne acce ha
h man ha e e l ed a l ing animal , a de c ibed in hi b k. Of
c e e c ld f he e l e bec me Homo sapiens aggressans[6],
Homo sapiens arrogans, b a hi ime, m f he e le I ha e
enc n e ed indica e ha he feel ell hen ac ing a Homo sapiens
amans. F he m e, and again in m e e ience, a en i ac a H.s.
amans h hen e ec i n begin ; a indeed i inhe en in man
ac ice ha enc age e le and hink ab ha eall
an . Hence I belie e ha hi bi l gical c n i i n i ill f ndamen al
in h man , and ha e ec i n a ea enable ac in acc dance
ih bi l gical c n i i n. I hink hi i a f he en e f
emanci a i n I efe ed ea lie .
Wi h he abili e ec n all he emi e inhe en in ne
c m l g , ne i c n ained ac ing nl i hin he c n ain f an
inhe i ed, all im lici c m l g . Th gh he eci c c n e ence f
an en-ended c l al d if cann be de e mined, I can ha a d if
hich c n e e i d m (sapiens) and l e (amans) ill e l in a ld
ha I ld like imagine f child en and f he ea h. I belie e ha
a change in c l e ha a i e al ng a a h f e ec i n i fa m e likel
 lead h man bec ming a ainable ecie han he c n e a i n f
c en l e ailing c l e and c m l gie .
In c ncl i n I claim ha he ne k f idea , in igh and e lana i n
f Ma ana c m l g c n e e an ening f e ec i n ha all an
e ca e hene e he an e he dee e i n ab h mani and life
bec me ea ed a if e and igid. D . H mbe Ma ana R me n, I
hank m dee l f all ha ha e c n ib ed. I h e ha he
eade f hi b k ill e e ience he lea e f in igh and he deligh
in e ec i n ha I ha e had in f ll ing hi a h.
Pille Bunnell
Vancouver, BC, October 2008
1 I ha e n ed en in , b he e a e n he ame a m i e , h gh
m i e ma in ence hich en in a eal. A indica ed in he l g
f he in i e f med a nd Ma ana k, namel In i
Ma i ic , e le a e all in e e ed in hi k ei he d e c i i
ain; b h. In m n ca e m c i i a ha f a cien i , and
m ain a he ang I feel ab he c e f h man ac i i ie n ea h.
2 F a b ief e lana i n f A ie i a he gani a i n and eali a i n
f li ing em , ee A endi 2. A m e de ailed ea men i f nd in
Ma ana, H. R. (2003). A ie i , c al c ling and c gni i n: A
hi f he e and he n i n in he bi l g f c gni i n. Cybernetics
& Human Knowing, 9(3-4), 5-34.
3 E igenic i a d ha iginall de i e f m emb l g ; he e each
ne de el men can nl ake lace n he g nd f he e i
de el men . Thi a lie gene all man ce e , and a ic la l
lea ning.
4 Time a an Imagina S a ial Dimen i n, Cybernetics and Human
Knowing V l 15. N . 2
5 Ma ana, H. 2006. Self C n ci ne : H ? When? Whe e?
Constructivist Foundations, V l me 1, N . 3.
6M iginal gge i n in 1995 had been Homo sapiens amans f he
ecie and b ecie , i h he b ecie H.s. aggressans and H.s.
arrogans. Ma ana ha j e ie ed a d af f hi f e d and ha
ffe ed ha I hink i an e cellen e nemen f hi n i n. He n
eak f Homo sapiens-amans amans a he iginal f m, he e he
h hena ed sapiens-amans efe he a i ing f lang aging nde he
em i ning f l e in he iginal mall famil g . The ec nd amans
efe he manne f li ing ince hen, hich mean ha f he
b ecie ld ake he f m f Homo sapiens-amans aggressans and
Homo sapiens-amans arrogans. Thi make i clea ha e claim ha
ba ic f ndamen emain sapiens-amans, he i e-l ing h minid, and
he he manne f being a e a ia i n n f ha .
 H a
N ... ha make h manne ?
Lang aging.
Wha make a man a man?
N hing m e han hi e .
B ... ha make a man a h man being?
Hi en ali and ende ne in
en a a ene f hi ea hl
in e c nnec i n a he dance he
ec i e dance f ea ing
la ing, and ki ing.
And ... ha make a man a man?
The ame
h gh he n e ali .
B ... ha make he a h man being?
He ende ne and en ali in
en a a ene f he ea hl
in e c nnec edne a he dance
he ec i e dance f ea ing,
la ing, and ki ing.
Wha i he diffe ence, hen?
N ne and e e hing, ince he
man i al a a a e f being
in he h manne a c mic ce
f n hingne , hile he man
ha lea n hi ane hen he
bec me ed ced and enchained b
he deligh f linea ea ning ha
he man ha al a kn n be
a an i in e bl m.
And n el , ha i n el in all hi ?
An ne ec ed n in an al a
ec i e dancing dance.
Em eem h man life be!
Ye ! ... O ich, in he f llne
f an al a changing e en
f ea ing, la ing, and ki ing.
Humberto Maturana
 P a
Thi b k a e in he c ing f a h f e ea ch and e ec i n in
ela i n he igin f h manne . The f he e a m in en
i ali e and nde and he e l i na igin f h manne , and he
he , ha f D . Ge da Ve den-Z lle , a he a em h
b e a i nall he a i ing f elf-c n ci ne in he child in he ea l
m he -child la ela i n . Al h gh hi b k a i en in 1994-96, I
hink ha i c n en a e ill alid n , me f een ea la e .
In m a ach he heme f e l i n I had de el ed me
n h d n i n ab he ac al mechani m ha d i e he ce f
e l i n ha I hall mma i e in he f ll ing a emen ( ee Ma ana
and M d i , 2000):
The ac al mechani m ha d i e e l i n i c al d if in he
c n e ai n f b h li ing and ada a i n in he e en , in an inde enden
and c n in l ne l a i ing changing medi m, n he elec i n f h e
be ada ed a ee i ing medi m.
Na al elec i n i a c n e ence f na al d if , n he gene a i e
mechani m f e l i n. The gene a i e mechani m f e l i n i na al
d if .
Li ing em cc a di c e e gani m in he medi m ha make
hem ible.
Ada a i n i n a a iable; ada a i n i a ela i n f e a i nal
c ng ence be een he changing gani m and he changing medi m in
hich i li e .
If he ela i n f ada a i n i l , he gani m die . S an gani m
ei he lide in he medi m in he a h in hich i li ing i c n e ed, i
die (di in eg a e ).
Wha i c n e ed in he c n i i n f a lineage h gh e d c i n i
ada a i n, namel , he gani m-niche ela i n in hich i manne f
li ing i eali ed and c n e ed.
 A lineage f gani m a i e hen a a ic la d namic gani m-niche
ela i n begin be c n e ed a a manne f li ing f m ne gene a i n
he ne h gh emic e d c i n.
S emic e d c i n cc a b h he gani a i n f he e d cing
gani m and he c n g a i n f he medi m in hich i eali e i li ing
a e c n e ed ge he a a im le e l f he c n e a i n f he
eali a i n f ha manne f li ing b he ff ing f ha gani m. Thi
cc in he in e la f gene ic and he beha i al efe ence ha g ide
he li ing f he gani m in i niche. When hi ha en , he manne f
li ing c n e ed f m ne gene a i n he ne , a a a ic la
c n g a i n f gani m-niche ela i n , bec me he e a i nal d namic
cen e a nd hich e e hing el e i en change; h de ning he
cla iden i f he lineage h gh i emic c n e a i n.
A lineage la a l ng a he d namic c n g a i n f gani m-niche
ela i n ha c n i e he manne f li ing and de ne i cla iden i f
an gani m i c n e ed h gh emic e d c i n.
The e l i na a h ha a lineage f ll i he a h f c al d if
in hich he gani m-niche ela i n ha de ne i i c n e ed. S , if e
ih nde and he igin and hi f a lineage e m nd he
ini ial manne f li ing ha began be c n e ed a an gani m-niche
ela i n and he a ia i n f ha manne f li ing c n e ed a a f i in
i na al d if , ha he membe f ha lineage li e n a he li e
n .
The e en manne f li ing f he membe f a lineage i he e l f a
hi f na al d if , n an a ainmen f g e i e im emen f i
ada a i n a e-e i ing medi m.
Unde hi manne f hinking, if I an ed ee h h manne a e
and ha bec me ha i i n , I had an e he e i n Wha manne
f li ing ( gani m-niche ela i n) began be c n e ed in ance
ha e li e n a e li e n ? The e e e m cen al e ec i n
hen I me D . Ve den-Z lle .
Wha D . Ve den-Z lle ba icall an ed nde and a he a i ing f
elf-c n ci ne in he child; and he h gh ha hi k lace in he
ea l childh d f each child in he c e f hi he in ima e ela i n
i h hi he m he . Acc dingl he h gh ha he lace e ea ch
hi e i n a d ing he ea l m he -child la ela i n , and he
ned d h e ela i n in ela i el i la ed c mm ni ie in We
Ge man af e he a . He e I mma i e in m d ha I h gh e e
he ba ic nding a he ime e me :
The main a k in he g ing child i lea ning hi he b d , and he
he d e in he in ima e and la f l cl e c n ac i h hi he m he .
The ld ha he child li e a i e in he m he -child ela i n a he
child d e ge he i h hi he m he ha e e he d ge he .
I i in he m he -child la ha he bab c ea e hi he elf-
di inc i n . And he he d e a a ma e f c e in he f hi
he la in in ima e b d c n ac i h hi he m he a he ch
each he eci call , and in hei handling and ching ha e e he
mani la e and di ing i h ge he .
The la f lne f he child in hi he m he -child ela i n bec me
he e a i nal- ela i nal f ndamen f he diffe en ld ha he he
gene a e al ng hi he h le life.
Li ening he and e ec ing n he nding I became a a e ha he had
he an e m e i n. Indeed, I eali ed ha i a he gani m-niche
ela i n de ned b he c n e a i n f he em i ning f he m he -child
ela i n f la , a ell a f a ia i n in he manne f li ing a nd i ,
ha g ided he e l i na c e f ima e ance . Thi ha ened
in a c e i ence cen e ed in l e h gene a ing an ambiance in hich
li ing in lang aging c ld a i e a he manne f li ing h e c n e a i n
f m ne gene a i n he ne in he lea ning f he child en, c n i ed
h manne a he ba ic l ing manne f li ing ha e li e n . While e
alked ab hi I e hi li le b k a a da ing i i n f ha e
h gh m ha e been he e l i na hi f lineage; namel ,
h gh he emic c n e a i n gene a i n af e gene a i n f a manne
f li ing in he lea ning f he child en, and n h gh me f na e
e ie f m a i n and gene ic ec mbina i n .
 The c n e a i n f a manne f li ing f m ne gene a i n he ne in
he lea ning and habi f he ff ing f he membe f a lineage h gh
emic e d c i n b h g ide and c - all gene ic a ia i n ha
facili a e eali e ha manne f li ing a an gani m-niche e a i nal-
ela i nal h le. I ill c n ide n ha hi i i n f he na e f he
e l i na ce i alid.
When hi li le b k a i en, m e ha en ea ag , he e idea
ab e l i n e e n acce able. The idea ha he e d c i n a a
emic ce ha in l ed he niche a ell a he e a i nal e en
a e f he gene ic em f he e d c i e cell f he e d cing
gani m e a ing a an in eg a ed h le a n ea nde and and
acce . Since hen bi l gical nde anding ha de el ed and e n
kn ha a e d c i n ake lace he ne gani m i f med in he
f i n di i i n f ac i e e a ing cell ha ca i h hem hei e en
a e f li ing in he f m f he ne k f n clea and c la mic
ce e ha eali e hem in ha m men f hei li ing. F he m e, e
a e n f ll a a e f he fac ha ha ne k f n clea and c la mic
ce in l e all ac i e and inac i e gene a ell a all he diffe en
m lec le ha c n i e he d namic m lec la a chi ec e f he
eali a i n f hei e en a ic la f m f a ie i . M e e , e
bi l gi a e al a a e n ha he ini ial emic c ndi i n ha a i e
in he ce f e d c i n c n i e nl he a ing in f he
indi id al e igene ic hi f he ne gani m, and ha hi e igene ic
hi ill g ne a an he acc ding hich a e he ela i nal
ci c m ance in hich he gani m eali e -c n e e i a ie i in
i gani m-niche ela i n.
The ef e, al h gh ha e i e in hi li le b k a ea ed be a
da ing e l i na i i n in 1994, i n eem m e han la ible.
When Lama k and Da in e e in hei diffe en hi ical m men
a em ing e lain ada a i n in he hi f li ing em he h gh
f ada a i n a a a iable, and eeing he medi m a a ee i ing
c n aine hich he ne gani m had acc mm da e. Gi en hi
emi e he fel ha he ha ening f he indi id al life hi ie had
ha e a e ence in he life f hei ff ing. S , he ed diffe en
a ache he bjec f ada a i n gge ing diffe en ie f
inhe i ance make a hi ical c nnec i n be een he cce i e
gene a i n . Wha he c ld n ee hen a ha ada a i n i nece a il
a c n an ela i n f e a i nal c he ence be een he gani m and i
niche in he c n in eali a i n f i li ing, and ha b h gani m and
niche n ane l change ge he c ng en l .
Af e i ing hi li le b k, I ned m e ec i n ee he
im lica i n f he nde anding f ha e a in i , b I a n f ll
clea ab h c nnec l e i h e en manne f li ing. I
h gh ha l e a he m f ndamen al em i n in all a ec f
life, b I did n kn h e eal h l e e a ed in dail li ing
n il in he c e f a c n e a i n, m c lleag e Ximena D ila Y e
aid me he f ll ing: H mbe , I ha e made a di c e , I ha e
eali ed ha he ain ffe ing f hich a e n a k f hel in he
ela i nal d main i al a f c l al igin, and I ha e al eali ed ha
ch ain a i e a an e e ience f nega i n f l e ha he e n ha
li e i acce meh a me hing ha i c l all legi ima e . And
he added: F he m e, he e n ha c n l me al ell me i h
being a a e ha he he i d ing , he e in he ela i nal- e a i nal
ma i f he li ing cc ed he nega i n f l e a ell a he a h
c me f he elf-de al a i n ha he he i c n e ing in all a ec
f he dail li ing ince hen .
When I a ked Ximena ha he did hen he c n l ing e n a ked he
f ela i nal hel , a I li ened he I eali ed h gh he an e ha he
did ha I had n been able d . I ed a ha l e a he
medicine, and hen I a a ked, how does love operate, and what to do to
love? I an e ed a ing, just love, it is easy, love operates in the act of
loving , b n b d eemed be able ee he ac f l ing h he ac
f l ing a d ne. Ximena D ila, h e e , i h he an e a h ing
me ha he kne ha d a he in ac i n he nde anding f
he in e la f he bi l g f c gni i n and he bi l g f l e in a
e ec i e c n e a i n i h he e l ha he e n h c n l ed he
ec e ed elf-l e and elf- e ec , and fel libe a ed f hei ain and
ffe ing. La e he de el ed he n i n f cultural-biology efe he
in in ic bi l gical-c l al na e f h manne ha he a h ing in
he k f e e i e c n e a i n i h he e n ha c n l ed he , and
hich e n call he biological-cultural matrix of human existence.
 The diffe en ld ha e h man being gene a e in bi l gical-
c l al e i ence cc a diffe en ne k f c n e a i n in he f m
f diffe en ne k f c dina i n f c dina i n f d ing and
em i ning in he eali a i n f li ing. F he m e, he e ne k f
c n e a i n ha en a diffe en d namic f he m lec la a chi ec e f
he gani m-niche ela i n ha i he eali a i n f he li ing f an
gani m hich ad in he a ic la f m f he gani m-niche
ela i n f li ing in he bi l gical-c l al ma i f h man
e i ence.
The n i n f c l al-bi l g ed b Ximena b ing f h a i i n
f he d namic a chi ec e f he bi l gical-c l al na e f h manne
ha all emain be nd nde anding hidden in he eman ic
n i n ha e e alk ab he diffe en eali ie ha e gene a e in
li ing. In he d , ha he nde anding f he bi l gical-c l al
na e f h manne b ing , and eciall ha gi en me, i a
m e e anded f ndamen al i i n f he diffe en eali ie ha e h man
being ma li e. In a ic la , i ha h n me he na e f
em i nal dail li ing and f he bi l gical-c l al f ndamen f
al a e en in ima e de i e f a dail li ing in hich e eali e and
c n e e h ne and, he ef e, e hic .
Li ing being cc a d namic m lec la en i ie ha e aea ali ie
in a ela i nal ace, and he a e eali ed a diffe en kind f gani m
h gh he c n e a i n f diffe en gani m-niche ela i n a diffe en
manne f li ing. Th , e h man being e i in he c n e a i n f an
gani m-niche ela i n hich a a manne f li ing cc in a ela i nal
ace an cending he m lec la d namic ha make i ible. And e
h man being d in he ni f b d and mind h gh he in eg a i n
f em i n and d ing a e li e e i ence f l ing
lang aging ela i nal- e ec i e being , c n ci f he na e f
h manne in he dee de i e f an e hical c e i ence.
In he c e f c n e a i n e decided c ea e a lace he e e
ld d e ea ch in he d main f h manne , and e c ea ed he
Ma i ic In i e in he ea 2000 a a lace k and d e ea ch in he
d main f he a and cience f c n i i e n l gical hinking and
d ing. N he Ma i ic In i e i he lace he e I d all m k hile
f ll ing hi a h.
 Finall , I ld like hank D . Pille B nnell f he in e e and
a ecia i n ha he h ed f he c n en f hi li le b k hen I
e en ed i he af e m n cce f l a em bli h i me ime in
he ea 1994 1996. And I i h hank he f he in e e ing
c n e a i n ha e had ab he b k, f he ca e in edi ing hi k,
and f he gge i n ha I c ld e he e e i n amans in he
den mina i n f lineage em ha i e ha I aid a I claimed ha l e
a he f ndamen al em i n ha made ible he a i ing f lang aging
in he ance al famil .
Humberto Maturana Romesín
Instituto Matríztico
www.matriztica.org
July, 2008
 G a R
Thi b k e en a cien i c, n a hil hical k. A a cien i c
k i en ail ec la i n and e lana i n , a ell a an n h d
ie ab he mechani m ha ha g ided he hi f li ing em .
O ba ic claim i ha he hi f li ing em i ne in hich b h
li ing and a ia i n in he manne f li ing ha e been c n e ed h gh
he emic e d c i n f b h he c ndi i n and manne f li ing a
lineage f diffe en kind f li ing em . All hi ill be e lained in
he c e f he b k; e men i n i he e nl in i e he eade ead
in a manne , hich i en ee ha e a . Once he eade ha een all
he c n ide a i n hich g nd hi claim, he he ma be in i ed b
e ec i n di mi hem, b in ei he ca e d ba ed n hi he
nde anding f ha e a .
In hi b k e he a h e ec ab he c n e ence f ha e
hink, e lain, and claim ab h man life, and e make e hical
c n ide a i n ab h e c n e ence . Scien i f e en l a ha he
ae n e n ible f he c n e ence f hei nding , beca e
c n e ence de end n h hei nding a e ed. We hink, h e e ,
ha e cien i a e dina h man being h ha e made cience hei
fe i nal manne f li ing, and h ha ha en i h hei nding
and e lana i n i al a ma e ha c nce n hem. Beca e f hi e
make e hical e ec i n h gh he b k, e ec i n ha a e n a f
a g men , b a he in i e he eade make hi he n e ec i n
kee ing in mind he a e e ec i n , n cien i c a emen .
Finall , hi b k ha maj a . The i e lana
i i n f ha m ha e ha ened f h manne ha e a i en in
he ima e hi hich e bel ng. Thi a c n ain a g men ,
n ne f hich fall ide he d main f bi l g , e en if me f hem a e
n h d . The ec nd a i made f a e ie f a endice ha deal
i h diffe en a g men in a dee e and m e f mal a han in he e
f he . Thi ec nd a i c ncei ed be ead in e laced i h he ,
b i can al be ead inde enden l .
 1: P
We m de n h man being f e en l li e in ife i h each he , and
ffe f i . Wa and eace eem be ba ic la elemen f h man
ela i n , e e a e n ha in hi manne f li ing in m al nega i n;
e di like i . M e e , in di liking hi manne f li ing e bec me ill a
indi id al , e hink ha h mani i ill and ha been ill f a l ng ime.
In he mid f hi nha ine e di c e , a e ha e di c e ed man
ime d ing he la e i h and ea f hi ha e ha e
been li ing in blindne : ab he , ab na e, ab j ice, ab
c llab a i n. A e eali e ha e d n like hi e in en , and ha e
in en ed n man cca i n , eligi and li ical em in hich eace
and l e a e e ail, h mani ic hil hie and ec n mic he ie
ha a e in ended a e h man being f m m al e l i a i n and ab e.
M f he ime eff ha e failed, h mani ing a adigm ha e
ended being deh mani ing, and he eligi and li ical em ha
e in en ed i h he in en f gene a ing h man ellbeing became ce
f annie . B e ha e al a ied again. H d e i c me ab ha
e again? H i i ha e fail and e again? H i i ha e
h man being ha e e hical c nce n ? H i i ha e h man being ca e
f each he , e en h gh e li e n , and ha e li ed f he la e
i h and ea f hi in a manne he ein e f e en l den
each he h gh c m e i i n, a , ab e, and m al mani la i n?
O e in hi e a i an e he e e i n . Ye , in de d
e an ef m la e hem in e m m e akin immedia e
dail -life i a i n , beca e e hink ha he m be an e ed a
fea e f dail life, hich i he e he c n e a i n l f life ake
lace.
Clinician a ha a d c begin ac in he m men in hich he he
acce a call f hel , and indeed hi ha en . If a m he call he d c
in an ie beca e he child i ill, and he m he a , D c , hank
f c ming; I d n kn ha ha ened, b m child ha g en be e
ince I ke i h . H did ha cc ? Wha ha ened ha he child
became be e hen he d c acce ed he call, and ld ha e bec me
e if he d c had n ? D c al a ha he medicine i he
bed, and indeed, hen he ick e n i bed, he he begin
im e. Wha ha en ? I hi im emen me el he e l f a
ed c i n f me ab li m h gh e e?
We kn a a fE ean hi , ha Ra in, a ande ing m nk
ela ed he c f he la R ian C a , had a g ea c a i e in ence
n he ng hem hilic C a e i ch. Hi in ence a g ea , ha n ne
cca i n, hen he b a bleeding af e falling ff a h e, hi bleeding
ed hen Ra in an e ed he C a ina e e f hel b ending
he a eleg am a ing: D n , he child i f dange and ill ge
be e , I c me immedia el . H c ld hi c e ha e ha ened?
We m de n h man being f e en l e a in a em l e
h man c n ic . H i i ha a ne e l e h man c n ic ; a be i
nl change he d main in hich he c n ic ake lace, ha he a e
e en all l ed h gh m al e ec ? Acc ding he l i n in
m al e ec , hen i ha en , bel ng e hical c nce n a a fea e
f he bi l g f l e. The Decla a i n f H man Righ b he ne l
c ea ed Uni ed Na i n af e he end f he Sec nd W ld Wa i a
mile ne in e hical c nce n in m de n h man hi .H i i ha e
had e hical c nce n hen? H i i ha e hical c nce n emain an
im an a f m de n h man life? A e he a d c f ea n f
em i n ?
E e ience - ha hich e di ing i h a ha ening - cann be
denied. Dail life h ha e en h gh e li e in a and h each
he , e a e l ing animal ha bec me b dil and chicall ill hen
de i ed f l e, and ha l e i b h he medicine and he f ndamen
f he ec e f ma ic and chic heal h. We a e l e-de enden
animal a all age . Indeed, m if n all h man ffe ing a i e in he
nega i n f l e and i c ed h gh he e a i n f l e. H can hi
be ? Wha ha en in h gh l e?
O e in hi e a i e lain h i i ha e a e l e de enden
animal , and h e ha e c me li e e en c l e a if hi e e
n . We in end d b e en ing ie f he igin f
h manne in he bi l g f l e. H e e , in de a ain hi end, e
begin b a ing a fe d ab he bi l gical and e i em l gical
f ndamen n hich i i n and . We d b eaking
ab e lana i n , hen ab bi l gical hi , and nall , ab
lang age and em i n . Af e ha , e c n ide h man bi l gical igin
in he m he /child ela i n and e al in imac , and e end ih me
e ec i n ab c l al e en and ab ha e can d .
 2: F a
In hi ec i n e e en he bi l gical and e i em l gical f ndamen n
hich i i n and . If he eade i he , he he can g
di ec l he beginning f i i n in Cha e 3, H man O igin ,
and e n hi la e a he he hink i de i able.
E a
In gene al e m , e lana i n a e an e e i n ha demand an
e lana i n a an an e and hich a e acce ed a ch b a li ene . In
a ic la e m , an e lana i n i he i i n f a gene a i e
mechani m ce , ch ha ha hich he b e e an e lain
aie a a e l c n e ence f i e a i n. Thi i h an
e lana i n in an d main al a ha he f m: If hi and hi ha en ,
hen he e l i ch and ch . The ef e, in an e lana i n, he b e e
deal ih n nin e ec ing hen menal d main ; namel , he
hen menal d main in hich he gene a i e mechani m ake lace, and
he hen menal d main in hich he e lained hen men n cc .
E lana i n , acc dingl , d n and cann c n i e hen menal
ed c i n ; ha i , a ne e lain , ne d e n ed ce ne hen menal
d main an he . When e e lain e d n e e he hen men n
e e ience be e lained in m e ba ic m e f ndamen al e m , a i
f e en l aid; a he e e a gene a i e mechani m ha gi e i e
he hen men n e e ience be e lained in a diffe en d main a a
c n e ence f i e a i n.
We eak in dail life, e eak a cien i , e lici l im lici l
a ing ha e e lain hen mena, and ha he e hen mena a e ce e
ha ake lace inde enden l f d ing in a d main e e nal a
b e e , e en if e meh a ici a e in hem. H e e , e d n
e lain ce e ha cc e e nal , and ake lace inde enden f m
d ing . We a e al a e a ing a b e e , ha in fac ha e
e lain i e e ience - ha hich e a b e e di ing i h a
di ec l indi ec l ha ening , in . S , f m n n e hall
eak f e e ience , a he han hen mena, and if e eak f
hen mena, e hall mean e e ience . We ee, e ch, e mea e, and
f h, and in he ame a ha e e he c he ence and eg la i ie f
 eeing, ching, and mea ing a e f m la e, de c ibe,
e en ha e an e lain, e e he eg la i ie and c he ence f
eeing, ching, and mea ing e he gene a i e mechani m
ha ill be e lana i i n. Tha i , e e e e ien ial
c he ence in ne d main e an e lana i n f e e ien ial
c he ence in an he d main. We al a make an e lana i n b
ing a gene a i e mechani m. A gene a i e mechani m c n i fa
ce , ha if i e e ake lace, he e l ld be he e e ience
be e lained. The e e ience be e lained ake lace in a diffe en
e e ien ial d main han he ne in hich he ed gene a i e
mechani m ake lace. Th , e e lain e e ience ih
e e ience , and ega dle f hich n n-in e ec ing e e ien ial d main
he ed gene a i e mechani m and he e e ience be e lained ake
lace, e al a e lain el ing c m le el n he eg la i ie f
e e ience .
Thi i n all, h e e . F a gene a i e mechani m ha i ed a
an e lana i n - he f mal a ec f an e lana i n - be acce ed a
ch, i m al ai f me c ndi i n ha he b e e add f m hi
he n ch ice, efe ence, a he he li en . Thi c ndi i n i he
inf mal a ec f an e lana i n, and i can be an hing a all. The
inf mal a ec f an e lana i n ma be im lici e lici , and he
li ene ma ma n be a a e ha he he i adding me hing, b i
i al a e en a he gene a i e mechani m i acce ed a an
e lana i n.
The inf mal c ndi i n i ha gi e an e lana i n i cha ac e and
de ne i kind. A a e l , he e a e a man diffe en kind f
e lana i n a he e a e diffe en kind f inf mal c ndi i n ha can be
added b he b e e in hi he li ening a he he acce a a ic la
gene a i e mechani m a an e lana i n. The inf mal a ec in he
e lana i n ha cien i acce i ha e ha e called he c i e i n f
alida i n f cien i c e lana i n ( ee al Ma ana and Va ela 1988,
Ma ana 1990, and A endi 1). The ef e, he ed gene a i e
mechani m bec me an e lana i n in he ac f being acce ed a ch b
an b e e - h in ac ice can be he ame e n ha e i.
In he e ci c m ance , if ne an e lain h man being and h man
life, ha ne ha d i e a gene a i e mechani m ha ill gi e
 i e h man life and all a ec f h man beingne a a e l f i
e a i n. M e e , if ne an ch a gene a i e mechani m be
acce ed ejec ed a an e lana i n in i n e m , ne m make
e lici he inf mal c ndi i n ha de ne he d main in hich ne claim
i be alid. Acc dingl , beca e e an eak ab h man being
a bi l gical en i ie and e an e lain hei igin a ch, e ha e
e a bi l gical gene a i e mechani m ch ha he h man manne f
li ing and h man beingne ma e l a a c n e ence f i e a i n.
F he m e, beca e e an e a cien i c e lana i n f h man
beingne , e ha e d in a a ha a i e he c i e i n f alida i n
f cien i c e lana i n ( ee A endi 1). M e e , in hi e a
a ic la a k i e a mechani m n nl f he gene a i n f he
h man lineage, b al f he cc ence f he fea e f m de n
h man c l al life. And e an d in a a ha e eal he e en
hich ec lia e en a f li ing in he ec en c n ic fl e
and agg e i n, eace and a , i ei he a ba ic a ec f bi l gical life
a e l f he c l al hi ha ga e igin .
L a
The hi f li ing being n ea h i he hi f he igin,
e abli hmen , di e i ca i n h gh ami ca i n, and e inc i n f
lineage , nde c ndi i n in hich a lineage i de ned and c n i ed b
he e d c i e c n e a i n f an n genic hen e, manne f
li ing, h gh a cce i n f gene a i n . The n genic hen e i he
a ic la c n g a i n f d namic ela i n be een gani m and
medi m ha an gani m li e f m i ince i n i dea h. Tha i , he
n genic hen e i he manne in hich an gani m ha en li e i
life a a c n g a i n f d namic c al change and ela i n ha
en ail ha ha en in he gani m, he medi m, and in hei ela i n ,
a he han a cce i n f a ic la e en . M e e , i i beca e hen
e eak f he c n e a i n f an n genic hen e in he c n i i n
f a lineage e efe he e d c i e c n e a i n f a c n g a i n f
ce e and n an a ic la ca e, ha e call he n genic
hen e c n e ed in a lineage al he manne f li ing ha de ne he
lineage.
 Acc dingl , ha ne iden i e hen ne iden i e a ecie a
a ic la kind f li ing em gani m, i a manne f li ing ha i
c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n h gh he e d c i n f he
gani m ha eali e ha manne f li ing nde he a ic la
ci c m ance in hich he li e. The ef e, hen a ne a ic la manne
f li ing begin be c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n h gh he
e d c i n f he li ing being ha eali e i , a ne lineage a i e a ell
a he ci c m ance in hich i i c n e ed ( ee al Ma ana and
M d i , 2000). In gene al e m , ne can a ha hene e a a ic la
c n g a i n f ela i n begin be c n e ed am ng a c llec i n f
elemen , ei he in he in e nal d namic f a em, in he in e ac i n
be een em , all el e bec me en change. Thi i a emic
c ndi i n ha e ain in an a f he c m a l ng a he e c al
de e mini m. I i he ba ic d namic c ndi i n f ndamen ha make
ible he c n e a i n and change f manne f li ing in b h
indi id al and in he e l i na hi f li ing em .
Al h gh man bi l gi ma n ag ee i h ha e hink, e claim
ha he e d c i n and e d c i e c n e a i n f a manne f li ing in
he c n i i n f a lineage, i a emic ce ha in l e d namic
ela i n be een he gani m and he medi m, and n a ce
de e mined b a m lec la em f inhe i ance a i all h gh hen
eaking f gene ic de e mina i n i h DNA a he m lec le f
inhe i ance ( ee A endi 3).
Wha he gene ic c n i i n f an gani m de e mine i a m i
ini ial c e, and h gh ha ini ial c e, he di e i f he
ible a ic la n genic hen e ha he gani m can li e in i
in e ac i n in he medi m. The gene ic c n i i n d e n de e mine
hich a ic la n genic hen e an gani m ill li e, indeed li e ,
a an m men . The a ic la n genic hen e in fac li ed b an
gani m a i in e ac in a medi m a i e emicall m men b
m men h gh he c al change ha he gani m and he medi m
igge in each he in hei ec en in e ac i n . And hi cc a a
ce in hich he gani m and he medi m n ane l change
ge he c ng en l f ll ing a a h f c al change in hich he
gani m and he medi m emain in a d namic c al ela i n f
e a i nal c ng ence c -ada a i n. Thi ce f c ng en change
 f he gani m and medi m c n in e a a n ane d namic a l ng
a he gani m c n e e i gani a i n a a li ing em a ell a i
ela i n f e a i nal c ng ence (ada a i n) i h he medi m h gh i
ec en in e ac i n . When ei he he li ing gani a i n he ada a i n
f he gani m he medi m (c -ada a i n) i l , he n gen f he
gani m c me i end a i die .
A a ic la n genic hen e i c n e ed a a lineage h gh
e d c i n nl a l ng a eali a i n f he manne f li ing hich gi e
ie ha hen e c n ib e c ea e he c ndi i n nde hich i
can be e ea ed in he ne gene a i n. A lineage a i e nl if he
eali a i n f a manne f li ing b an gani m b ing f h in i
ff ing, and c n ib e , di ec l indi ec l , b ing f h in he
medi m he c ndi i n nde hich ha a ic la manne f li ing can be
e ea ed. Th he c n i i n f a lineage i a emic ce
hen men n ha in l e b h gani m and medi m, and n a
hen men n f gene ic m lec la de e mina i n.
The ce f emic eali a i n f a manne f li ing n genic
hen e i called in bi l g e igene i , and e call he ela i nal
d namic f i eali a i n, n genic c al d if . A he ame ime, e
call he emic e d c i e c n e a i n f a manne f li ing and f
i a ia i n , h l genic c al d if , and e claim ha ha hich e
bi l gi c nn e a e eak f e l i n i cc in a ce f
h l genic c al d if . F a m e de ailed ie , ee A endi 3.
D e he emic cha ac e f he e igene i f an gani m,
diffe en gene ic c n i i n ha all f he e igene ic eali a i n f he
ame manne f li ing in gani m f he ame ecie kind a e
indi ing i hable f m he e ec i e f ch eali a i n. And hi i , f
c e, e en h gh he ac al inne d namic c e f he
gani m a e diffe en a a e l f hei diffe en gene ic c n i i n and
inde enden e igene i . A he ame ime, an fea e f he eali a i n f
he n gen f an gani m ha a i e in i li ing a a habi ha c n e e
a a ic la gani m medi m ela i n, and hich i c n e ed in he
ff ing f ha gani m al a a imila lea ned habi ha c n e e he
ela i nal c ndi i n f i imila c n e a i n in he ne gene a i n, ill
f m a f a manne f li ing hencef h c n e ed, and ill be a fea e
 f he n genic hen e ha de ne a ne lineage, a a ia i n f an
ld lineage, a nd hich e e hing el e bec me en change.
Finall , and in gene al e m , e claim ha he emic e d c i e
c n e a i n f a manne f li ing and he e l ing c n i i n f a
lineage na idabl lead he c n e a i n f gene ic a ia i n in he
lineage h e a ici a i n in he e igene i f he gani m d e n
in e fe e i h he c n e a i n f he manne f li ing ha de ne i .
M e e , in he c e f he gene a i n f he lineage, and h gh hei
e igenic in e la i h he e f he gene ic c n i i n f he membe
f he lineage, h e gene ic a ia i n ma bec me c - ed in he
eali a i n and c n e a i n f he manne f li ing ha de ne he lineage.
F he m e, he a ici a i n f h e gene ic a ia i n ill emain
in i ible h gh he emic c n e a i n f he manne f li ing ha
de ne a lineage n il hei e igenic in e la i h he gene ic a ia i n ,
i h he ci c m ance f he medi m in hich he e igene i ake
lace, e l in a change in he manne f li ing eali ed b me membe
f he lineage. If ha ha en , and hi ne manne f li ing indeed begin
be e d ced emicall , and h c n e ed gene a i n af e
gene a i n, a ne lineage a i e ha c - h e gene ic a ia i n f i
emic c n e a i n. The ba ic c n e ence f all hi ha a e ele an
f e, can be mma i ed a f ll :
1. Man diffe en gene ic c n i i n can a ici a e in he e igene ic
eali a i n f he ame n genic hen e beca e hi i emicall
eali ed in he e igene i f each indi id al, a ell a emicall
c n e ed hen de ning a lineage, and i n gene icall de e mined. A a
e l, hing ill al a be ha ening: (a) all gene ic a ia i n h e
a ici a i n in he e igene i d n in e fe e i h he c n e a i n f he
manne f li ing ha de ne a lineage ill be c n e ed in i a i ele an
incl i n , ill be l , ill bec me c - ed in i eali a i n; and (b)
a a ne lineage a i e , he gene ic c n i i n f he gani m ha f m
i ill change f ll ing a a h f gene ic d if b nded b he emic
c n e a i n f he n genic hen e ha de ne he lineage.
2. A a a ic la manne f li ing i c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n
in a lineage, all he fea e f he eali a i n f he li ing f he membe
 f he lineage ha a e n a ec f he manne f li ing emicall
c n e ed bec me en change a i ele an a ia i n f he lineage.
3. When a a ic la a ia i n in he n genic hen e ha de ne a
lineage begin be emicall c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n, a
ne lineage a i e . Thi i me hing ha ha en ega dle f he he
he a ia i n a i e a a e l f gene ic n n-gene ic change in he
c e f he e d cing gani m , a a e l f me change in
he d namic eg la i ie f he medi m, a a e l f b h, beca e he
c n i i n f a lineage i a emic hen men n, n a gene ic ne.
4. The emic c n e a i n f he n genic hen e ha de ne a
lineage e emic b nda c ndi i n f he c n e a i n f he
gene ic a ia i n in he membe f ha lineage h gh hei diffe en ial
i al in he eali a i n f ha n genic hen e. The e l f hi
diffe en ial i al i ei he e inc i n f me lineage , he
e abli hmen f ne ne a indica ed in in 3. A a c n e ence, he
c n e a i n f he manne f li ing ha de ne a lineage g ide he c e
f he gene ic d if ha ake lace in he hi f a lineage. We call he
emic ce h gh hich ld lineage a e c n e ed and ne
lineage a i e phylogenic drift phylogenetic structural drift. F m e
in igh in hinking ab emic e d c i n and he ma e f
gene ic de e mina i n, ee A endi 3.
In he e ci c m ance , if e an e lain h man igin, e m
e a a gene a i e mechani m he emic c n e a i n f a manne
f li ing. In he d em e he ba ic manne f li ing ha
e hink ga e igin h gh cce i e c n e ed a ia i n he em
f lineage f bi edal ima e f hich e a e n a li ing b anch.
D a E
Le n a l ha e ha e aid fa (e en if me e en e
e ea ) he e lana i n f igin a h man being . We h man being
a li ing em a e m lec la em , and a m lec la em e a e
c e de e mined em . In a c e de e mined em an b e e
di ing i he i gani a i n a he c n g a i n f ela i n ha de ne i
cla iden i , and i c e a he ela i n and c m nen ha eali e
i a a a ic la ca e f i cla ( ee A endi 2). A c n i i e fea e f
c e de e mined em i ha e e nal agen d n ecif ha
ha en in hem. E e nal agen ma igge c al change in ch
em , b he na e f he change a e de e mined b he c e f he
em a he m men hen he enc n e he e e nal agen . Since e
h man a e c e de e mined em e adhe e hi c n i i e
fea e: namel he e e nal agen ha im inge n can nl igge in
c al change de e mined in .
S c al de e mini m i n an n l gical a m i n, n i i an a
priori e lana n i n; i i an ab ac i n f m he eg la i ie f
e e ience a e e a e a he kind f li ing em ha e a e a
h man being , and ha e make a b e e a e e e e ience
e lain e e ience . A ch, c al de e mini m i he e a i nal
f ndamen f all ha e d in an e e ien ial d main a e e he
c he ence f e e ience e lain e e ience in i . M e e ,
c al de e mini m a he f ndamen f e a i n a li ing em ,
i in gene al e m a c n i i e c ndi i n f he eali a i n f he li ing
em f li ing em . In he e ci c m ance , a e d ha e e e d
in he eali a i n f li ing a c e de e mined em , c al
de e mini m i b h he c ndi i n f ibili and he f ndamen f
e laining and nde anding f li ing em in gene al, a ell a f he
e laining and he nde anding f el e a h man being , in
a ic la ( ee A endi 2).
A a e l f i c ndi i n a c e de e mined em, a li ing em
e i in he c al d namic f i b d h d a hi i eali ed in a
f c n in c al change . A ch, a li ing em i c n i ed a
a ni ali ha e i in a cl ed d namic f c al change in
he c n e a i n f li ing, hich e efe a operational closure. The
eali a i n f he li ing em in i cl ed d namic f c e, a
m lec la em en he f ma e and ene g h gh hem,
gene a e a g e i n f a e f li ing a l ng a he e em a e ali e.
D e hi c ndi i n, he life hi f a li ing em i a hi f
c al change c n ingen in e nal c al d namic f he li ing
em a ell a he c al change igge ed in i b i in e ac i n
in he medi m, and i i a hi ha la a l ng a he li ing f he li ing
em i c n e ed h gh h e c al change . In he d , he
life hi , n genic c al d if f a li ing em, la nl a
l ng a i f ll ac e in hich he li ing em emain ali e h gh
he c al change ha i nde g e b h a a e l f i in e nal
c al d namic and a a e l f i in e ac i n in he medi m. If hi
d e n ha en, he li ing em die and i life hi c me an end.
S li ing cc in he f he c al change f he li ing em a
l ng a i c e and he c e f he medi m change ge he
c ng en l in he c n e a i n f li ing (c n e a i n f ada a i n), and
la a l ng a ha d namic c al c ng ence be een he li ing
em and he medi m i c n e ed in he c n e a i n f li ing
(c n e a i n f gani a i n).
A he ame ime, d e hei c al de e mini m and hei
in e nall cl ed d namic f a e , li ing em eaea ali ie in
he d main f in e ac i n (medi m) he e he e i a ing la en i ie in
he eali a i n f hei li ing. The in e ac i n ace medi m in hich a
li ing em e i a i e ge he i h he li ing em in i di inc i n
b he b e e a he d main f e i ence ha c n ain i . I i in he
medi m, and a a f he medi m, ha an b e e di ing i he a li ing
em a a beha ing ing la en i a he he in e ac i h i . In he e
ci c m ance , he medi m i , in he di inc i n f he b e e , all ha
d e n f m a f he c e f a li ing em, and i ha a ch an
e a i nal e i ence a all ha d e n f m a f he c al
eali a i n f he li ing em ha i c n ain , and i e i a he d main
f all he ac al and en ial in e ac i n in hich he li ing em can be
imagined a ici a e. A ch, he medi m i al a d namic c e
de e mined em ha ha a changing c e, hich f ll ac e f
change c n ingen b h i n inde enden c al d namic , and
he c al change igge ed in i b i in e ac i n i h he li ing
em ha i c n ain .
A li ing em, he ef e, e i a a em in n n-in e ec ing
e a i nal d main . One i he d main f i c e, ha i , he d main
f e a i n f he elemen ha a e i c m nen a he c m e i ,
c n i ing i a a ali . The he i he d main he e i in e ac a a
h le, ali , h gh he e a i n f i e ie a a ali a
he e a i e in i in e ac i n a a ali in he medi m. The d main he e
a li ing em e i and e a e a a ali , h gh, a i e ih i
c n i i n a a li ing em, a he b e e di ing i he he li ing
em a a h le b in e ac ing i h i a i e a e a a ali in he
d main he e i e i a ch. In he e ci c m ance , a he b e e
di ing i he ( ee , hea , che , mell ) a li ing em a a li ing
em (a ali ), he he di ing i he i end ed i h ce ain
e ie ha a i e i h he li ing em a he he di ing i he i a
ch. B , a he b e e e lain he e ie f he li ing em a
he a i e in hi he di inc i n f i , i bec me a a en him he
ha h e e ie a e eali ed h gh he e a i n f he e ie f
he elemen ha c m e i a a c e de e mined en i . Th , f
e am le, a e h man being in e ac in a c n e a i n e in e ac a
ali ie ih d , ign and mb l in he ela i nal d main f
lang age, e a e l k a he ce f in e ac i n in lang age, e
ee ha a c m i e en i ie e in e ac h gh he e a i n f he
e ie f he cell and m lec le ha c m e .
In mma :
1. The e a i nal d main in hich a li ing em e i a a h le i
diffe en f m he e a i nal d main in hich i e i a a c m ie
en i , and he e e a i nal d main d n in e ec .
2. The e a i nal d main in hich a li ing em e i a h le e l
f m he e a i n f he elemen ha eali e i a a c m i e en i , b
i n de e mined b hem. Thi e a i nal d main a i e a he li ing
em e a e a a ali . S ch a d main i he medi m, and a li ing
em e i a l ng a i gani a i n and ada a i n a e c n e ed
h gh he f i in e ac i n in he medi m.
3. A a li ing em in e ac a a ali , i nde g e c al change
igge ed in i h gh he e a i n f he elemen ha c m e i . S ,
al h gh he d main in hich a li ing em e i , he d main f
i c m i i n and he d main in hich i eae a a ali , d n
in e ec , he m d la e each he h gh he c al change ha li ing
em and medi m nde g h gh hei ec i e in e ac i n ( ee al
A endi 2).
 I i in he d main he e a li ing em e i a a ali ha he
b e e di ing i he i in beha i a he he ee i in d namic
ela i n i h he medi m. Beha i , h e e , i n me hing ha he
li ing em d e ; beha i i ha ha en in he in e ac i n f he
li ing em i h he medi m. Indeed, beha i ha en a a d namic
c n g a i n f in e ela i n be een li ing em and medi m ha ake
lace h gh he change f c e f he li ing em and he change
f c e f he medi m in he f hei ec en in e ac i n .
Beha i in l e b h li ing em and he medi m. O , aid m e
eci el , beha i i a d namic in e ac i nal and ela i nal ha an
b e e di ing i he a aking lace be een li ing em and medi m,
and ha cc h gh he eali a i n f he li ing f he li ing em.
Tha i , beha i ake lace in he enc n e f he li ing em and he
medi m, and i a d namic f ela i nal change ha a i e in l ing
b h he li ing em and he medi m, and n a me hing ha he li ing
em d e b i elf (Fig e 2.1).
A each c al change in he gani m f ll a c e m d la ed
nl m men af e m men b he e ence f i in e ac i n in he
medi m, al each c al change in he medi m f ll a c e
c n ingen he f i in e ac i n i h he gani m ha i c n ain ,
ih ecif ing hem. The e l i ha he ec en in e ac i n
be een li ing em and medi m c n i e a ec i e d namic in
hich each enc n e be een he li ing em and he medi m igge in
each f hem a c al change ha cc n f he e i
c al change in a manne in hich he cann be an hing b
c ng en i h each he .
 Fig. 2.1. In n genic c al d if he gani m (a) and he medi m
(b) e i in ec i e in e ac i n beginning a ime and c n in ing
h gh ime n. Thi e l in a hi f c ng en c al
change in b h, a indica ed b he be een he changing ha e in
hi g e. Thi hi f change c e in he c n e a i n f b h
gani a i n and ada a i n in he li ing em n il i die a n+1.

The d namic c e f he gani m and he d namic c e f he

medi m in hich he e e i in ec en in e ac i n , change ge he
c ng en l a a n ane c n e ence f h e ec i e in e ac i n ,
and i i he c al c ng ence be een li ing em and medi m ha
a i e in hi a ha e call c al c ling. M e e , ch
c ng ence a i e n ane l in he ec en in e ac i n be een a
li ing em and he medi m ha c n ain i a a im le e l f he
in e la f hei he i e inde enden c al d namic , and la a
l ng a he li ing em c n e e i gani a i n and d e n
di in eg a e. All hi e ha e aid im lied ab e. B ha e an
add he e, i ha a a e l f he d namic f c al c ling, hene e
he e i a c llec i n f li ing em ha f m a ne k f di ec and
indi ec ec i e in e ac i n in he eali a i n f hei li ing, a bi he e
a i e a a cl ed ne k f m l idimen i nal eci cal c al
c ling ha incl de all he li ing em a ell a all he n n-li ing
fea e f he medi m ha a ici a e in i . F he m e, e al ih
add ha hen a bi he e i f med, he li ing em ha c m e i
change ge he in a a ch ha hene e an b e e l k a hem, he
he nd hem gene a ing a beha i al a ade a e he d namic
ci c m ance in hich he a e a a im le e l f hei hi f
c al c ling. The dimen i n in l ed in c al c ling can be
an , b he can nl be een e ealed h gh he e a i n f he
li ing em in hei d main f in e ac i n . Acc dingl , he b e e
di c e hem h gh he e a i n f he li ing em, and de c ibe
hem in e m f he c n e ence in hi he e e ien ial d main f
in e fe ing i h hem in hi he in e ac i n i h i ( ee A endi 2 f
m e de ail ).
The in e la f he c al change f he gani m and he medi m
ha e ha e j de c ibed ab e cc in e ela ing he hen menal
d main in hich a li ing em e i h gh d namic gene a i e
ela i n , and n h gh he l cal de e mina i n ha ne e ec hen
ne deal i h he in e ac i n be een elemen f he ame d main. A a
li ing em in e ac a a h le h gh he e a i n f he e ie f
i c m nen , i c e f ll a c e f c al change
c ng en i h he c al change f he medi m. F he m e, i i he
c e f in e ac i n ha c n e e he li ing f he li ing em, and
de e mine he c e f ll ed b he c ng en c al change f he
li ing em and he medi m. The ef e, al h gh he e a i nal
d main in hich a li ing em e i d n in e ec , and nei he can be
ded ced f m ed ced he he , each e a i nal d main de end
d namicall n he he , a he a e c all ela ed h gh he
d namic f c al c ling f he gani m and he medi m.

Fig. 2.2 We h man being e i a bi l gical en i ie in b d h d

(a) and in he eali a i n f h manne in ela i nal ace (b).
O al h man beingne (c) ake lace in he ec i e in e la
be een he e d main .
Wha ha en ih h man being in he e ci c m ance ? H and
he e d e e i ? D e al e i in d main m e, and h ? A
bi l gical en i ie , be e , a he kind f l gical en i ie ha e a e,
e a e in b d h d Homo sapiens sapiens, and e e i in
c al d namic a ch (Fig e 2.2a). A he kind f animal ha e
a e, namel , acc ding he manne e li e h manne , e e i and
e a e a h man being in a ela i nal ace (Fig e 2.2b). We a e h man
being a a ali (Fig e 2.2c) a e li e b d h d f Homo sapiens
sapiens in he eali a i n f h manne h gh beha i a h man
being . Th e h man being e i in he ec i e in e la f
b d h d and h man eali a i n. Said m e f mall , e h man
being e i in c n in c al change in he emic ec i e
c n e ai n f indi id al h man ela i nal cha ac e i ic .
F he m e, e each e i a a f he medi m f each he . Th in
an ela i n be een h man being f ll he ame d namic f
ec i e emic change in hich b h being change c ng en l
ge he , a l ng a he im inge n each he ec i el (Fig e 2.3). In
hi a Homo sapiens sapiens d namic c e change al ng a
c e ha i m d la ed b li ing ge he a h man . H man
b d h d (Fig e 2.3 a and b) and h man manne f li ing (Fig e 2.3 c)
change c ng en l i h each he a a me e c n e ence f being
c e de e mined em in ec i e in e ac i n i h each he , hile
im l ane l changing c ng en l i h he e f medi m.
S , a h man being e a e nei he b d h d, n beha i ,
a he e a e a c n in emic d namic ha ake lace in he
in e la be een b d h d and beha i , and e e i a lang aging
being in a ela i nal ace ha a i e in ha d namic . Indeed, all em
e i like hi , each acc ding i n manne f ela ing a a ali in a
ela i nal ace ha a i e h gh i c n in ec i e in e ac i n in
he medi m hile i c n e e i gani a i n and ada a i n h gh he
fi c al change . Unde he e ci c m ance , h man being , a
i he ca e i h all li ing em , i h em in gene al, i h he
bi he e, and i h he c m i elf, e i in hei c n in eali a i n a
c e de e mined em in a e manen , changing e en .
F he m e, h man being (a i he ca e i h all c m i e en i ie ) e i
h gh hei man dimen i n f in e ac i n a a ici an f he
in e ela ed c ng en c al change ha in e c nnec all he elemen
ha c n i e he changing e en ha he c m i a a eb f d namic
c al c ling .
 Fig. 2.3 T h man being e i a bi l gical en i ie in hei
b d h d (a and b) and in he eali a i n f hei h manne in he
ela i nal ace be een hem (c) hile al eali ing hei h manne
h gh he ec i e c -m d la i n i h he e f hei medi m (d
and e).
I i hi c ndi i n f c n i i n f li ing being in gene al, and f
h man being in a ic la a a e manen changing e en , ha make
h man e i ence a hi ical ce . A he ame ime, hi c ndi i n
make he e en f each h man being a an m men an a ec f he
e en in he hi f c al change f he bi he e ha a i e i h
hi he a ici a i n. In he e ci c m ance , e h man being li e n
a e en ha i ha ening in an e an i n f he h man e ence ha i
an f ming he ea h bi he e in an h m he e h man-cen e ed
ec em.
La a
Lang age i a manne f li ing in ec en in e ac i n in a f
c dina i n f c dina i n f c n en al beha i . C n en al d e
n efe c n en , b i ha c dina i n f beha i hich ake lace
in a f c he en an f ma i n in he ab ence f i la i n, a in he
ca e f ag eemen . C dina i n f beha i ha en ih lang age
h gh he bi he e. I i he ec i n n c dina i n, ha i
c dina i n f c dina i n , hich c n i e lang age. When e eak
 f lang aging a a e b, e a e efe ing he ec i e f
c n en al c dina i n f beha i .
F he m e, e h man being e i in he b aiding f lang aging and
em i ning. Tha i , em i ning change in he c e f
lang aging, and lang aging change in he c e f em i ning
( ee Ma ana, 1988). We call hi b aiding f lang aging and em i ning
conversation.
If e a end a ha e d in dail life a e d ha e e e d ih
he h man being , e ma n ice ha e m e in ec i e
in e ac i n i h hem in c dina i n f c dina i n f beha i . And
e can ee ha e ackn ledge a lang aging ha hich ha en in he
f ec i e c dina i n f beha i . F he m e, if e l k
m e dee l in he ci c m ance in hich a child bec me a lang aging
being, e ma al n ice ha he c dina i n f c dina i n f
beha i in hich e a ici a e a e in lang aging, a i e in
li ing ge he in a manne gene a ed in he a ic la i ie f li ing
ge he , and ha a ch he a e c n en al. Lang aging cc in
c n en ali . C n en ali ha en a a n ane c dina i n f
beha i ha d e n e i e lang age cc . Th i i all diffe en
f m ag eemen , hich i a i la ed c dina i n f beha i ha a i e
nl h gh lang aging. A e e ec n ha an ag eemen i , e ma
al n ice ha eai n ch a decla a i n , a emen , e e i n ,
mi e , e e , a ell a ien a i n ch a e , in en i n ,
de i e , a e al all ec nda e a i n in lang aging. We can
di ing i h hem a ch a e e ec n ha e d nce e a e al ead
li ing in lang age, and h he a e n ima c n i i e elemen f
lang age.
If e c n in e in hi e ec i n, e ma f he n ice ha he a ic la
c n g ai n f nd , ge e , ma k ha e call d ae
e a i nal n de in he ne k f c n en al c dina i n f
c dina i n f beha i ha e li e a lang aging being . And e ma
al n ice ha he meaning f a d a a a ic la c n g a i n f
nd , ge e , ma k ake lace in he f c dina i n f
beha i in hich i a ici a e a an elemen in he f c n en al
c dina i n f c dina i n f beha i ha lang aging i . Tha hi i
indeed he ca e i h n in an dic i na , he e ne can ee ha each f
 he diffe en meaning gi en an a ic la d c e nd a
diffe en manne in hich ha d ien g ide he f he
c dina i n f beha i and em i n aking lace in a c n e a i n.
The c n en al c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f beha i ,
hich c n i e lang aging, i a ec i e d namic in he d main f
c dina i n f c n en al beha i . When a c clical ce bec me
c led a linea ne, he hen men n f ec i n ake lace, and
hene e a ec i e d namic begin , a c m le el ne hen menal
d main a i e . Walking i an e am le. Walking a i e hen a c clical
m emen f me b d a endage bec me c led i h he linea
di lacemen f he medi m. Once hi c ling k lace and alking
a ea ed in he hi f li ing em , a c m le el ne manne f
li ing a ea ed ha became e anded in an en-ended e l i na
ce f di e i ca i n in he m emen f di lacemen .
The ame ha ened in he hi ha ga e igin hen he c clical
c n en al c dina i n f beha i became c led i h he linea
f he c n e ence f d ing hing ge he in c n en al c dina i n f
beha i . When ha ec i e d namic ha ened a a manne f li ing in
ance , he ne manne f li ing ha a e a he f hei li ing
c n en al c dina i n f beha i , a lang aging. A a d main f
li ing in ec i e c n en al c dina i n f beha i , lang aging
c n i e an e anding eld f en-ended ibili ie f he ec i e
gene a i n f ne manne f li ing ge he . F he m e, a lang aging
a e, i a e in e laced i h a li ing in c n en al c dina i n f
em i n in ha e ha e called c n e a i n . Acc dingl , hen
lang aging became a manne f li ing c n e ed gene a i n af e
gene a i n in he lea ning f he child en, i became a a manne f li ing
ge he in a ne k fc n e ai n .
Wha m ha e cc ed i ha cca i nal e i de f lang aging a
ci c m an ial cca i n f c dina i n f c dina i n f beha i in
he dail life f ance began be c n e ed n ane l ,
gene a i n af e gene a i n, a a na al fea e f hei manne f li ing in
he lea ning f he child en. A he a , he ne manne f li ing in
lang age ld n ha e c n i ed f he a ici an me hing
ema kable, a i m ha e been nl a change in he manne f d ing
ge he ha he e e d ing ge he an h . F he m e, he man
ne d main f c n en al c dina i n f beha i ha c ld a i e a a
im le e l f he c n e a i n f li ing ge he in mall g f
enj able in imac in c n en al c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n
f beha i , e e ini iall nl a hi ical ibili . F m he e ec i e
f he ld ha e n b ing ab in li ing in lang age, e ma ee
lang aging a a g ea ad an age f d ing hing ge he , b he li ing in
lang age f ance did n a i e beca e i a nece a
ad an age in an a . We claim ha ha m ha e ha ened i ha a
e i de f lang aging began be emicall c n e ed gene a i n af e
gene a i n in he lea ning f he child en, a ne lineage a e, and
e e hing began change in he hi f ha ne lineage a nd he
c n e a i n f lang aging a he manne f li ing ha de ned i . N hing
ha en , and n hing ha ha ened, in he hi f li ing em beca e
i a nece a , b a me ne manne f li ing begin be
emicall c n e ed, e e hing el e (incl ding he gene ic em)
bec me en change nd ha i c n e ed. We m de n h man
being a e he e en f a h l genic d if , n an a ainmen .
Le n c n ide an e am le f a minimal ca e f lang aging in
dail li ing. When e ake a d g li e i h and e gi e i a name, e
can claim ha he d g kn i name hen i ien a e call i b
name, b nl a e a c me make me a ic la ge e, i c me
. If i e e c me di ec l n hea ing i name, hi c ld ell be
im l a i able c dina i n f beha i , n he c dina i n f he
c dina i n f beha i en ailed in kn ing ne name. When a d g
lea n i name, ha ha ha ened i ha a c dina i n f c dina i n f
beha i ha bec me e abli hed h gh li ing i h he d g in
ec en in e ac i n , im l in he lea e f li ing ge he . In he life f
he d g hi e am le f lang age i a me e e i de, hile in h man
being lang age i a fea e f h man li ing. We h man being li e
lang aging, and lang aging i manne f li ing.
Wha i igni can f he c n i i n f a ne lineage h gh a hif in
me a ec f he manne f li ing f he membe f an al ead e i ing
ne, i n an a ic la e i de f ha ne fea e in he li ing f me
membe f ha lineage. I i he ea ea ance, gene a i n af e gene a i n,
f he ne fea e a a cha ac e i ic f he manne f li ing c n e ed
h gh i emic e d c i n ha c n i e he ne lineage. In
ca e, ha m ha e made h man a n he e i dic cc ence f
lang aging i a i n imila ha de c ibed ab e i h d g, b he
emic c n e a i n f li ing ge he in ec en and ec i e
c n e a i n h gh he lea ning f he child en f ance . If ha
ha ened, and e claim ha i m ha e ha ened, a ace a ened f
e e hing el e change a nd he c n e a i n f li ing in c n e a i n
a he manne f li ing ha hencef h de ned he em f lineage f
hich e a e a e en ca e. The ef e, a ing ha e a e lang aging
being , a ing ha ha de ne make h man being i
li ing in lang age, mean ha li e lang aging i he manne f li ing
ha i emicall c n e ed, gene a i n af e gene a i n, h gh he
lea ning f child en in lineage.
F m all ha e ha e aid i h ld be a a en ha lang aging i n an
ab ac ac i i , i i a d main f d ing . We c ld al a ha lang aging
i a f li ing ge he in c n en al c dina i n f c n en al
c dina i n f d ing . Beca e f hi life ha he ha e f
lang aging, and he he e ical e ec i n ha e li e a e e a i nall
effec i e in he e a i nal d main in hich he a l a e e a e in
d ing h gh hem in he d main f d ing hich he c nn e. In he e
ci c m ance , in de e lain he igin f h manne , e ha e
e he hi ical ela i nal cena i in hich e hink lang aging
c ld ha e a i en and c ld ha e beg n be emicall c n e ed
gene a i n af e gene a i n in ance .
O
O dail e e ience i ha e di ing i h en i ie a if he e i ed
inde enden l f m di ing i hing hem. H e e , a c e
de e mined em , all ha e di ing i h a i e in c al d namic
de e mined b c al d namic , and n acc ding an e e nal
en i ha an b e e ma ee im inging n . O feeling f e i ing in a
d main f inde enden e e nal en i ie i n denied, b he e lana i n f
hi feeling i n ha e indeed ha e he abili di ing i h e e nal
en i ie . A imila ca e cc ih dail e e ience f eeing ha he
n i e in he ea a da n and m e e in he k e le in he
e . Thi feeling i n e lained h gh he claim ha indeed he n
d e hi ; a he e acce he e lana i n ha he ea h i a ing f m he
 e he ea hile e l k a he n. The e lana i n ba ed n he
ea h a i n d e n den feeling ha e emain ill hile he n
m e . Simila l , he feeling ha bjec a e e e nal e en h gh e
cann claim ha e di ing i h hem a ch i n denied b he
e lana i n ha bjec a i e in lang aging, a he han ha ing an
inde enden e i ence.
Objec a i e in lang age a c dina i n f c dina i n f d ing ha
c n i e a eld f ha ed c dina i n f d ing ha e call a domain of
interobjectivity, and hich i fel b h e h li e i a a domain of shared
entities. T h e h li e in a d main f in e bjec i i he ha ed en i ie
feel like f ll e e nal en i ie beca e h gh hei ec i e c dina i n
f d ing , he en i i e a ea h gh being li ed in he ame a b all
h e h li e h e ec i e c dina i n f d ing . In he d , he
e e ience f bjec i h e feel c dina i n f c dina i n
f d ing a e e a e in a d main f in e bjec i i . I i hi feeling
ha e a b e e efe hen e eak f bjec .
M e e , i i beca e f hi ha e all efe lang age (in a
e ec i n in lang age ab lang age) a a d main f de c i i n f
bjec , f c mm nica i n ab bjec , a if he e e e inde enden
en i ie . A h man being e e i in lang age. T a ha e e i in
lang age mean ha e d n e i in b d h d, n in beha i ,
b in a f ec i e c dina i n f c n en al beha i ha
m d la e he c e f he f b d d namic hile b d
d namic m d la e he c e f he f beha i in he
c n in gene a i n f changing d main f in e bjec i i . I i h gh
e i ing a lang aging being ha b e ing and he b e e a i e a a
manne f being in he f in e bjec i i in hich ec i e
c dina i n f d ing e l in he c dina i n f c dina i n f
c dina i n f d ing . Thi mean ha he d main f e i ence in
lang aging i a d main f ha ed bjec in in e bjec i i .
I i nde he emi e ha bjec a e en i ie i h an inde enden
e i ence, ha he n i n f elf-di inc i n a ea a a blem in he
m de n hil h f lang age. Unde hi emi e he e n i n f a
elf e i e ha he elf be an en i inde enden f and e e nal he
b e e h di ing i he i , and h i able di ing i h i eci el
beca e i i inde enden and e e nal. B he elf in elf-di inc i n i n
an en i inde enden f he b e e h make he di inc i n, and cann
be beca e ha i indica ed in elf-di inc i n i ha i i he elf ha i
di ing i hed h make he di inc i n. Thi dif c l e l e a na
i bec me a a en he b e e ha he d main f e i ence in
lang aging i a d main f ha ed en i ie ha a ea a a d main f
inde enden bjec , b hich in fac cc a a ace f in e bjec i i
a a d main f ha ed c n en al c dina i n f d ing in a f
c e i ence in c dina i n f c dina i n f c n en al beha i .
A ne f (Ve den-Z lle , in Ma ana and Ve den-Z lle , 1993) ha
h n, he ld ha a child li e , and ha e la e li e a ad l , i a
ld in hich he he a i e in elf- e a i nal kn ledge in hi he
ela i n f la i h he m he and fa he . The ini ial e a i nal
kn ledge f hi he b d , hich a i e h gh m emen and m al
ching in la ing and ca e ing, bec me e anded a elf-de c i i n,
elf-di inc i n, and elf-c n ci ne hen he child begin li e in
lang age. A he m he la i h he child, lang aging begin a ea
in he c e f hei in e ac i n in he f he c dina i n f
c dina i n f d ing ha he m he gene a e and g ide . A hi
ha en , hing , he a f he child b d , and he child all a i e a
bjec h gh ec i e c n en al c dina i n f beha i . In he
d , he elf a i e in he ame a a an he bjec in he d main f
in e bjec i i .
F e am le, a f i a i e a a ha ed c dina i n f d ing a a ha ed
en i , a an bjec , in he f he ec i e c n en al c dina i n f
beha i in he m he /child ela i n hi in he la f handling, a ing,
and naming. I i in he ac al f ec i e c n en al c dina i n f
d ing ha he f i a i e a an bjec h gh an e a i n in he a ic la
d main f in e bjec i i ha he child li e i h hi he m he . The
n e f he child a i e imila l a a ha ed c dina i n f d ing , ha i
a an bjec , h gh he la f ching and naming. B he di inc i n
b he child f hi he n n e, al h gh i ha en in he ame manne
a he di inc i n f an bjec , i an ac f elf-di inc i n in hich he elf
(in hi ca e an elemen f i ) a i e in he d main f ha ed en i ie a if i
e e an bjec inde enden f, a ell a e e nal he b e e h
make he di inc i n. The ef e, he elf a i e a ch in he ame a in
hich an he bjec a i e in he d main f in e bjec i i . Ye , ince
 he elf d e n a i e a an e e nal mani lable en i in he ame
e a i nal d main ha a f i a i e a ch, ha al a i e i h he elf-
di inc i n i an en i el ne ela i nal d main in he c ea i n f a ne
d main f in e bjec i i , namel he d main f e e i e di inc i n , and
h gh i , he d main f elf-c n ci ne .
E
We m e in dail life f m ne em i n m d an he ; e change
em i n and m d a li ing g e b . If e a end ha e c nn e
di ing i h in dail life hen e di ing i h m d em i n , e ma
n ice ha e al a efe ha he e n, he n n-h man animal
ha e a e c n ide ing, ma d , and e eak in e m f he kind f
d ing ha i ma gene a e i h indica ing an a ic la ne. In he
d , e claim he e ha ha e di ing i h a b e e hen e
di ing i h an em i n a m d i a d main f ela i nal beha i , and
n a a ic la d ing. We al claim ha hen e di ing i h an em i n
a m d in an h man n n-h man animal, e c nn e b im lica i n
he f ll ana mical and h i l gical d namic ha de e mine he d main
f ela i nal beha i in hich he h man n n-h man animal m e a
ha m men .
In a a , a change f em i n m d i a change f b ain and b d .
Th gh diffe en em i n h man and n n-h man animal bec me
diffe en being , being ha ee diffe en l , hea diffe en l , m e and ac
diffe en l . In a ic la , e h man being bec me diffe en a i nal being ,
and e hink, ea n, and e ec diffe en l a em i n change. We
m e in he d if f li ing f ll ing a a h g ided b em i n . A
e in e ac em i n ma change; a e alk em i n ma change;
a e e ec em i n ma change; a e ac em i n ma
change; a e hink em i n ma change; a e em i n ...
em i n ma change. M e e , a em i n c n i e he g nding
f all d ing , he g ide li ing. Indeed, a em i n change, e
bec me diffe en being in em i ning and in ea ning, and e
li e he f em i ning m f he ime i h being a a e f
change .
We claim ha i i he em i n m d, ha i , he d main f ela i nal
beha i in hich a a ic la d ing ake lace, ha gi e ha d ing i
cha ac e a a a ic la ac i n. F he m e, e al claim he e ha he
diffe en em i n m d ha e li e can be f ll cha ac e i ed in e m
f he kind f ela i nal beha i ha he en ail a d main f ac i n .
F e am le, he em i n f l e a a d main f ac i n , i he d main f
h e ela i nal beha i h gh hich an he a i e a a legi ima e he
in c e i ence i h ne elf. Simila l , he em i n f agg e i n a a
d main f ac i n , i he d main f h e ela i nal beha i h gh
hich an he i denied a a legi ima e he in c e i ence i h ne elf.
Em i n a e eali ed in hem el e , ha i , in he ac al e a i n f he
li ing em in he ela i nal d main ha c n i e hem. Th , l e i
eali ed in l ing, agg e i n i eali ed in agg e i n.
T ac in a a ha he he a i e a a legi ima e he d e n mean
blind acce ance, i nl mean ha he he d e n need j if i
e i ence. When hi i he ca e a ela i n i ible i h ej dice, and
b h liking and n liking ake lace in f ll en e n ibili . Liking
n liking an he , acc ding ha ne ee i h he di i n fa
ej dice, and ac ing in e n ibili f ne liking n liking, a e ac
in l e. C n a hi , nega ing an he acc ding ha ne imagine
e an he he be, a e ac in agg e i n.
Em i n c ea e he emic ela i nal d namic hich c n e e hem,
and a change f em i n en ail a ba ic hif in he emic ela i nal
d namic f he a ici an . Diffe en em i n en ail diffe en ela i nal
beha i . Le ee e am le : e ela i n and l e ela i n . I i
a a en f m ha e ha e aid, ha he em i n f l e i eali ed in he
ela i nal beha i f he l e nl , a he l ed ne a i e a a legi ima e
he h gh he beha i f he l e i h nece a il being an ac i e
a ici an in a l ing an he ela i n i h he l e . Beca e f hi
l e i in in icall nidi ec i nal, and libe a e - ha i l e le he he
be e en in he ac f e a a i n. P e , n he he hand, i bi-di ec i nal
a i ake lace in a ela i n f d mina i n and bmi i n ha en ail elf
nega i n f b h a ici an . The ne ha d mina e nega e him he elf
a an a n m being b ac ing a if hi he ei i e e in in ic
him he , and he ne ha bmi nega e him he elf in he ac f
bmi i n. Rela i n f e c ea e e en men . L e, a i e a e in
elf- e ec and elf-acce ance, b ing i h i elf ell being.
 Em i n a d main f ela i nal beha i c n i e he ela i nal ace
in hich he e i and a e c n e ed. Th , ela i n f e e i in he
nega i n f he he ( h c ld be ne elf), and h e h like be in
hem m li e in he c n in c ea i n and ec ea i n f ela i n f
d mina i n e he . The e l i ha ela i n f e c n in l
lide in ann , and ann c n e e ela i n f d mina i n and
bmi i n. Rela i n f l e gene a e f eed m and in i e c llab a i n,
e en hen d e hei ni-di ec i nali he a e l nel . A a e l l e
gene a e he c ndi i n f l e h gh he ell being ha i gene a e ,
and hen l e i eci ca ed c m ani n hi ma e l . L e i i i na ,
n blind, and h gh he i i n ha i en ail i b ing f h he ela i nal
ace f l e.
The em i n e nd el e in a an in an c ea e he ela i nal
c ndi i n hich c n e e ha em i n h gh ene a ing all d ing
a ha in an . H e e , he em i n e a e in ma change hen me
in e -c en ci c m ance, hich ma be a e ec i n, igge a hif in he
f ela i nal d namic ( ee A endi 10, f f he e ec i n n
l e).
In dail life he d em i n and m d c nn e di inc i n f
diffe en d a i n in e a i n in he diffe en ela i nal d main in
hich e ma li e. Th , he d m d c nn e a m ch l nge
d a i n han he d em i n . Em i n and m d c n i e a e e
in an he ela i nal backg nd in hich he life f an animal ake lace
a i li e . M e e , i i he d namic c n g a i n f changing em i n
and m d , hich cha ac e i e he manne f li ing emicall
c n e ed in a lineage, ha de e mine he manne f ela ing f he
membe f he lineage al ng hei li e .
The ac al em i ning ha he membe f a lineage li e a indi id al
al ng hei li e i ha eci e he e l i na c e ha a lineage ma
f ll a he em i ning de e mine he c e f he li ing f an
gani m, and h and he e i de cenden ma c me li e. The ef e,
in de nde and and e lain he igin f h manne , i i nece a
gene a e a ie f he backg nd f em i ning in e-h man
ance . T be ade a e hi ie h ld incl de he a ia i n in he a
he e ance li ed hei indi id al li e , a an cca i nal manne f
ela ing hich e e emicall c n e ed al ng he gene a i n , al
made ible and ga e igin he manne f li ing ha de ne he
lineage hich e m de n h man being bel ng.
C a
We claim ha h manne began hen in a a ic la famil , in a mall
g f familie f ance , lang age began be c n e ed
emicall a a manne f li ing gene a i n af e gene a i n in he
lea ning f he child en. And e claim ha a ha ha ened, and
lang aging became he cen al fea e f he manne f li ing c n e ed
gene a i n af e gene a i n a nd hich e e hing el e c ld change in
he hi f ha h e familie , lineage a e. F he m e, e
hink ha lang aging m ha e beg n be c n e ed a a manne f
li ing imme ed in he c n g a i n f em i ning f he li ing ge he
ha made ible and c n i ed he nea ne and e manence f
c e i ence in hich i a ible ha li ing in c n en al c dina i n
f c n en al c dina i n f beha i c ld ake lace a ell a be
c n e ed f m gene a i n gene a i n.
M e e, e hink ha li ing in lang aging m ha e a i en
n ane l b aided i h he em i ning f he famil in hich i began
a a im le c n e ence f he cl ed in imac f he li ing ge he f he
mall ance al familie f lineage. The manne f em i ning ha
animal like ( ima e in a ic la , and mammal in gene al) li e al ng
hei li e i f ndamen all c n en al, he b aiding f lang aging and
em i ning ha began i h lineage m ha e a i e c n en all , and
been e ec i el c n e ed en change acc ding he em i ning
f he familie ha began li e in lang age.
A e ha e al ead aid, e call hi c n en al b aiding f lang aging
and em i ning conversation, and e hink ha ha began, hen
h manne began in he an gene a i nal c n e a i n f he b aiding f
lang aging and em i ning, a a li ing in c n e a i n a he manne f
li ing ha de ned lineage. A a c n e ence, all ha e h man being
d a h man being , ake lace in ne k f c n e a i n. H man
e i ence ake lace in he f c n e a i n in he b aiding f
ec i e c n en al c dina i n f d ing and d main f ela i nal
beha i , and ha ha ake lace h gh ide c n e a i n , i n
h man ac i n.
 The biblical m h f he T e f Babel i e ha a g d ca e f
c mm n kn ledge ha f ll e eal ha e mean. Thi m h a ha
h man being an ed make a e ha ld each Hea en, and ha
G d, eeing ha he e e d ing, and n liking i , in e fe ed i h he
c n c i n b c nf ing hei ng e . Af e hi di ine ac , he e
c ld n be c m le ed.
We hink ha he b ilding f he T e f Babel a a h man ac i i a a
ne k f c n e a i n , and ha ha G d did a c nf e he
c n e a i n . Tha i , he n nl c nf ed he lang age b al he
em i n , ha he c ld n ag ee a nd he de i e b ild he e,
nh hi h ld be d ne. If he de i e f b ilding he e had been
c n e ed, he h man ld ha e in en ed a c n e a i n ha ld ha e
made b ilding he e ible.
The ba ic hi ical e l f li ing in c n e a i n ha been a
ec i e e an i n f abili ie gene a e and a ici a e in an
kind f c n e a i n. Indeed, e claim ha he e l i na hi f
h man lineage ha been a hi f c n e a i n and change in he
ne k f c n e a i n in a a ha ha e l ed in he c n i i n f
man diffe en c l e . Diffe en c l e ha e been and a e n li ed a
diffe en cl ed ne k f c n e a i n ha a e diffe en c n g a i n
f ec i e c n en al c dina i n f d ing and em i n .
Acc dingl , if e an e lain igin a h man being , a ell a
e en c l al e i ence e ha e a k . Fi e ha e e
ha e hink a he na e f he hi f e l i na an f ma i n
in ance ha e l ed in he a i ing f h man being a lang aging
animal , and ec nd e ha e e a hi ha ld gi e i e he
ne k f c n e a i n ha c n i e he a ic la manne f
c n adic em i nal e i ence ha e h man li e in he e en . O
e lana i i n h ld acc n f all he ac al e a i nal and
em i nal fea e f c l al e i ence, a ell a abili
gene a e and a ici a e in an en-ended a ie fc n e ai n .
Na a D
Li ing em e i a indi id al li ing en i ie in he c n e a i n f hei
gani a i n a a ie ic em (Va ela, Ma ana and U ibe, 1974,
Ma ana and Va ela 1980), and f m lineage ha a i e in he emic
 e d c i e c n e a i n f diffe en manne f li ing h gh hich he
a e eali ed a diffe en kind f gani m . Acc dingl , he hi f
e e ial li ing em i an nin e ed hi f he c n i i n,
b anching, c n e a i n, and e inc i n f lineage f diffe en manne f
li ing. In hi hi , a ne lineage a i e hen me a ic la a ia i n
in he manne f li ing f he membe f an al ead e i ing lineage begin
be c n e ed f m ne gene a i n he ne h gh emic
e d c i n. Thi ha en al ng i h he c n e a i n f he c ndi i n f
he medi m ha make ible he eali a i n f he niche c e nding
he ne manne f li ing ha i being c n e ed. A lineage end hen he
c ndi i n f he emic e d c i e c n e a i n f he eali a i n f
he manne f li ing ha de ne he lineage c me end. A lineage i
e abli hed nl hen b h he ne gani m and hei e ec i e niche
a i e in he ela i nal d namic ha im l ane l c n e e he manne f
li ing ha de ne he lineage and he c ndi i n f he medi m ha make
ch a c n e a i n ible. Hence, he hi f li ing em i
nece a il a hi in hich gani m and medi m change ge he
c ng en l .
The gani m/medi m ela i n h e c n e a i n f m ne gene a i n
he ne de ne and c n i e a lineage, i he ontogenic
phenotype/ontogenic niche relation (Ma ana and M d i , 2000). In
he e ci c m ance , a lineage la nl a l ng a he n genic
hen e/ n genic niche ela i n ha de ne i i c n e ed h gh
emic e d c i n. Tha i , he hi f li ing em i he hi f
he e d c i e c n e a i n f he c -ada a i n f he li ing em and
he medi m h gh he e d c i e c n e a i n f he gani m/medi m
ela i n hich c n e e li ing a ell a c n e ing a ia i n in he
manne f eali a i n f he li ing nde he f m f diffe en lineage .
The d namic ela i n be een gani m and medi m, in hich a
a ic la manne f li ing ( n gene ic hen e/ n gene ic niche
ela i n) i c n e ed h gh e d c i n, i named systemic
reproduction. Thi i al a a emic ce . Th he ac al eali a i n
f he manne f li ing ha de ne a lineage a ici a e in c n i ing he
emic c ndi i n f i c n in ed eali a i n and e d c i e
c n e a i n in he lineage. Thi ha en h gh he in e la f he
c al change f he li ing em and he c al change f he
medi m in hich he e li ing em eali e hei niche . Gi en hi , a
lineage la n il change a i e in he medi m in he membe f he
lineage ha make he emic e d c i e c n e a i n f he manne f
li ing ha de ned he lineage im ible. When hi ha en , ei he he
lineage , ha i bec me e inc , a hif i d ced in he manne
f li ing c n e ed hencef h. Hence a lineage i he n ane e l f
he emic e d ci e c n e ai n f an n genic
hen e/ n genic niche ela i n in a e d c i e hi f li ing
em in hich li ing em and medi m change ge he c ng en l .
Thi ce f emic e d c i e c n e a i n and change f he
manne f li ing i h he c n i i n and e inc i n f diffe en lineage ,
i phylogenic drift (Ma ana and M d i , 2000).
One c n e ence f he c n i i n f a lineage h gh he emic
e d c i e c n e a i n f a manne f li ing ( he n genic hen e),
i he d c i n f e l i na end in hich b h he gani m and
hei medi m change ge he in c ng ence a nd he c n e a i n f
me a ic la c n g a i n f gani m/medi m. I i hi ela i n ha
de ne an he i e changing lineage em f lineage . Th , f
e am le, ale n l g h ha he e l i na hi fh e k
lace in animal ha alked n he i f hei e a a end f ge i e
l f e a nd he c n e a i n and el nga i n f ne e in each leg,
all a cia ed i h he c n e a i n f he habi f nning fa .
An he c n e ence f he emic e d c i e c n e a i n f a
manne f li ing i he e en i e m l i lica i n, di e i ca i n, and
e inc i n f lineage ha cc h gh he ea e i h hich a hif in he
manne f li ing can be c n e ed l f m ne gene a i n he ne .
The e all e l f hi ce f h l genic d if i he diffe en ial
i al f lineage in he ce f e l i n.
Da in ed he n i n f natural selection a he mechani m ha
ld e lain hi diffe en ial i al. He ie ed c m e i i n a he
d i ing f ce ha led cce i e gene a i n f gani m bec me be e
ada ed hei medi m a he be e ada ed gani m lef m e ff ing
ca n he lineage. In hi ie , he diffe en ial i al f diffe en
kind f gani m and lineage a e een eme ge a he e l f he
e a i n f elec i e f ce ac ing h gh elec i e ad an age . The
a i ing f he m iad diffe en f m f ada a i n, ha i f he a i
diffe en f m f e a i nal c ng ence ha e i be een gani m and
medi m i een a i e h gh he e i ence f a i diffe en elec i e
f ce leading diffe en elec i e ad an age . The e l i na hi f
li ing em in hi ie i ne f c m e i i e ggle.
H e e , a e ha e de c ibed, in e e m men h l genic d if f ll
a a h de ned b he c n in c n e ai n f gani a i n and
ada a i n a an indi id al c ndi i n, n a a e l f a c m a a i e
c m e i i e ela i n. F he , he diffe en ial i al f diffe en lineage
cc a a n ane c n e ence f he c n e a i n, he lack f
c n e a i n, f li ing al ng he ce f he ac al li ing f he
gani m , h gh he c n e a i n l f hei c al c ling i h
he medi m - n a a c n e ence f he a lica i n an hing like a
elec i e f ce. Acc dingl ha hich i all called natural selection in
e l i na bi l g i indeed he c n e ence f diffe en ial i al, b
i i n he gene a i e mechani m f he hi ical c he en an f ma i n
f gani m and medi m in he c e f he hi f li ing em . In
he d , e (Ma ana and M d i , 2000) claim ha he gene a i e
mechani m f bi l gical e l i n i ha e ha e called ontogenic and
phylogenic natural drift. The bi l gical e l i na ce and he
c n i i n f a bi he e begin n ane l a n a li ing em
a i e and emic e d c i n cc .
One f he c n e ence f ing he n i n f elec i e ad an age
e lain he diffe en f m f li ing em and hei e a i nal
c ng ence i h hei c ndi i n f e i ence i ha ne ha l k f
elec i e f ce and c m a a i e ad an age in a d main f c m e i i n
h h he ma ha e c me ab . An he c n e ence i ha ne
emain b nd he im lici e lici ie hich ea ada a i n a a
a iable in he en e ha an gani m can be m e le ada ed he
ci c m ance in hich i li e . Thi ie e me ha he ci c m ance
f e i ence f an gani m b h ee i and a e inde enden f he
gani m ha li e he e ci c m ance . Ba ed n hi a f hinking e
l k f he elec i e ad an age ha made ible he a i ing f lang age
a a f ndamen al ada a i n in he e l i na hi ha ga e igin
h manne . In hi ie lang age i gene all ed a a ne ada a i n
ha a nece a gi e an he i e l ada ed ecie he
ibili f i al.
 We hall n l k f elec i e ad an age e lain h man igin.
O e lana i n ill ake in acc n ha :
1. h man a e c e de e mined em ; and
2. h man , like all li ing being , e i in a c n in l changing e en in
ci c m ance ha a i e i h li ing in he f m f he niche ha e
inhabi ; and
3. ada a i n i n a a iable b a c n i i e c n an ela i n f
d namic c al c ng ence be een he li ing em and he medi m
ha m be c n e ed f he li ing em li e; and
4. e l i n ake lace a a c al d if in he c n e a i n f
gani a i n and ada a i n.
Th , e lain h man igin e hall l k a he c al and
beha i al an f ma i n a nd he c n e a i n f me ba ic manne f
li ing hich ld ha e made ible igin in he ima e lineage
hich e bel ng. In d ing hi e hall l k f he manne f li ing
hich, h gh being c n e ed, c n i ed he end ha ened he a h
f igin. Then e hall l k f he c ndi i n ha ga e i e he
c n e a i n f h e a ia i n in ha end hich e en all e l ed in
a he kind f lang aging animal ha e h man e en l a e.
 3: H a O
Le n c me di ec l cen al c nce n: h man being . O
ba ic e i n, a e indica ed a he beginning, i : H i i ha e can
li e in m al ca e, ha e e hical c nce n , and a he ame ime den all ha
h gh he a i nal j i ca i n f agg e i n? We hall an e hi ba ic
e i n indi ec l b iding a l k in he f ndamen f
bi l gical c n i i n. We hall d hi h gh an e ing he
e i n g ide e ec i n a e in i e in e l i na igin.
The e e i n a e: H did h manne begin? and H did e
bec me he kind f animal ha e a e a h man being ? Ye , le
emembe ha e hall be l king mainl a he em i ning, he
efe ence f li ing ha g ide he f he emic c n e a i n
h gh emic e d c i n f he manne f li ing c n e ed.
B
The d and c m a i n f h man and chim an ee gene ic c n i i n
h f ndamen al fac . One i ha he h man and he chim an ee
lineage m ha e bec me e a a ed f m a c mm n igin me ime
be een e and i milli n ea ag . The he i ha he c m a i n f
h man and chim an ee n cleic acid h ha he e diffe b le han 2
e cen . B , if he ab e i he ca e, h i i ha chim an ee and
h man a e ch diffe en kind f animal ? Ye e can ea il ee ha e
e emble chim an ee in man e ec . Can e lea n ab h eaea
h man being b d ing chim an ee beca e gene ic c n i i n
e emble hei ? O can e lea n ab chim an ee b d ing h man
beca e f hi e emblance? Bef e g ing n i h he e e i n , le
a k: H d e h man and chim an ee diffe in manne f
li ing?
In he ea l 1980 F an de Waal bli hed a b k ha he called
Chimpanzee Politics, he c me f a ca ef l and l nged d f a
chim an ee c mm ni f ab en - e indi id al , infan , j enile
and ad l , male and female - ke in an en m g nd in a in
A nheim, H lland. Wha F an de Waal h in hi b k, i ha he in e -
indi id al ela i n am ng ad l in ha chim an ee c mm ni ee
m l cen e ed in a c n in and ec en d namic f d mina i n and
 bmi i n. F he m e, he al h ha chim an ee , he he in he
big a ea cc ied b hi a ic la ca i e c l n in he ild,
in men ali e hei ela i n b mani la ing each he in he c n in
ggle f d mina i n and bmi i n in hich he li e. N d b he
chim an ee m he /child ela i n a e ela i n f ca e, and he chim an ee
child en a e la f l in hei ela i n (and bec me m e a he a cia e
i h h man if he e ea hem l ingl ), e F an de Waal d h
ha he ba ic g iding m d f a chim an ee c mm ni i ha f an
ng ing d namic f c m e i i n in ela i n f d mina i n and bmi i n
am ng he ad l ha ead h gh all age hen an en c n ic a i e .
In ch ing he i le Chimpanzee Politics, F an de Waal c m a e he
beha i f he chim an ee i h h man beha i in We e n c l e.
Tha he d e i made a a en hen he e A i le a ing ha man
i a li ical animal, e a ing li ic i h he ggle f d mina i n and
bmi i n in a c mm ni life, a if hi e e he na al h man manne f
c -e i ence, and a if hi manne f c e i ence e e cial li ing. F
A i le, li ic a li ing in he ci i h ca e f he affai f he
c mm ni f ci i en , b n he d li ic m l mean he
ggle f e and c n l f he affai f he ci c mm ni . B i i
i h hi la e c nn a i n ha F an de Waal eak f chim an ee
li ic hen c m a ing chim an ee c mm ni life i h h man cial
life. We hink diffe en l f m F an de Waal in e ec h man cial
life. We hink ha e en h gh e m de n h man being li e g ea l
imme ed in he d namic f d mina i n and bmi i n, ha i , in
li ical ggle, e a e n li ical animal . Indeed, e claim ha h man
being bel ng an e l i na hi in hich dail life a cen e ed n
c e a i n and n n d mina i n and bmi i n. In he d, e
claim ha e h man being a e n li ical animal beca e e bel ng
an e l i na hi in hich he ba ic em i n m d a l e and
n c m e i i n and agg e i n. Thi i a bi l gical claim, n a
hil hical ne.
N all animal ela i n a e f he ame kind beca e he ake lace in he
ela i nal d namic f diffe en em i n , and he em i n de ne he
cha ac e f he ela i n . Th , e hink ha in he h man d main, ha
e di ing i h a k and li ical ela i n a e ela i n f a diffe en
kind han cial ela i n beca e he ake lace in diffe en em i n han
 he em i n in hich cial ela i n ake lace. Tha hi i i a a en
in dail life, in ha e e ec he a ell a el e ac
beha e diffe en l in k, li ical, cial ela i n . Th , f e am le,
in k ela i n e a e in he em i n f bliga i n, in li ical ela i n
e a e in he em i n f mi and he de i e f mani la i n, he ea
in cial ela i n e a e in he em i n f and m al e ec - ha i ,
in l e. Acc dingl , e claim ha he m d em i n ha c n i e
cial ela i n i l e (Ma ana and Ve den-Z lle , 1993), and ha l e i
he d main f h e ela i nal beha i h gh hich an he a i e a a
legi ima e he in c -e i ence i h ne elf.
C e a i n ake lace in cial ela i n , and n in ela i n f
d mina i n and bmi i n. S cial ela i n en ail a ell a he
ab ence f mani la i n in men ali a i n in he in e e nal
ela i n . Indeed, cial ela i n b eak d n hen mani la i n a ea .
If ne in i e am ng he membe f a h man c mm ni ab hei
ini n c nce ning li ic , ne nd a fai n mbe f e n h
e e hei di like f li ic beca e he ee i a a d main f
mani la i n and in men ali a i n f h man ela i n . In i G eek
igin, li ic had d i h a c nce n f he affai f he c mm ni .
N d b hi i ill an elemen , b he a em a e a dem c ac ,
me he de i ed gani a i n f affai , ha e ea edl led
a h i a i e ela i n in hich m e and m e in men ali a i n and
mani la i n f h man ela i n i acce ed. Gi en hi , F an de Waal had
n dif c l in ch ing call a b k dealing i h he ela i n f
d mina i n and bmi i n am ng chim an ee in hei c mm ni life,
Chim an ee P li ic .
F m ha F an de Waal and he h ha e died chim an ee
c mm ni ie ha e h n, i i a a en ha he ba ic em i n
backg nd m d in hich chim an ee g life cc i ha e
li ical life - namel , mi . Mi lead a ec en d namic f
mani la i n f in e -indi id al ela i n hich e l in hidden
agg e i n and alliance in a ggle f d mina i n and bmi i n. We
hink, h e e , ha ha ha en i h h man being i diffe en f m
ha ha en i h chim an ee , n i h anding ha e en c l al
life eem be cen e ed n he ggle f e , in a d namic ha i
li ical e ac l in he e m im lied b F an de Waal. And e hink ha
 ha ha en i h i diffe en beca e he ba ic em i n m d nde
hich h man c mm ni life cc i ha e a c e a i e life -
namel , l e. We a e a ing ha e hink he f ndamen f h man li ing i
l e, and ha c e a i n in h man a i e h gh he lea e f d ing
hing ge he in m al , n h gh he mani la i n f ela i n .
We d n a ha l e i he nl em i n nde hich e h man being
li e. Of c e n . Ce ainl , e h man being can in
em i ning h gh all he em i nal dimen i n ha e can li e. B e
claim ha i can be a g ed bi l gicall ha e a e he kind f being ha
e a e beca e l e ha been he em i n ha ha g nded he c e f
he e l i na hi ha ga e igin .
We h man being bec me ill a an age if e ha e li e a life cen e ed
in mi , in men ali a i n, and mani la i n f ela i n . O child en
need g in , m al ca e, b d acce ance and c e a i n,
bec me ell-in eg a ed indi id al and cial being a he lea n hei
b die and he b die f he in he gene a i n f a cial ace ( ee V
e den-Z lle i n M a ana a nd Ve den-Z lle , 1993).
H can he diffe ence be een he h man and he chim an ee manne
f c mm ni li ing be e lained and nde d? H i i ha
chim an ee did n bec me lang aging animal like ? H can e
e lain he diffe ence f in elligence be een h man and chim an ee ?
Bef e e e an an e he e e i n , e ld like ema k
ha e d n hink ha e can lea n ab h man being d ing
chim an ee , ice e a. We hink ha he d f chim an ee ma
e and abili ee el e b ening a ace f e ec i n n
diffe en manne f li ing. B a he ame ime, e hink ha he
d f chim an ee d e n lead nde and h i i ha e
h man a e a e a e, beca e e h man and chim an ee a e diffe en
kind f animal , e l ing f m a diffe en e l i na hi .
N
Animal in gene al, and mammal in a ic la , m e in hei ela i n
be een e eme : ne f m al e ec and m al in al b d
acce ance in b dil nea ne , and he he in a d namic f ela i n f
d mina i n and bmi i n. In mammal , he manne f ela ing i
all c n ned he m he /child ela i n and he e i d f childh d
 b inging f he ff ing, he ea he ec nd i he al manne f
ela i n in ad l h d, a e i d ha begin in ela i n he age f
e d c i n. The chim an ee in hei in e -indi id al ela i n in ca i e
and ild c mm ni ie e emble hi anda d a e n m e han e h man
being d . We hink hi indica e ha he ance ha e ha e i h hem
cann ha e been diffe en f m he al mammalian f m. H did he
lineage di e ge?
O i i n (and hi i , f c e, a ec la i e i i n), i ha
he lineage ha ga e igin and he chim an ee di e ged
h gh he c n e a i n f a diffe en em ha i in he ba ic
mammalian manne f ela ing men i ned ab e. We h man a e he
e en f m, e hink, f a lineage ha a e de ned and c n i ed b
he c n e a i n f he g e i e e an i n f he m he /child ela i n
f m al b d acce ance, nea ne , and m al ca e in la f lne and
al , in a manne ha al in l ed he male, and g e i el
e ended be nd he age f e d c i n in he ad l life in a ne enic
e l i na end. And e hink ha he chim an ee a e he e en f a
lineage in hich he h le ba ic mammalian a e n f in e -indi id al
ela i n a m l c n e ed, e ha e en in a manne ha m e
em ha i n he ing ela i n f d mina i n and bmi i n al ng he
ad l life han he iginal ne.
Tha e bel ng a lineage, em f lineage , i h ne enic
cha ac e i ic (cha ac e i ic ha e l f m an e l i na hi f
e an i n f childh d be nd he e i d f e d c i n) i , f c e,
ell kn n bi l gi . Indeed, bi l gi em ha i e hi b claiming ha
man f h man b d fea e e emble h e f chim an ee child en
babie m e han h e f ad l chim an ee . Wha e an em ha i e
he e n , h gh, i ha hi e an i n f childh d in ad l h d in he
em f lineage ha ga e igin ha en ailed in a f ndamen al
manne he e an i n f he em i ning f he m he /child ela i n f
m al b d acce ance and al in ad l h d. And e al an
em ha i e ha he c n e a i n f he e an i n f he m he /child
d namic f l e and la ela i n in he ad l li ing ha been he
e a i nal efe ence f all he b d and ela i nal change ha e en all
c n i ed a he kind f animal ha e a e a h man being .
 We claim ha i i a a e l f hi ne enic end ha e h man a e
c e a i e animal de enden n l e a all age . The chim an ee i n
he e en f a ne enic hi and e hink ha he ne en in he
e l i n f chim an ee ha n en ailed he e an i n f he em i ning
f he m he /child ela i n a a cen al in he e l i na ha ing f hei
manne f li ing. On he c n a , he chim an ee i , e hink, he e en
f an e l i na hi in hich ad l h d ha emained ad l h d,
ma e en ha e been e anded in h, a c m e i i n ha been
em ha i ed a a ba ic ela i nal m d. I i chim an ee h a e in fac
li ical animal , n h man being .
I
If e e ec ab he ci c m ance in dail life nde hich e eak f
in elligence, e ill n ice ha e d hen e efe he c n en al
abili ie f a h man n n-h man animal. C n en ali ake lace a he
n ane , c he en beha i al an f ma i n f m e gani m
in a a ic la d main f c e i ence a a e l f hei li ing ge he in
ec en and ec i e in e ac i n , and he beha i al d main ha a i e
h gh c n en ali i a c n en al d main. Fle ibili f beha i
acc ding he ci c m ance f li ing i h c n e a i n f li ing i ha
an b e e c nn e hen he he eak f in elligence, , be e , f
in elligen beha i . The abili beha e ade a el in a i a i n ha an
b e e ee a a blem i ha an b e e call blem l ing. A
ch, blem l ing i nl a manne f alking b an b e e ab he
e a i n f an gani m in a c n en al d main hen he he d e n
kn he he he gani m ill beha e n beha e acc ding ha he
he c n ide ade a e. The ca aci f c n en ali and la ic
beha i hich e efe a e eak f in elligence diffe acc ding
he diffe en manne f li ing f he diffe en gani m . Diffe en
manne f li ing cc a diffe en d main f e a i nal c al
c he ence be een gani m and medi m, and a ch he en ail diffe en
ibili ie f in elligence a diffe en d main f la ic beha i .
In mma , hen e eak f in elligence in dail life, e c nn e he
ca aci ha an gani m ha a ici a e i h he ( i h he
medi m) in he c n i i n, e an i n, and e a i n in a d main f
c n en al beha i ( f la ic d namic c he ence ) hile nde he
c n in c al change ha i nde g e in i indi id al life ( ee
Ma ana and G il ff, 1980). In he e ci c m ance , ha can e a
ab in elligence in he h man and chim an ee lineage ? Le ha e
an indi ec a ima i n.
The f ndamen al diffe ence be een h man being and chim an ee i
n ha e a e a i nal animal and he a e n . Of c e e li e in
lang age and he d n . Al h gh chim an ee e man diffe en
nd , m emen , and ge e ha an b e e ma ec gni e a
e a i n in lang age a indica f bjec f i a i n , hei manne
f li ing i n ba ed in lang aging. The f ndamen al diffe ence, acc ding
, bel ng he diffe en ba ic em i nal d namic (c n g a i n f
em i ning) c n e ed in diffe en lineage al ng e ec i e
e l i na hi ie a diffe en manne f li ing ha ha e e l ed
diffe en b d h d and diffe en ma nne f li ing. Diffe en ma nne f
li ing a lang aging and n lang aging being cha ac e i e h man and
chim an ee a diffe en kind f animal . N d b b h lineage en ail a
hi f e an i n f he ba ic ca aci f c n en ali , and hence, f
in elligence, b in ne f hem, in , hi e an i n ha aken lace in a
manne f li ing cen e ed n c e a i n, he ea in he he i ha aken
lace in a manne f li ing cen e ed n c m e i i n and he mani la i n f
ela i n . Ye , e h man being al can mani la e each he and in
m de n a ia chal c l e e d , b claim i ha a e ae
c e a i e animal , e l i na hi c ld n ha e been cen e ed
n agg e i n and m al mani la i n.
C e a i n i a c n en al ac i i ha a i e in a d main f m al
acce ance in a c - a ici a i n ha i in i ed, n demanded. The ba ic
g nding em i n m d in c e a i n i l e, and a c e a i n ake
lace in he lea e f m al acce ance, i eali a i n cc in la
( ee Ma ana and Ve den-Z lle , 1993), in he enj men f ac all d ing
hing ge he . A c e a i n en ail he lea e f d ing i h he he ,
i i en c n in e an i n in he d main in hich i ake lace. In
a life cen e ed in , c e a i n, and m al acce ance - ha i , in l e,
he ening f c n en ali i m l idimen i nal, and, in fac , nlimi ed.
In m al acce ance and in m al , all i a i n f life bec me
ni ie f he lea e f d ing hing ge he - ha i , f
c e a i n.
 The c n e a i n f a manne f li ing cen e ed in c e a i n c n i e
an ni f an nlimi ed and n e ic ed emic e an i n f
in elligence a a ec i e e l i na ening f he c n in
gene a i n f ne d main f c n en ali and hei e en i n. S ch
e an i n f in elligence al cc in he n gen f indi id al li ing
in c e a i n. The c n e a i n f a manne f li ing imme ed in
c m e i i n and in he ggle f d mina i n and bmi i n d e n
nega e c n en ali al ge he , b e ic i c e a na ah f
c e i ence in ggle and c m e i i n hich, in e ence, i al a he
ame - m al nega i n.
We n e-c n ide he e i n f he igin f h manne .
H a
When did h manne begin? We ha e claimed ha e h man e i in
lang age, , m e eci el , ha e e i in c n e a i n ha a e he
b aiding f lang aging and em i ning. And e al main ain ha
h manne a e hen in a lineage f bi edal ima e he li ing in
c n e a i n began be c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n in he
lea ning f he child en a he manne f li ing ha c n i ed and de ned
ha lineage. When did ha ha en? We hink ha ha ened - and
h manne began - n la e han ab h ee and a half milli n ea ag ,
and e e ha i ha ened in he f ll ing manne .
S me 3,300,000 ea ag , me mall bi edal ima e (Australopithecus
afarensis) li ed in Af ica, in he n h f ha i n Ken a. Thei heigh
a ab he heigh f an 8 ea - ld child. J dging b hei b d ana m
and hei ee h, he e ima e c ld ha e been ance , e
imila hem ( ee J han n and Mai land, 1981, and J han n and
Sh ee e, 1989). The c mm n ance ha e ha e i h chim an ee a
n bi edal, b hei de cendan in lineage m ha e bec me a
he became g nd d elle in he a annah a he f inge f he f e , a
he m ed, c n e ing f m gene a i n gene a i n he habi f m ing
e ec a he l ked a nd hile m ing am ng he all g a e . We
bel ng a em f lineage f ima e ha a g nd d elle became
bi edal, he ea chim an ee bel ng a em f lineage ha emained
ad edal n he g nd.
 The bi edal ima e f me ha m e han 3 milli n ea ag e e n
h ne , if he did h n cca i nall , hei e m ha e been mall
animal . Thei ee h, e imila , e e h e f ga he e h ea
eed , n , , in ec , and he emain f animal killed b la ge
eda . F he m e, ale n l gical nding indica e ha he e ima e
li ed in mall g f me e eigh indi id al f b h e e and f
all age . Thei b ain e e ab a hi d he i e f n , and hei face
e e diffe en , m e like ha f a ng chim an ee.
Thei hand , h e e , e e like hand in ha he had nge ha
c ld be f ll e ended and ed he h mb. N d b , j dging b
hei manne f e i ing a ga he e , he e e ca able f c m le and
delica e i al and nge c ela i n in he handling f f d. B h man
hand a e m ch m e han in men f mani la i n - indeed, he a e
ca e ing gan . The nge f he h man hand can be e ended f ll a
ell a delica el e ed, all ing he hand a a ali acc mm da e
an c ed face f he b d in a ca e ing ch, m e le in he
ame manne ha he ng e f he animal d e . In m de n h man
being , hand ca e e cc he h le hand i h he nge e ing
ade a el he ca e ed face in a gen le h lding ch. The hand f
he chim an ee d e n d ea il beca e he nge cann be all
e ended. The hand f ance 3 milli n ea ag , al h gh n
iden ical in i i n n , had all he cha ac e i ic f a
h man hand, b h a a mani la ing and a a ca e ing gan.
Le n ec n c he ible manne f li ing f ance 3.3
milli n ea ag f m ha e kn f Australopithecus afarensis a if
ance ee e imila hem, and c m a e i i h e en
manne f li ing.
1. J dging b hei ee h and hei i e, ance m ha e li ed a
ga he e , ea ing eed , , n , in ec , mall e eb a e , and
cca i nall ca enging he emain f big animal killed b la ge
eda .
We m de n h man being a e ill ga he e f eed , n , , and
f i . Indeed, ag ic l e i a a f emaining a ga he e . Tha e a e
ga he e i h n al in he cce f e ma ke , and in he fac
 ha in i a i n f need e ea il e ga he ing, and e en
ca enging.
2. Pale n l gical emain indica e ha ance li ed in mall g
f ab e eigh indi id al f all age .
We m de n h man being feel c mf able in familie f ha i e, and
e en hen e f m la ge c mm ni ie , e li e in in imac in mall
g .
3. O ance ma ha e ha ed f d a a fea e f hei manne f
li ing. F d ha ing ake lace in he di ec a ing f f d f m ne
indi id al an he . Thi i n a e a e hen men n - man animal
ch a bi d and an d i a a cen al a ec f hei manne f li ing, b
i i n c mm n am ng ima e . Man a en bi d feed hei child en b
de i ing he f d di ec l in hei m h . In a ne enic lineage like
, hi ac ice ma ha e been a fea e f he m he /child ela i n
c n e ed in he - e d c i e age a a f he end f ne enic
e an i n f lineage, and i ill e en in he lea e f a m h
m h ki .
We m de n h man ha e f d. In me c l e men f e en l
a ha he a e che ing di ec l f m hei m h he m h f
hei babie , he m h f ld e le h ha e l hei ee h. O
child en f en ake f d f m hei m h gi e i an ad l
an he child. O f d- ha ing beha i i n c l al. Tha hi i i
a a en in he j men i ned n ane f d ha ing f li le
child en - e ha e he bi l g f ha ing animal .
O gene ic c n i i n ( bi l gical ima c e) d e n
de e mine ha ha en in in life ime a indi id al , beca e
ha e e ha en d e in an e igene ic manne in a hi ical ce
f in e ac i n be een gani m and medi m. B n hing can ha en in
he c e f e igene i ha gene ic c n i i n d e n e mi
a a ible fea e f n gen . We a e ha ing a nimal n ;
he ef e, e bel ng an e l i na hi ha c n e ed f d
ha ing a a manne f li ing. We d n kn hen hi hi began,
b e belie e ha i m ha e been al ead e abli hed in ance
 f 3 milli n ea ag in all age a a f he e l i na ne enic
end f hei lineage.
4. We e ha am ng ance f 3 milli n ea ag , male
a ici a ed in child ca e h gh l ing ela i n in he lea e f li ing
ge he . In ha manne , e d n kn ; e ha la ing i h he
child en in b d c n ac , ca ing hem, feeding ha ing f d i h hem,
a ell a being a en i e hei la ih e ic ing hem. Male
gibb n n ada d a he a ici a e i h he female in he ca e f
hei ff ing.
We m de n h man male ca e f child en in he manne de c ibed
ab e, and e d i h na al ea e and n ane lea e hen
he e a e n c l al inj nc i n he c n a in e m f c n l and
in men ali a i n h gh he demand f bedience. We hink ha he
em i nal d namic ha b ing h man male a ici a e in child ca e i
al an e l i na il c n e ed fea e f ne enic end, n a ne
c l al ne. A ch, male child ca e i an e igenic beha i ha can be
f e ed e e ed. Ad l male ca e f child en in he lea e f
la ing i h hem, i n e f e en in ima e , b i me ime
cc a a j enile beha i , a can cca i nall be een in a .
5. We m de n h man being a e en al and ende animal . We ca e each
he , e enj b d nea ne and c n ac . Ca e e e ke in
h i l gical ell-being. We ca e each he n nl i h ac al
che , b al ih d , i h he ne f ice , i h ega d,
i h ha e d . All he e ca e e e ke in h i l gical change
ha c n i e ell-being. In he hand i , eak, a ca e ing gan,
and he ch f he hand i h i l gicall healing. B n nl ha , e
enj all en ial dimen i n a ce f lea e and ell-being, a
fea e f ha can be called he ae he ic f li ing.
We d n kn h ance beha ed, b e can a me ha a
ima e h e ed a ca e ing hand, and a membe f a ne enic
lineage, he e e al en al and ende animal ha , like , li ed in
he c n e a i n f he ela i nal c n g a i n f ca e e and m al
ca e in b h ad l h d and h. We al hink ha ch ba ic e ended
en ali , i h he en ial c i i ha i b ing , i a f he
 ne enic end f lineage h gh he c n e a i n f he e anded
en ali in l ed in he e en i n f childh d.
A e l k a hi ec la i e b la ible ec n c i n f he ela i nal
fea e f he life f ance f e 3 milli n ea ag and c m a e
i ih n in he e en (neglec ing he a ic la i ie f h ed
ha e d ), e di c e ha manne f li ing and hei m ha e
been he ame, a e in ne e ec - namel , lang age and he fea e f
he b d a cia ed i h i . If ance e e a e gge , h did
lang age a i e?
H a a La a
T he e en ha lang age i a manne f li ing in c dina i n f
c dina i n f c n en al beha i , nea ne f c -e i ence in d ing
man hing ge he i nece a f lang age a i e. A he ame ime,
f nea ne f c -e i ence cc a a ela i nal backg nd in hich
lang aging c ld a i e n ane l in he ec i n f d ing hing
ge he , i m be e manen , ec en and f cien l l nged.
Wha can e a n ab ha ma ha e been he bi l gical f ndamen
f ch nea ne in he igin f lineage a lang aging ima e ?
J dging b he b ain ca aci f he k ll f Australopithecus afarensis
(ab 450 cc), he b ain f ance 3 milli n ea ag m ha e
been la ge han he b ain f a d me ic d g. Indeed, i m ha e been
ab he i e f he b ain f a chim an ee. D g d n li e in lang age
am ng hem el e ih ,b hen e li e i h hem in me able
nea ne in in imac and in he e f ec en in e ac i n , e can
li e lang aging ci c m ance i h hem, in hich he a ici a e in a
m e le e ended e i dic manne . S he b ain i e f a d g all i
en e i h in c n en al c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f
beha i .
B f ha ha en a d g li ing i h , f ha ha en
be een an ai f animal , ce ain em i ning ( c n g a i n f
ela i nal d namic ) i nece a . Tha i , he em i ning m be ch ha
he f e en and ec en in e ac i n ha ake lace be een h e
animal h ld c n i e a d main f c dina i n f beha i in hich
ec i e c n en al c dina i n f c dina i n f beha i ma a i e.
F he m e, a ecial em i ning m al ake lace in he li ing
ge he in c dina i n f c n en al beha i ha he cca i nal
e i de f lang aging li ed ma bec me a manne f li ing ha i
c n e ed a a ma e f c e in he n ane lea ning f he ff ing,
i h he e l ha a lineage de ned b a c e i ence in lang age begin .
Acc ding , ince l e i he nl em i nal d namic ha gi e i e
a li ing ge he in he cl e and en al nea ne in hich a l nged
li ing ge he in ec i e c n en al c dina i n f d ing can ake
lace f he lea e f i , that emotioning must be love.
Wha e in fac e i ha lang aging m ha e beg n a a manne
f li ing ha ha been c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n in he
n ane lea ning f child en m e han 3 milli n ea ag , and e
hink ha i began am ng ance a a im le e l f hei li ing
ge he in mall g a ga he e h ha ed f d in l e in he
in imac f ende ne and en ali . M e e , e main ain ha li ing in
lang aging a e n beca e i a nece a , in an a ad an age ,
b me el a a e l f hi manne f li ing ge he . Ce ainl , e d n
mean ha he e e e n cca i n f di e f ange and a el, b
e claim ha agg e i n and mi cann ha e been he ba ic m d f
c -e i ence in ance . And e claim beca e if ha had been he
ca e, he manne f li ing in ec i e c n en al c dina i n f beha i
ha li ing in lang age i c ld n ha e a i en, beca e he e ld n
ha e been he ace f in ima e and able c e a i e c e i ence ha
make ch a li ing ible.
Wh d e hink ha lang aging a a manne f li ing h ld ha e beg n
a lea 3 milli n ea ag and n la e ? Sim l beca e f he n mbe f
gene a i n ha e hink a e i ed f he e abli hmen and
c n e a i n f an e igenic d namic ha d ced and ec ed h gh
gene ic c - i n he c n e a i n f all he ana mical and h i l gical
change a cia ed i h lang aging a e n li e i in eech.
Lang aging a a manne f dail li ing in c n en al c dina i n f
c n en al c dina i n f beha i can in fac ake lace in man
diffe en manne . In , lang aging ake lace m l h gh eech,
i m ha e in l ed nd d c i n b m h in c ela i n i h
c dina i n f beha i f m e ea l in hi hi . Le ecall ha a
lineage begin in he ec i e e d c i e c n e a i n f a manne f
li ing; le al ecall ha he e d c i e c n e a i n f a manne f
li ing i emic and n gene icall de e mined, e en h gh i en ail he
emic c n e a i n f he gene ic c n i i n f he ini ial ganic
c e ha make ible he e igene ic eali a i n f he manne f
li ing c n e ed. T ef m la e in d namic e m ha e ha e j aid:
D e he emic na e f he hen mena f e d c i n and he edi ,
in e ined ce e ake lace in he e abli hmen and c n e a i n
f a lineage:
1. The gene ic change ha ake lace al ng he hi f a lineage bec me
c n in l c - ed in he eali a i n and c n e a i n f he manne
f li ing ( n genic hen e) ha de ne he lineage, and f ll a
gene al c e channeled a a hi ical end f gene ic change b he
emic eali a i n and c n e a i n f ha manne f li ing.
2. A he ame ime, a lineage i c n e ed nl a l ng a he gene ic
c ndi i n and he c ndi i n f he medi m ha e mi he eali a i n f
he e igene ic c e ha make ible he eali a i n f he manne f
li ing ha de ne i , a e c n e ed emicall gene a i n af e gene a i n.
The e i n d b ha he emic c n e a i n f he manne f li ing
ha de ne a lineage e i e a c al f ndamen in he gani m and in
he medi m. In he gani m hi f ndamen i a gene ic c n i i n ha
make i ible ha he indi id al membe f he lineage ma eali e in
hei e igene i he manne f li ing f he lineage hile liding h gh a
medi m - c n e ing gani a i n and ada a i n a l ng a he medi m,
ha i al a i ing and changing i h hem, ha he c e ha e mi
ha ha en. F he m e, he ibili ha he ff ing f a lineage
ma gi e igin a an a ic la hi ical m men a ne manne f
li ing a a a ia i n n he manne f li ing f hei a en , a i e in he
e igene ic in e la f he inde enden c al a iabili ie f he ne
gani m and he ci c m ance f he medi m in hich he ha en be
a ha a ic la hi ical m men ( ee A endice 2 and 3). In he
d , he e d c i e c n e a i n f a manne f li ing in l e he
c n e a i n f b h he gene ic c n i i n and he fea e f he medi m
ha make i ible. Tha i , and e e ea beca e hi i a ba ic n i n,
he e d c i e c n e a i n gene a i n af e gene a i n f a manne f
li ing d e n cc a a gene icall de e mined ce eci el beca e
he manne f li ing c n e ed in a lineage a i e e igene icall . And hi
ha en hen he a ic la c n g a i n f d namic ela i n be een an
gani m and he medi m ha c n i e he e igene ic eali a i n f he
manne f li ing c n e ed e ea gene a i n af e gene a i n h gh he
eali a i n f ha e ame manne f li ing. S ch i , f c e, he
emic d namic f e d c i e c n e a i n f an n genic hen e,
manne f li ing.
In mma , he e d c i n f an ganic iden i en ail he
e d c i n f b h he gene ic c n i i n and he medi m ha make
ible i e igene ic eali a i n. In gene al e m : hen, in he ec l gical
hi f he bi he e, c ndi i n a i e in he in e la be een gani m
and medi m f he e igene ic eali a i n f a ne manne f li ing in he
cce i e e d c i n f me gani m , and he ne manne f li ing
begin be e d c i el c n e ed emicall , a ne lineage a i e .
S ch a lineage la a l ng a he ela i n be een he changing gene ic
c ndi i n f he gani m and he changing c e f he medi m
emain ch ha he emic c ndi i n ha make ible he eali a i n
f he n genic hen e f he lineage a e c n e ed. In ha ce ,
gani m and medi m change ge he c ng en l a in eg al c he en
emic c m nen f a changing bi he e.
When ch a emic ce ha en , he manne f li ing emicall
c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n nece a il c - in i c al
d namic an a ia i n (gene icall and he i e) c m a ible i h he
eali a i n f he manne f li ing c n e ed. F he m e, a a lineage i
e abli hed, a end a i e a a emic c n ain f he di e i ca i n f
he f e lineage a an e a i nal canali a i n f he gene ic and n n-
gene ic a ia i n ha ma be c n e ed. S ch a ce i a hi ical
ce , and a ch ha a nidi ec i nali ha in li ing em al a
en ail he c n e a i n f a c n ella i n f c he en change ha g
ge he h gh man gene a i n . One can a ha he n genic
hen e c n e ed in a lineage canali e he gene ic d if f he lineage
in a d namic f ec i e c - i n f all gene ic a ia i n ha d n
den i .
We hink ha hi m ha e ha ened in e l i na hi in
ela i n he change ha ha e aken lace in he b ain, in he la n , in
 he face, in he e i a d namic , in he c e f he neck, and
f h, f ance , a ell a in hei manne f li ing ge he , hile
hei being eech lang aging animal became emicall c n e ed
gene a i n af e gene a i n h gh hei li ing a eech-lang aging
animal . Tha i , acc ding , ch change and an f ma i n m
ha e been he e l f an e l i na end c n i ed b he
c n e a i n f a manne f li ing in c n e a i n h gh nd
d c i n in a backg nd f in imac in he bi l g f l e.
F he m e, e hink ha he an f ma i n f he b d h d f
ance in e en in eg a ed b d h d f lang aging h man ,
cann ha e aken lace in a fe gene a i n . The g ea e a f he
gene ic em (95% m e, e ha ,) i in l ed in he eg la
d namic f e igene i , and h i eai ni en in each gani m a
c n in e igenic m d la i n b he f he emic eali a i n f
i n genic hen e. A a e l , m gene ic change in a lineage,
hich nece a il m affec he d main f he eg la d namic , a e
en be emicall c - ed f he c n e a i n change f he
manne f li ing ha de ne he lineage. Acc dingl , e hink ha hi i
h he gene ic change f ll he c n e a i n f he n genic
hen e, and n he e e e. Finall , i i beca e e hink ha he
c n in acc mm da i n f he gene ic em he emic
c n e a i n f a manne f li ing i a ce ha in l e gene ic c -
i n in he d main f gene ic eg la i n f he e igene i f
m h gene i , ha e hink ha hi f lang aging ima e m
be f a lea 3 milli n ea ( e ha m e han me 300,000
gene a i n ).
R a H
The e i n ab gene ic (DNA) n n-gene ic de e mina i n f he
hen men n f he edi i n a i ial ne. O claim i ha he
hen men n f he edi i a emic a he han a gene ic m lec la
ne. We d n den he a ici a i n f DNA in gi ing l ng- n abili
bi l gical hen mena and lineage a ell a in de e mining he ange f
ible a ia i n in he e igene ic ce . N hing can ha en in he life
hi f an gani m ha i n e mi ed made ibl b i gene ic
c n i i n, b a he ame ime n hing i de e mined ( , m e eci el ,
 ede e mined) in he life hi f an gani m b i gene ic c n i i n,
beca e e e fea e in i a i e in an e igenic ce . F he m e, a all
bi l gi kn , he hen e b c e he gen e in he e igene ic
ce beca e, in fac , man diffe en gen e can gi e i e he ame
n genic hen e. H e e , n all bi l gi a e f ll a a e ha
e igene i i a emic ce f m al c al m d la i n ha
in l e b h he gani m and he medi m e he life an f he
gani m. And e bi l gi a e n al a a a e f hi beca e in
m de n inclina i n ed c i ni ic hinking, e f e en l ee he
gani m a if i e e in e ac ing i h a ee i ing and al ead eci ed
medi m ha c n ain i , e make i di a ea al ge he in he
enhancemen f he gene .
The f ndamen al in in ha e a he e i claim ha he
cha ac e i ic f an gani m a i e in a emic d namic h gh he
ec en and ec i e in e ac i n f he gani m and he medi m, in a
ce in hich b h he gani m and he medi m change ge he
c ng en l , and n in a manne ca ed ede e mined b he gene ic
c n i i n f he gani m b he c e f he medi m.
Acc dingl , e claim ha :
1. He edi cc a a emic ce ;
2. The ce f e l i n f ll a c e led b he emic
c n e a i n f change in he manne f li ing he gani m , and n a
c e led b he gene ic a ia i n , e en h gh he e a e al a in l ed;
3. E l i na gene ic change cc a a gene ic d if , and he c e f
he gene ic d if in a lineage i channeled b he emic c n e a i n f
he manne f li ing ha de ne he lineage; and
4. The emic c n e a i n f a manne f li ing c - an gene ic and
e igene ic a ia i n ha d e n in e fe e i h i .
Th , e l i n a a ce f c n i i n, di e i ca i n, and e inc i n
f lineage i n a ce f im emen f he manne f li ing, f
g e in an a ic la gene al en e, b i i a c n in changing
e en ha a i e in he c n in emic c n e a i n f he eali a i n
f he li ing. In e l i n n hing ha en beca e i i nece a ,
ad an age , de i able. Indeed, a a ic la e igenic c e n il hen
i nal in a lineage ha begin be emicall c n e ed a a manne
f li ing in a ne lineage, ma bec me n i nal b nece a in he
c n e a i n f he c n i i n f he ne lineage h gh gene ic
c n ain af e e e al gene a i n nl he e en ha he manne f
li ing c n e ed ma ha e channeled he gene ic d if f he lineage and he
change f he medi m in he facili a i n f he eali a i n f ha manne
f li ing. A a e l , af e a ce ain n mbe f gene a i n , n hing f he
medi m f he manne f li ing ha de ne he ne lineage can be
ea il em ed al e ed i h de ing he gani m f he lineage.
S ch al e a i n ld de di he emic c he ence f he
eali a i n f he gani m ha had been e abli hed al ng he hi f
he lineage. In he d , i i beca e f he emic c he en change
ha cc in he gani m and medi m in he e l i na ce , ha i
a ea a ca al b e e a if he fea e ha de ne a lineage had
ini iall a i en beca e he e e nece a , beca e he c n i ed an
im emen f he i al f he membe f he lineage.
Th , al h gh lang aging i n e en ial f h man e i ence beca e i
n c n i e h man e i ence in a medi m ha ha a i en h gh
lang aging, lang aging did n a i e, n a i c n e ed, beca e i a
ini iall in an en e nece a f he i al f ance . E i de
f lang aging m ha e been ha ening cca i nall and hen
f e en l in he edece f lineage, n il lang aging began be
c n e ed a a ma e f c e in he lea ning f hei child en in a
emic inhe i ance. When ha ha ened, a ne manne f li ing and a
h le ne em f lineage began in a ce ha c - ed all gene ic
a ia i n in he c n e a i n f li ing in lang age h gh li ing in
lang aging. Lang aging n eem e en ial , and i i in fac e en ial
f h man li ing, beca e e e hing ha changed in li e a nd
he emic c n e a i n f li ing in lang age.
B h i i ha li ing in lang age did n ha en in he chim an ee
lineage? H i i ha ance li ed a he li ed, and lang aging
a e and a c n e ed a a manne f li ing? H a lineage
e abli hed in he c n e a i n f a life li ed in c n e a i n ?
B T a N a
T and nea ne c n i e in imac a he f ndamen f d ing hing
ge he in he lea e f d ing hem i h an he . And d ing hing
ge he in he lea e f d ing hem i h an he , c n i e c e a i n.
Finall , in imac - he lea e and j f and nea ne in la in al
m al b d acce ance - ha i igin in he m he /child ela i n and i
e an i n in ne en .
We h man bel ng a ne enic lineage, a lineage de ned b he
an gene a i nal c n e a i n f he g e i e e an i n f childh d
cha ac e i ic in ad l h d. A a e l f hi ce , e d c i n in
h man n ake lace, a , in he middle f infanc . Ye a ne en
cc in e l i n, i i n infanc childh d e ha i c n e ed
e anded. Ra he , me fea e f he child b d de el men and
em i nal d namic a e e ended, ha he a k f he ad l life a e
g e i el eali ed in he membe f he e l ing lineage b
indi id al h e ain m e and m e infan ile ela i nal cha ac e i ic .
We hink ha in hi ce f ne en en ail he c n e a i n in
ad l h d f he ela i nal d namic f l e e he m he /child and
he child/child ela i n in he mammalian ba ic em i ning. L e, a e
ha e aid al ead , i he d main f h e beha i h gh hich an he
a i e a a legi ima e he in c e i ence i h ne elf. L e mean
en ail m al in al b d acce ance i h n mani la i n
in men ali a i n f he ela i n . The e ela i nal fea e a e cen al in
he m he / child ela i n. Mani la i n and in men ali a i n f an he
a e a em c n l he beha i f he he b illegi ima e mean ; he
a e manne f agg e i n and denial f he he and h en ail a diffe en
em i n han l e. And hen he mani la ed being bec me em i nall
a a e f hi , mi and ange a i e.
M de n h man being a e l e de enden animal a all age , and e
hink ha hi i beca e l e a a fea e f ad l life ha been
c n e ed in lineage a a ne enic fea e. Of c e, e d n a ha
e h man a e ni e in being l ing animal . Ce ainl n . Indeed,
mammal in gene al a e l ing animal a hei infanc , and e h man in
l ing beha i can ela e and e ke l ing beha i ac icall ih
all e eb a e , a lea d ing hei childh d, b al in hei ad l h d.
Wha e a i ha e a e ec lia in ha e l i na hi i
cen e ed in he bi l g f l e a a ba ic fea e f manne f li ing in
a a ha ha e anded h gh h le life an. B e hink ha
he e i m e.
We hink ha in he c n e a i n and e an i n f he em i ning f he
m he /child ela i n in he ne enic hi f lineage, and i he
beginning f he c n e a i n f lang age a a manne f li ing, he e a
a an f ma i n f e ali in female ance . In he c e f hi
hi , he h ann al e i d f female de i e f and enj men f b d
c n ac and e al in e c e e anded and became c n in . A ha
hi ical m men did hi ha en? We d n kn , b e hink ha i
ha ening had a f ndamen al c n e ence ha made he igin f lang age
and i c n e a i n a a manne f li ing ible. S ch a ha ening
e a a ed e al in e c ef m e d ci nf ance , all ing
e a he d main f acce ance and enj men f b d c n ac in gene al,
and geni al in e c e in a ic la , e a e a an e anded ce f
lea e and abili in he f ma i n f in e e nal ela i n ,
a ic la l in c le and mall familie .
Se ali a a ce f j and lea e in he nea ne f he b d f a
a ic la he gi e e manence he cl e ela i n be een he
membe f a c le f a mall g . And a he e an i n f he
female e ali e and he j f nea ne , i c ea e a ibili f he
enj men f d ing hing ge he in he lea e f m al acce ance
h gh he c n e a i n f ha nea ne . Acc dingl , e hink ha he
e an i n f female e ali a a f he ne enic end f lineage
c ea ed a ace f able in imac , lea e, and a nd he , in a
d namic f m al acce ance and enj men f ec en b d c n ac
ha d e ge he female , male , and child en in mall familie f a
c e a i e li ing ge he .
Se ali d e n en ail nl e al in e c e; i incl de , in g ea e
le e deg ee , all a ec f b d acce ance in al and in he
enj men f b d nea ne and c n ac , ega dle f he e f he
a ici an . Th , e ali i in l ed in la nic f iend hi , in f iendl
emb ace , in he acce ance and enj men f he nea ne f an he ,
im l ing in each i a i n diffe en dimen i n f b d m al acce ance
in nea ne and c n ac han h e in l ed in geni al e al c ling,
ega dle f he he he e a e he e e al h m e al. Acc dingl ,
ha e a i ha he e an i n f he e ali f he female f
ance i ec lia beca e a i cc ed, and he female became a
c n in l in e e ed and de i f e al nea ne and geni al
in e c e a he male , a d main f c e i ence a ea ed in hich li ing
ge he in mall in ima e g became a e manen ce f lea e,
f j in he c m an f he he , and f la f lne a nd he eali a i n
f he ch e f dail life in c e a i n and n in c m e i i n.
Ne en en ail al he e an i n be nd he e d c i e age in
ad l h d f fea e f he m he /child ela i n ch a en ali and
ende ne . Sen ali en ail en ial e an i n and enne ee,
ch, hea , mell, he ea ende ne ha d i h he beha i f ca e in
ela i n he , a ical al h gh n e cl i e mammalian m he /child
beha i al fea e. A mammalian m he (and in fac , all animal ad l
hen he ca e f hei ff ing) en e m e hen i h child en. Thi i
ea il b e able in a female ca i h ki en a he i ead ee, hea ,
ch and mell ha he ld n ee, hea , ch, mell, if he e e
n m he ing. A female ca i h ki en i al ead ec he ki en ,
le hem climb n he b d , lie n he g nd ha he ki en can
n e. When ne ee he e beha i , ne ea il a ha he ca i
beha ing i h ende ne . The ame i b i l a a en in a hen i h
chick . Thi em i nal a ecia i n i n a jec i n f n
em i ning; i i a di inc i n f he ela i nal d main in hich he e
animal a e.
We claim ha he ne enic end in lineage e l ed in an e an i n f
he m he /child ela i n f b d acce ance, en ali and ende ne
in he ad l h d f ance a ela i nal fea e f hei dail life.
And e al claim ha h e fea e ha e been c n e ed in lineage,
and a e ill e en in in dail beha i a all age , nle e den
hem eci call h gh me ad h c a i nal a g men , h gh me
mi handling f he em i nal b inging f child en. F he m e, e
hink, a e aid ab e, ha he e an i n f female e ali a a f he
c n e a i n f he ne enic end in lineage e l ed in he in e ining
f en ali , ende ne , and e ali ha ga e, and ill gi e , abili
famil c e i ence. The e an i n f female e ali c n i ed he j in
d ing hing ge he in c e a i n a a manne f li ing c l i a ed and
c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n in he lea ning f child en.
 C e a i n i d ing hing ge he in l e, in and m al
acce ance, in he lea e f he d ing ge he . A ch c e a i n
c n i e a ela i nal ace c m le el diffe en f m ha in hich
ela i n f d mina i n, bmi i n and c m e i i n, ake lace. In he
d , e e he d c e a i n in dail life efe d ing hing
ge he f an e lici im lici c mm n e in a ace f f ll
beha i al f eed m, in , and in im lici e lici m al acce ance.
C eai n d e n ake lace in a ace f demand , mi , and
c n l. M e e , c e a i n c n i e a ela i nal ace in hich
in elligence i n ane l ened c n in e an i n i h
eff , a a im le e l f l e a he e em i ning ha make i
ible a a manne f li ing. Finall , e hink ha i i nl in he
ela i nal ace f in imac , in he acce ance f he b d nea ne f he
he in c e a i n, he e li ing in lang age c ld a i e, and in fac a e.
Lang age c ld nl a i e in ch a ela i nal ace, beca e i i nl
cl ene in m al acce ance and in imac ha make i ible f
cca i nal c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f beha i begin
be c n e ed a a manne f li ing ge he . And e hink ha ch a
ace f able in imac in l e and c e a i n a c ea ed in lineage
b he e an i n f he e ali f he female , a i ened a ace f he
e an i n f e ali in gene al.
F he m e, e hink ha a he e ali f he female e anded i hin
he ne enic end f he lineage, he e ali f he male e anded a ell
in he d main f ende ne and en ali , and female and male became
c - a ici an in he e dimen i n . Male and female c n i ed each he
in en ali , ende ne and e ali h gh a ici a ing in en ali ,
ende ne , and e ali . In hi ce he became emic a ne in
li ing in c e a i n, each ne bec ming a emic a ici an in he
c n e a i n f e ali a a ce f lea e and la f lne i h he
he ( la f lne a he j f d ing in he j li ing, ee Ma ana and
Ve den-Z lle , 1993). Indeed, e hink ha i m ha e been male/female
la f lne in he ne enic end ha e mi ed and c n e ed he
g e i e e an i n f female e ali ha made li ing in lang age
ible. The e a e n man ic claim ; i i en gh be e el e in
ela i n f f iend hi ee l e ndi ed b c l al inj nc i n
ec mmenda i n .
 In he lineage ha ga e igin he chim an ee , hing m ha e been
diffe en eci el beca e he e a li le e an i n f ne en af e hei
lineage and e a a ed me 6 milli n ea ag , beca e ne en
did n bec me he end ha de ned hei lineage. And e hink ha d e
he ab ence f a ne enic end he e a n an e an i n f he
m he /child l e ela i n in ad l h d. F he m e, e al hink ha
d e he ab ence f ch a ne enic end, a ell a d e he
c n e a i n f in en e ela i n f d mina i n and bmi i n in he ad l
life f he membe f he lineage ha ga e igin chim an ee , he
membe f ha lineage ne e de el ed in hei li ing ge he he deg ee
f in imac and e manence f he in e e nal ela i n in a c e i ence
ha ld ha e made i ible f hem li e in c e a i n and
e en all f ll ad lang aging a a manne f li ing. When F an de
Waal alk in hi i ing ab chim an ee li ic , he di ec l efe
he life f chim an ee a a manne f li ing cen e ed in he ggle f
d mina i n and bmi i n. In mma , e hink ha a chim an ee
emained li ical animal cen e ed in he ggle f d mina i n and
bmi i n in hei ad l life, he c ld n li e en gh ec i e in imac
f lang aging and li ing in c n e a i n bec me hei manne f
li ing.
C a P a L
We c n ide ha e h man being a e c e a i e, n li ical animal ,
and e hink beca e c e a i n i a cen al fea e f he h man
manne f li ing. Acc ding F an de Waal and he b e e ,
chim an ee c e a e in agg e i n. Of c e, e a i nal m al i
ba ic f d ing hing ge he in agg e i n, and c e a i n in agg e i n
la a l ng a e a i nal m al la . B hen m al i n
he f ndamen al m d ha g ide c e i ence, c e a i n i nece a il
an i , and d ing hing ge he bec me a fea e f he li ical
d namic f he ela i n f nded n ci c m an ial alliance , c n i ing a
backg nd f h c i , a ha en i h chim an ee .
We h man , f c e, al a ici a e in li ical alliance , b , e claim,
n a a fea e e he manne f li ing ha made h man . We
hink ha li ical alliance ha e bec me a cen al fea e f c l al
li ing in E ean adi i n nl d ing he la 10,000 ea ince he
 igin f a ia ch . Indeed, e h man make li ical alliance f ll a a e
ha he a e e en iall an i and n f l beca e he a e
mani la i e f he in e e nal ela i n a he cc ide l e. Tha
i , e kn a e make hem ha c dina ed ac i n ba ed n li ical
alliance , an alliance ba ed n c incidence f in e e , a e in
hem el e an i and n be ed eci el beca e he a e n
ba ed n l e. Alliance d n ha e he e manence f a m al
acce ance ed in a cial manne f li ing, and he a e n cial
ac i n , he a e li ical ac i n . Th , al h gh e h man make li ical
alliance , li ical alliance a e n f ndamen al f m f c e i ence. In
c e a i n a a manne f li ing i e en iall a dail life fea e f a
c e i ence c n i ed n a ba i f e manen m al ha and n
he c n e a i n f l e a he f ndamen f cial li ing.
I a C a
In e en a ia chal c l e ne all eak f in elligence in
echnical and fe i nal d main a c n i ing f he abili l e
blem . Simila l , ne eak f c e a i n a if i c n i ed f
ne gi ic ac i i ie , ega dle f he em i n in l ed. We, he a h ,
hink diffe en l . We hink ha if e a end h e e he d
in elligence in dail n n- fe i nal life, e ee ha e e i efe
i ai n ci c m ance in hich a h man a n n-h man animal
a ici a e in a d main f c n en al beha i , ei he in ne al ead
e abli hed, in he c n i i n f a ne ne. Th , f e am le, if
ake a ki en h me, and ee ha he ea il lea n he e
de i he fece , he e gi e he f d, and h lee ih ,
ld babl a ha he i e in elligen . The ame ld be e
i h a e n.
Wi h he d c e a i n he e i al a diffe ence in i e in dail
life and in m e echnical ci c m ance . In dail life e e he d
c e a i n in a manne ha im lie he em i ning f m al
acce ance and lea e in d ing hing ge he , and n me el a
c incidence f ac i i f inc ea ed effec i ene . I i in he a e e
he d in elligence and c e a i n in dail life, ha e e he e
d in he e en e a .
 A e ha e aid ea lie , b h li ical and c e a i e li ing en ail
c n en ali , b he d diffe en l . In a dail life li ed a a li ical
c e i ence he e i a e ic i n f a en i n he d main f he ggle
f d mina i n and bmi i n. Thi e ic i n f a en i n c m e i i n
in an ci c m ance c n i e a emic d namic ha channel he
ibili f he e l i na e an i n f in elligence in a na a h.
C e a i e c e i ence, n he c n a , e and he a en i n f h e ha
li e ge he in i all ible d main f c e i ence in elf e ec and
m al acce ance. Th , c e a i n c n i e a emic dail d namic
ha i he f nda i n f a emic e l i na end f e an i n and
c n e a i n f in elligence. Le n f ge ha em i n a e li ed in
hei eali a i n and c n i e emic d namic f hei c n e a i n.
The diffe ence in b ain i e be een chim an ee (a nd 450 cc) and
h man (a nd 1500 cc), i h all he inne diffe ence ha ch diffe ence
en ail , i , acc ding , he e l f he e ba icall diffe en
manne f c mm ni li ing. One, he h man manne f li ing, i
f ndamen all cial in he c n e a i n f c e a i n and c n en ali
ih e ic i n , and c n i e he ba i f an e l i na end f
emic e an i n f in elligence d ing he h le life an. The he , he
chim an ee manne f li ing, i f ndamen all li ical in he c n e a i n
f c m e i i n and he ggle f d mina i n and bmi i n, and
c n i e he ba i f an e l i na end f emic e ic i n f
in elligence he na d main ible in c m e i i n in ad l life. S ,
e hink ha he inc ea e in b ain i e in he e l i na hi f
lineage i he c n e ence f he emic e d c i e c n e a i n f a
manne f li ing in c e a i n a he han in c m e i i n and agg e i n.
We m de n h man being ha e a lang aging, l ing, and c e a i e b ain,
eak, beca e e bel ng a lineage in hich lang aging,
c e a i n, and l e e e emicall c n e ed in an e l i na end
in hich all gene ic a ia i n ee emicall c - ed in he
c n e a i n and e an i n f ha manne f li ing.
C a H a L a
We hink ha he e an i n f female e ali in a cia i n i h he
ne enic end f he h man lineage ha been f ndamen al f he
c n i i n f he mall c e a i e g mall familie in hich
lang aging a e and began be c n e ed n ane l , gene a i n af e
gene a i n, a a manne f li ing in he lea ning f he child en a he
li ed in in ima e en ali , ende ne , and ca e. Se ali , ende ne , and
en ali , c n i ed in igin and ill c n i e da , he
f ndamen al ela i nal dimen i n n hich e he e manence f a
famil a a ace f li ing ge he in c e a i n and c n en ali ( ee
A endi 7).
A e ha e indica ed in an he ec i n f hi e a , i i b he
nidi ec i nal e ic i n f iable a iabili b gh ab b he emic
c n e a i n f a manne f li ing ha a end a i e in he c n e a i n f
gene ic and n n-gene ic change in a lineage, in a em f lineage .
Thi i a a en in he an f ma i n f he b die f he membe f
lineage in ela i n he c n e a i n f he h man manne f li ing ha
began i h he li ing in lang aging. I i al a a en in he an f ma i n
f he bab and m he b die nde he c n e a i n f he
n ane en al, ende , and la f l beha i f he m he and bab in
he j f m al ching and ca e ing. Acc dingl , e hink ha he
e en f m f he h man b d (i h i l g , i ana m , i gene ic ,
and he em i nal d namic ha c me i h he e) i he e l f an
nin e ed e l i na hi f c he en cce i e change ha ha e
cc ed in an nin e ed end de ned b he c n e a i n f a manne
f li ing in c n e a i n f ende ne and m al ca e ha channeled he
gene ic d if f he lineage. M e e , e al hink ha hi m ha e
cc ed a a fea e f he h l genic d if f a ingle famil , in a mall
ne k f inb eeding familie . In ch a hi , he e an i n f female
e ali m ha e c ea ed he in imac and he f ndamen f he
d namic f emic c n e a i n f a cl e and e manen li ing ge he
in an enj able c e i ence ha made ible b h he li ing ge he in
lang age and c e a i n and he e an i n f in elligence in he
e an i n f c e a i e c n en ali . N d b ha f m he e ec i e
f e en c l al li ing in a c l e f d mina i n and bmi i n,
mi and c n l, agg e i n, c m e i i n, li ical mani la i n , ab e
and a , he claim ha e m de n h man being a e he e en f a
bi l gical hi cen e ed in l e, , and c e a i n eem
e e and de ni i el ng. And i eem beca e e all
l k a all bi l gical ce a if he had ake lace acc ding
c l al em i ning. B if e l k a he ba ic em i ning ha b ing j
and ha ine in heal h h man being , e nd l e in i im lici a he
d main f h e ela i nal beha i h gh hich an he a i e a a
legi ima e he in c e i ence i h .
The e i n d b ha in he hi f he Homo lineage hich e
m de n h man being bel ng, man b anche m ha e a i en a
a ia i n a nd he c n e a i n f a li ing in lang age ha ha e aken a
diffe en c e han . The fac ha h e lineage became e inc d e
n al e he alidi f ha e a , b i e eal ha he en in
diffe en e l i na c e han lineage h gh he emic
c n e a i n, e ha , f c n e a i n ha did n c n e e he bi l g f
l e and in imac . We a hi beca e e hink ha i i he c n e a i n
f li ing in lang age in he bi l g f l e and in imac ha made
h man being .
In he d , e hink ha ha a cen al in he c n i i n and
i al f he ima e lineage ha e l ed in h mani a e li e i n
a he c n e a i n f l e a he g nding em i n f c e i ence in
mall famil g . Thi i h e hink ha he e den mina i n f
Homo lineage f m i beginning in he c n e a i n f li ing in
lang age he e en ha e n li e, h ld be Homo sapiens-amans
(B nnell, 1997). In hi den mina i n he e e i n sapiens efe li ing
in lang age, and he e e i n amans efe he ba ic em i n nde
hich he lineage ha been c n e ed. And e i e Homo sapiens-amans,
binding sapiens and amans i h a h hen, beca e e hink ha in he
h man igin lang aging and em i ning e e c nnec ed; l e a he
em i n ha made ible he ace f in imac and e manence in li ing
in he lea e f d ing hing ge he in hich lang aging c ld a i e a a
manne f li ing c n e ed f m gene a i n gene a i n in he lea ning f
he child en.
Once li ing in lang age had beg n be c n e ed in Homo sapiens-
amans lineage, i became ible f he lang aging lineage in hich
l e g e i el dimini hed i e ence a a ba ic em i n b anch ff
f m i . We hink ha ini iall h e lineage did n and c ld n e i
f l ng eci el beca e a l e a he g nding em i n f dail li ing
dimini hed in hem, he g a nable i e ec l gical di a e .
The membe f h e lineage c ld n f m able c mm ni ie i h he
kind f inne em i nal c he ence ha c ld lead he e an i n and
c n e a i n f he in i i n and nde anding ha e l in he nece a
c eai n e c me ch di a e .
Ye , hen in he c e f he e l i na hi lineage f Homo
sapiens-amans eached an e anded ca aci f he mani la i n f na e
and f he a g men a i e j i ca i n, denial, hiding f en imen , he
em i n ch a a gance and agg e i n c ld begin be cce f ll
c n e ed in dail li ing. When a gance agg e i n cc ed
cca i nall , i h being c n e ed f m gene a i n gene a i n in he
lea ning f he child en, i ha ening a hi icall i ele an f he
c n e ai n f c ndi i n a l ing h man being . H e e e hink
ha d e me a ic la ci c m ance f dail li ing in ance
me el e h and ea ag , a gance and agg e i n began be
n ed in he lea ning f he child en and became ema icall
c n e ed f m ne gene a i n he ne a a manne f li ing. A ha
ha ened he ela i nal d namic en ailed b he e em i n e laced l e
a he ela i nal g nding f g c e i ence h gi ing i e a ne
c l al lineage cen e ed n mi , c n l, d mina i n and bmi i n,
a ia i n and di c imina i n; namel he a ia chal c l e ha m
h mani li e da
N d b he e a e imila i ie be een beha i and he beha i f
chim an ee , and me f he e imila i ie clea l c e nd ima e
fea e c n e ed in b h f f m c mm n ance . H e e,
he imila i ie , ch a c en li ical li ing, e hink, a e a ecen
(ab 10,000 ea , e ha , in E ean hi ) e l f a c l al
a ach in dail li ing a a ia chal being he li ical manne f
li ing f he chim an ee , hich ha a m ch l nge bi l gical hi (4
5 milli n ea , e ha ) f c n e a i n f he ggle f d mina i n and
bmi i n in ad l life. Indeed, in he la e en m e h and ea f
hi in cen al E e, life ha g e i el bec me m e and m e
li ical h gh he inc ea ing in men ali a i n f all ela i n ha
a ia chal c e i ence in he d namic d mina i n, bmi i n, and
c m e i i n na idabl b ing f h ( ee he ec i n n Pa ia ch ). Wha
f c n e ence can hi ha e in bi l g ? Wha c n e ence can
hi ha e in h i l g , ana m , and gene ic ?
 E
Wh and h i i ha e m de n h man being ca e ab he
c n e ence f ac i n ? Bi l g d e n ca e. The c m d e n
ca e. We a e he e en f a c mic and bi l gical hi ha c e
ih aim, g al, jec . We ha e ha ened and n hing in he hi
ha ga e igin a nece a . We a e a e l f an e l i na
d if , n he d c f a de ign fa e. B a he kind f animal
ha e a e a a e l f ch a hi , e ca e, e ha e e hical c nce n ,
e ee d ing , and e ca e f hei c n e ence he he
bi he e. Acc ding , hi i beca e e a e l ing animal . L e
i n g d bad in i elf, i i nl he ela i nal d main in hich cial
life, , c e a i n, and he e an i n f in elligen beha i ake lace.
E hical c nce n , e n ibili , and f eed m, e i nl in he d main f
l e a e li e a lang aging animal . E hical c nce n , e n ibili , and
f eed m a i e nl a ne ee he he and ne elf, a ell a he
c n e ence f ne ac i n n he he n ne elf, and ac acc ding
he he ne an d e n an h e c n e ence . In he d,
ha e e hical c nce n , be e n ible, be f ee, ne m ee he
he and ne elf in hi he legi imac . Tha i , ne m eae a a
lang aging being in he bi l g f eeing he he a a legi ima e he ,
hich i he bi l g f l e. E hical c nce n a ea in he bi he e i h
h man e i ence in lang age, and he ei he ake lace n ; if e hical
c nce n ake lace, e hical beha i can ake lace.
Lang age i n a em f mb lic c mm nica i n , lang age i a
manne f li ing ge he in a f c n en al c dina i n f
c n en al c dina i n f beha i . M e e , e d n j li e in
lang aging, e li e in c n e a i n in he b aiding f lang aging and
em i ning. E hic i a a ic la kind f c n e a i n, a e e i e
c n e a i n f eeing and ca e f he c n e ence f ne ac i n n
he . In he d , e hic i a ne k f d ing and em i ning in
hich he ca e and c nce n f he c n e ence f ne ac i n n he
i e en in ha ne d e , and ne ac in a a ha en ail acce ing he
c n e ence f ha ca e and c nce n. E hic bel ng he d main f
em i n , n f ea n, and a ch i bel ng he d main f l e.
We h man being ca e f he h man being and he li ing being in
he bi he e, and ha e e hical c nce n and e hical beha i , beca e e
a e l ing, lang aging animal . Tha i , e bel ng an e l i na
hi in hich he bi l g f l e ha been a cen al fea e f he
manne f li ing ha de ned lineage. Ye , e ee he he and ca e f
him he nl he e en ha e ha e li ed in he bi l g f l e and
in imac , and ha e c l i a ed eeing and ca ing f he he a a f
li ing a ca ing h man being i h he h man being . M e e , i i a
e li e in ec i e e ec i e c n e a i n ha all l k a
de i e and ee he he e like hem n in he c n e f he de i e ,
ha e can ha e e hical c nce n and e hical beha i b ca ing f he
c n e ence f de i e n he . Tha i , e bel ng an
e l i na hi in hich li ing in lang age and in e ec i e
c n e a i n ha been an he cen al emic fea e f he manne f
li ing ha de ned lineage. Ye , i i nl he e en ha e ha e
li ed in e ec i n b elea ing a achmen de i e , ha e
bec me en l k a he c n e ence f ha e d and ac acc ding
he he e like d n like h e c n e ence , ha e can e ec n
he c n e ence f ac i n n he an h ha e e hical c nce n .
F he m e, ha e e hical c nce n e ha e e a e in e ec f
el e , acce ing he legi imac f de i e hile elea ing
a achmen hem, ha e ma e ec n he c n e ence f
ac i n and be e n ible ab hem in he d main f li ing i h
he ih den ing el e in he ce . Ye , d e m li e
in elf- e ec and e ec f he he , ha i , in he bi l g f l e.
We a e n eaking f an e hical im e a i e. We a e eaking f he
bi l g f e hic , f ha in li ing a h man being make e hical
c nce n ible. We d n ha e be e hical, b if e li e in he
bi l g f l e a h man being , e ne la e begin ha e e hical
c nce n in ela i n h e he h man being h e li ing ma e .
We a e n ec mmending l e, n a e e ec mmending e hical beha i ,
b nl if e li e in he bi l g f l e and ha e e hical c nce n , can e
indeed li e a cial h man being h d n bec me a ed in he
c l e f d mina i n and bmi i n in he c l e f indiffe ence.
L ei g nding, nea ne f ndamen , and hen e l e l e
and nea ne e again and again ec e hem beca e i h hem
e di a ea a Homo sapiens-amans e en if b die ma ill emain
Homo sapiens a l gical en i ie . E en heal h, chic and
 h i l gical heal h, de end n l e and he acce ance f he b d
nea ne f he h man being , and a d in l e a ch in ended a a
ca e , ma ee abli h a l h i l gical and chic ha m n . If e d
n eali e hi , if e d n ee ha e hical c nce n a i e in l e, and e
belie e ha he bel ng he d main f a i nali , in de i e f a
ha m ni cial life e begin e a i nal a g men e en f ce
ec e me hing ha l k like e hical beha i . A e l e e ec f
em i n e begin e a i nal a g men hide, den , j if hem.
We d in a a h ha g e i el lead he nega i n f he he
h gh mani la i n a e bec me Homo sapiens aggressans in he
e an i n f he a ia chal a i n f c n l. We kn all hi , b e
f ge i in he del i n f mni ence h gh a mi nde anding f
in elligence a e hink f i a an in men f c n l and mani la i n.
B n ha e a e a a e ha n beha i de e mine ha e a e
and ha child en bec me, e can ch e: d e efe c ne ea
lineage f Homo sapiens-amans a lineage f Homo sapiens aggressans?
(See al B nnell 1997, B nnell and S nn ag, 2000.) Thi ch ice i a
ma e f em i n , ha i , i i a ma e f de i e - ha d e indeed an
c n e e?
The e e ec i n eem fall ide bi l g , b he d n , beca e
he deal i h he e ence f h l genic d if - namel he deal i h he
c n i i n f lineage h gh he emic e d c i n f a manne f
li ing ba icall de ned b he efe ence ha he li ing em ha e a
e e in an in he c e f hei li ing.
 4: O P
We ha e al ead aid in man a ha bi l gical e l i n f ll he
a h f he c n e a i n f an manne f li ing ha c n i e a lineage
h gh i emic e d c i e c n e a i n. And e ha e al aid ha
e l i na di e i ca i n ake lace hen a ia i n in he manne f
li ing begin be c n e ed h gh e d c i n, and ha in hi manne
ne lineage a i e ei he a a b anching f he e i ne , a
e lacemen f ld ne ha bec me e inc . M e e , e ha e al
in i ed ha in hi ce he manne f li ing c n e ed in a lineage i
c n e ed emicall , h gh ha e call emic e d c i n, and
ha a a e l he gen me f he membe f he lineage bec me f ee
change i hin he c n ain de ned b he manne f li ing h
c n e ed. A a c n e ence, he emic c n e a i n f a manne f
li ing ma e l in a a h f gene ic d if ha facili a e , make
ine i able, he e igene ic eali a i n f he manne f li ing c n e ed
h gh f he membe f he lineage in a medi m ha i a i ing i h hem
in hei e igene i . In a ing hi , e a e a ing ha he emic
c n e a i n f beha i al habi channel he a h f gene ic
an f ma i n ha ake lace in he hi f a lineage. And e a ha
hi ha en hen he habi lea ned b he ne membe f a lineage a
he li e al ne, i h hei a en , i h he membe f hei
c mm ni , bec me fea e f he manne f li ing c n e ed.
In he e ci c m ance , ne cann b eali e ha ha ill ha en in he
e l i n f lineage ill de end n he manne f li ing emicall
c n e ed f m ne gene a i n an he in he li ing f child en. Will
h man iden i be c n e ed a Homo sapiens-amans, ill i
di a ea and me hing el e a i e in i lace? T an e hi e i n e
m e ec n ha c n i e emic iden i a h man being .
M /C R a
A h man being i a manne f li ing in c n e a i n ha a i e in each
indi id al h man being in he d namic ela i n f hi he Homo sapiens
sapiens b d h d and he medi m f med b he h man being and he
e f he bi he e. Tha i , he h man being cc in he emic
d namic in e la f he h man manne f li ing and he Homo sapiens
sapiens b d h d. A e ha e aid, hi b d h d ha a i en a a e l f
he a ic la e l i na hi f c n e a i n f he b d
an f ma i n ha k lace al ng he c n e a i n f lang aging a he
manne f li ing ha c n i ed a h man being .
In he eceding cha e , e ha e de c ibed h e claim ha
h manne , h manne a lang aging being i h a Homo sapiens-
amans b d h d, a e h gh he c n e a i n f manne f li ing a
l ing ne enic bi edal ima e gene a i n af e gene a i n in he lea ning
f he child en. The ef e, li ing a Homo sapiens-amans make ible
he c n e a i n f he Homo sapiens-amans b d h d, hich in n
make ible li ing a Homo sapiens-amans. Acc dingl iden i a
Homo sapiens-amans i emic, and ill be c n e ed in he bi l gical
and c l al cce i e gene a i n nl a l ng a he c al
and ela i nal d namic ha c n i e i a a a ic la b d h d and a a
a ic la manne f li ing, in l ing b h b d h d and medi m, a e
emicall c n e ed.
Th , bi l gicall e a e l ing being i h a Homo sapiens-amans
b d h d ha i c n e ed b li ing a Homo sapiens-amans, ha i a
l ing h man being . In he f ll ing e e hall e he e e i n
l ing h manne efe he Homo sapiens-amans manne f being.
The main a ec f li ing in l ing h manne , in he emic d namic
ha make and c n e e ha manne f li ing h gh li ing, a e l e
and la in he in imac f he m he /child ela i n. A childh d li ed in
hi manne en ail he c n e a i n f elf and cial e ec in
ad l h d a he ba ic em i ning ha make ible li ing in a d main f
c e a i n, m al ca e, la , j , and bea . A ne f ha h n, he
ima m he /child ela i n i a ela i n f al in b d nea ne
and m al b d acce ance. In hi d namic ela i n f la i h he
m he , a child lea n hi he b d and he b d f he he ( ee Ve den-
Z lle in Ma ana and Ve den-Z lle , 1993). Th gh hi ce he child
de el elf and cial a a ene in elf- e ec and e ec f he he ,
in elf-acce ance and acce ance f he he . A he ame ime h gh
hi ce he he c ea e he ld ha he he li e , and ill li e, a
an e an i n f hi he b d h gh hi he ela i nal d namic .
When hi ima m he /child ela i n i n ba icall di bed, he
c ndi i n f l ing h manne i di ec l c n e ed a a manne f li ing
in ad l life. If he m he /child ela i n i di bed, b he e i a lea
ne he h man being i h h m he g ing child nd al acce ance,
, and ca e, he c ndi i n f l ing h manne can be c n e ed
ec e ed h gh he bi l g f l e.
Le hi me ha diffe en l . A h man child bec me a ing la
being a he he li e hi he ela i n i h he being , and he he
bec me a l ing h man being a he he li e hi he m he /child
ela i n in l e and la a a g ing child am ng l ing h man being .
The f ndamen al ela i nal d namic f al b d in m al
acce ance am ng h man being , make and c n e e a child a a l ing,
in elligen , elf- e ec ing, and ciall e n ible lang aging being in a
h man cial d main.
A a child g in elf- e ec and e ec f he a he he
bec me an indi id al h man being, hi he indi id ali d e n e i
a i e in ii n he cial c mm ni hich he he bel ng .
On he c n a , he child bec me an indi id al h man being a he he
bec me a cial being and bec me a cial being a he he bec me an
indi id al h man being. If a a child g , he he de el a diffe en
manne f being han ha ha i e he c mm ni hich he
he bel ng , he he ill g a a diffe en being han he he membe
f he c mm ni . S ch ha ening c n i e an ening f a a ia i n in
he hi f h manne ha ma lead an he kind f being, c l all
bi l gicall . Whe he ha ha en n ill, f c e, de end n
he he he ne e nal iden i i c n e ed a a ne manne f li ing
n in he lea ning f he child en ha g i h hi e n. If he ad l
al c ea e he c ndi i n nde hich he ne e nal iden i can indeed
be emicall c n e ed in a ne gene a i n, a c l al change ake
lace. Tha i , a c l al change ha en hen a ne e nal iden i
begin be emicall c n e ed a a ne manne f li ing in a ne
ne k f c n e a i n ha e and ddenl g e i el in a
la ge c mm ni .
S ch a c l al change ill be a c l al change nl a l ng a he ba ic
h man m he /child ela i n i c n e ed. If he ba ic h man a e n f
m he /child ela i n and child b inging in he gene a i n and
c n e a i n f elf- and cial e ec e e l h gh me change in
c l al manne f li ing, and if ch a change e e be emicall
c n e ed in he gene a i n c me, h man hi ld nde g
m e han a c l al change. A ne kind f being ld a ea . I hi n
likel ha en?
Pa a
M h man being da li e in a a ia chal c l e f ne kind
an he . A a ia chal c l e c n i in a manne f li ing cen e ed in
a ia i n, d mina i n and bmi i n, mi and c n l, e al and
acial di c imina i n, and a . In a a ia chal c l e h man c e i ence
ma ha e man diffe en f m , b i i e en iall li ical. In i ela i n
a e ie ed m l a in men al f gaining e i i in a c n in
e ggle, and a e li ed m l a ch. Thi li ical manne f
li ing, h e e , i n a ima fea e f e l i na c n i i n a
h man being , hich ha been, a e ha e aid, an e l i na hi
cen e ed n l e and m al , n n agg e i n and mi . O
li ical li ing i a fea e f c en l ed minan a ia chal c l e
ha ha ba icall bec me, a a ne k f c n e a i n c n e ed in he
lea ning f child en, a manne f li ing imila he manne f li ing
f chim an ee in a e manen ggle f d mina i n and bmi i n.
Tha hi h ld be i n all ne ec ed, beca e c l e a i e,
like ecie , in he c n e a i n f me ba ic manne f li ing, de ned
and eali ed in h man being a a cl ed ec i e ne k f
c n e a i n a nd hich all el e i en change. F he m e, ha i
ec lia c l e a manne f li ing in cl ed ne k f
c n e a i n i ha in he a ic la d namic b aiding f lang aging and
em i ning ha each ne i , i i he a ic la c n g a i n f em i ning
c n e ed in each ha de ne i a ic la cha ac e iden i . In he e
ci c m ance , a c l e ha i cen e ed in he em i ning f a ia i n
and mi in he d namic f d mina i n and bmi i n, i b nd
bec me, ne la e , a ne k f c n e a i n f mani la i n and
c n l (in a manne f em i ning ch a ha li ed b chim an ee ), and
hence, a li ical c l e in a li ical manne f li ing. We claim ha hi
i ha ha ha ened e he la 7,000 ea i h he igin f
We e n a ia chal c l e, a i a e h gh a change in he li ing f
ance f m he em i ning f l e and a li ing in he
em i ning f mi ,a ia i n, and c n l. And hi i m ch ,
 ha in dail in l emen i h li ing in a ia chali e ha e e en
c me de el he ie j if li ical li ing, e ending ha e
d in ag eemen i h bi l gical c ndi i n j if demand n
he c m l i h he manne f li ing ha e an hem li e.
M e e, eae imme ed in he em i ning f mi , c n l, and
a ia i n ha e e g ea c n en al ca aci (namel ,
in elligence) an f m h e a ic la a ec f c mm ni li ing
ha a e he ne k f c n e a i n ha c n i e ela i nal d main
ch a cience, eligi n , hil hical he ie , m ne in in men
f li ical e.
Le e and he e ha e ha e j aid ab a ia chali , al h gh
e ha e bli hed me f hi al ead in an he b k ( ee Ma ana and
Ve den-Z lle , 1993). We, he a h f hi e a , claim ha li ical
li ing began be a manne f li ing in h man a a ia ch began a a
c l e i h he c n e a i n f a manne f li ing in a ia i n, enmi ,
mi , c n l, al ing f c ea i n, and a . We hink ha hi
ha ened a a c l al change h gh he c n i i n f a al life in
A ia am ng he e le h la e became he Ind -E ean h in aded
a ma i ic E e. A c l al change cc hen he cl ed ne k f
c n e a i n ha de ne and c n e e a c l e change . We hink ha
f a c l al change cc , he c n g a i n f em i ning ha g ide
he f he ne k f c n e a i n f he iginal c l e m
change, and he ne em i ning h a i ing m be c n e ed h gh he
ne manne f li ing ha i b ing ab . And e claim ha a ia ch a
e a ed in h a a , hen h e c n g a i n f em i ning f he n n-
a ia chal c l e f m hich i a e changed in he a ic la ne ne
ha c n i e a ia chali in a d namic ha c n ib ed i
c n e a i n. We e in ha f ll , in a n he ic manne , an
imagined cena i f h ch a change migh ha e aken lace in a
n ane n -in ended d namic :
In ne f he familie ha li ed b f ll ing me he d f mig a
animal , acc m anied a me di ance b l e ha fed n he ame he d
a he , he ad l beg n in e fe e i h he f ee acce f he l e
he animal f he he d ha e e hei na al f d. A h e ad l did ,
he m ha e d ne i in he c n ci nc n ci a a ene ha he
e cl i n f he lf f m hi na al f d a a ci c m an ial i la i n f
 he na al c he ence f life in hich all animal and lan ha e a e,
legi ima e lace. M likel he ad l made me i al ha c n e ed
hei a a ene f he i la i n f he na al de i h ha he ee
d ing; e ha h e ad l e en a l gi ed he l e f in e fe ing
i h hei f ee acce he he d. The m i e ha he ad l had in
e cl ding he l e f m hei na al f d c ld ha e been an . B if n
me cca i n, f ha e e ci c m ance, he did n e lain hei
child en ha ha he e e d ing a a i la i n f he na al de f
e i ence, me f hei child en ma ha e g n ih being a a e
f he ac ed ela i n f a ne hi ha e i ed be een he h man and
he l e a ell a be een he l e and he animal n hich he
fed. A ha ha ened, h e child en g e ea ing he e cl i n f he
l e f m hei na al f d a me hing e he legi ima e de
f e i ence. In hi ce , he c n g a i n f em i ning li ed b h e
child en changed i h e ec ha f hei a en , and he em i n f
a ia i n a ea ed in hei li ing a a ma e f c e, gi ing
legi imac hei beha i a he began e ic he m bili f he
he d ec he animal f m he agg e i n f he l e .
B a ia i n b ing i h i he l f in he f me l acce ed
na al c he ence f he ld, and he ec i n f he he d ne
la e e l ed in he e ec i n f he lf, h a e en all
e e mina ed in de gain ec i again him. Wi h ha , he em i n
ha c n i e enmi and agg e i n a ea ed a legi ima e em i nal
f ndamen f he ac i n f a ia i n and c n l a a manne f
li ing, and he in men f h n ing, hich e e iginall ed i h a e
and g a i de f he f d ha he b gh , became ea n hen he
began be ema icall ed e e mina e he lf in he em i n f
enmi , agg e i n, and a gance. F he m e, nde he ci c m ance f
mi , and in he fea ha he enmi i h he lf ca ied (a i a
al a c ming back f i legi ima e f d), ac i n f c n l a ea ed in
he de i e f ec i . Th , he c ea i n f he animal f he he d and
f he membe f he famil bec me a ma e f ac i e c nce n a a
manne f li ing in he de ign f a ela i nal ace ha ld a e
i al. In hi manne he h le f me c n g a i n f em i ning
( , a ici a i n, e ec f all li ing being , ha ing, m al
acce ance, ene a i n f he ac edne f e i ence) ha de ned and
c n e ed he iginal n n- a ia chal c n e a i n f he famil changed,
and a diffe en ne a ea ed ha c n i ed a ne manne f li ing
cen e ed in a ia i n, mi , c n l, a gance, al ing f
c ea i n, enmi , agg e i n, and a . Finall , a in he na al
c he ence f e i ence a l , li ing in he ea ch f ec i led he
em i ning ha e mi ed mani la i n f he , chea ing and li ical
ela i n a a na al manne f li ing lea ned a a fea e f hei na al
g h b he child en. Tha i , he a al a ia chal c l e beg n.
A a al a ia chal li ing became e abli hed, he he d g e nde
he ec i n ( ha i , c n l) f he a al familie , he g h f he
familie hem el e h gh he al ing f c ea i n and ejec i n f an
n i n f bi h c n l, e la i n, e g a ing, ec l gical di i n,
e he menace f e , and e en all mig a i n, all a ea ed a
n ane e l . The mig a i n al led he mee ing i h he
h man c mm ni ie ha e e ea ed in he ame a a he lf, ha i ,
de ed a ia ed, if he e a n em i nal c incidence i h
hem. In hi ce he h le ne k f a ia chal c n e a i n m
ha e a i en i h all i fea e , f m hie a chical di c imina i n , h gh
la e and he i len a ia i n f he e f f eign men b he
a ia chal men f d mina i n, bmi i n, and li ical e. A all hi
ha ened, he e abli hmen f he em i ning f he a al a ia chal
c l e en ailed ch a c m le e change i h e ec he em i ning f
he ma i ic c l e f m hich i a e, ha hen in he c e f hei
mig a i n he a al a ia chal e le enc n e ed he ma i ic
c mm ni ie f E e, he a e e hing in hem a f ll inimical
hei n e i ence. In ch ci c m ance he nl ible e l f ha
enc n e f he a al a ia chal e le a a i h he aim f he
al nega i n and de c i n f ch a c n adic manne f li ing. B
n all he ma i ic c mm ni ie e e f ll de ed; me e e di laced
and in he he men e e killed and he men e e a ia ed b he
a ia chal men be en la ed and f e al e and ab e.
C l e , a ne k f c n e a i n , a e c m ed b h man being f
b h e e . The e e i n patriarchal i n be a cia ed i h men
nl ; imila l he e e i n matristic i n be a cia ed nl ih
men. In a a ia chal c l e b h men and men a e a ia chal, and in
a ma i ic c l e b h men and men a e ma i ic. Ma i ic and
 a ia chal c l e a e diffe en manne f li ing, diffe en f m f
ela ing, diffe en manne f em i ning; ha i , diffe en cl ed ne k
f c n e a i n ha a e eali ed in each ca e b b h men and men.
The ef e, he e i n ba ic c n adic i n be een men and men in a
a al a ia chal in a ma i ic c l e, beca e in b h c l e men
and men g h m gene l a ia chal ma i ic. A ba ic
c n adic i n a i e be een ad l men and men hen b and gi l a e
b gh bec me membe f diffe en c l e a diffe en m men f
hei b inging, hich i ha e hink ha en in We e n a ia chal
c l e. Le e and hi n i n.
We hink ha he a al a ia chal c l e began in i igin a an
h m gene c l e in hich men and men became na all
a ia chal, and i h c n adic i n be een hem a he g e b h
e all imme ed in he a ia chal c n e a i n . The ame m ha e
ha ened i h he men and men in he ma i ic c l e. B hen he
a al a ia chal e le enc n e ed he ma i ic ne , and b a fa e
he a ia chal men a ia ed he ma i ic men af e killing
en la ing he ma i ic men, in man ma i ic c mm ni ie he men did
n f ll bmi , and c m lied i h he a ia chal demand nl he
e en ha ch c m liance all ed hem ec hei child en. We
hink ha e membe f We e n a ia chal c l e c me f m ch a
i a i n, and ha We e n a ia chal c l e i he e l f a c l al
h b idi a i n in hich he ma i ic men managed me e en
c n e e hei ma i ic c l e in hei ela i n i h he men and i h
hei child en, c n i ing a ma i ic famil c e in he mid f an ad l
male a ia chal li ing. We ill li e hi h b id e i ence in We e n
c l e a e g a child en in a ma i ic milie and hen a be
en e a a ia chal ad l h d. A a e l , child en f b h e e in
We e n a ia chal c l e li e ha i a c l al i i n be een hei
ma i ic m he and hei a ia chal fa he a if ch i i n e e an
in in ic c n adic i n be een man and man. A he ame ime, in
We e n a ia chal c l e, child en f b h e e li e a c n ic i e c l al
an i i n f m a ma i ic childh d a a ia chal ad l h d a if hi
ee a ch l gical an i i n e hei na al ch l gical
de el men .
 P li ical e i ence de in imac , a i i f nded n ela i n f
d mina i n and bmi i n, n n ela i n f l e. Wha e e he e i
in i , a ea be in i , i an i , ei he beca e i i h c i ical,
beca e i i in men al in a li ical de ign. Th , in a li ical
c e i ence e being he f nda i n f in imac and he m ba ic
ce f lea e in h man ela i n , and bec me an in men f
li ical mani la i n. P li ical life endange he c n e a i n f he
m he /child ela i n a a ela i n f al and m al b d acce ance
in la , and in e fe e i h he e child b inging in he em i ning f
elf- and cial e ec ha c n i e he f ndamen f h man
iden i . M e e , hi ha en beca e a li ical life in men ali e all
ela i n , i al in men ali e child b inging b making i a f nc i n
f de ign f he f e. Thi f c ing n e a a i n f a le in a
li ical life e a a e he child and he m he f m he e en f hei
li ing in m al acce ance and m al ( ee Ma ana and Ve den-
Z lle , 1993). A a e l , in hi ical e en he e an i n f he
a ia chal em i ning, ha lead he ili a i n f all h man ela i n a
li ical a ell a c mme cial in men , make i alm im ible f
a child g n ane l in a manne cen e ed in he bi l g f l e.
In hi ce , elf- and cial e ec , c e a i n and m al , and
he e an i n f in elligence ha he bi l g f l e en ail , bec me
fea e f life ha e i e be e ec ed n in de be eali ed a
de i ed a ec f he c n e a i n f h manne . Tha i , e m n
c ea e a a i nal j i ca i n f ha ing l e a fea e f he child
b inging h gh he e an i n f nde anding if e i h
c n e e l ing h manne , beca e l e i fading a a f m he
n ane ld f he child.
P a E
Pa ia chali , h gh i em i ning cen e ed n a ia i n, mi ,
c n l, di c imina i n, and agg e i n, ha an f med he ba icall
c eai e ing h man li ing in a c m e i i e, ggling, and
chea ing li ical c e i ence. We m de n a ia chal h man being li e
imme ed in li ical li ing, and e d n eali e ha li ical
c e i ence e ic he de el men f a e n a a f ll elf- e ec ing
indi id al h can decide f him he elf h ac e n ibl in he
c mm ni hich he he bel ng . A elf- e ec ing e n d e n
de end n he ini n f he , n he image ha he he jec ,
n he a ea ance f hi he beha i he , ac ade a el
acc ding he ell-being f he c mm ni hich he he bel ng ,
beca e he e en ha he he li e in elf- e ec and e ec f he
he , he he ac n ane l in a f ll ciall e n ible manne .
The e en e an i n f a ia ch in ea l childh d h gh he
demand n he m he e a e hei child en, b and gi l , f hei
e ec i e le in a life f c m e i i n and a ea ance , make he
g ing b and gi l inca able f being f ll e n ible f hei li e
and f he ld ha he b ing ab in hei li ing. Thi i beca e he
a ia chal iden i ie ha he a e demanded f l ll a e ba ed n
a ia i n, c n l, mani la i n , c m e i i n, mi , and he
c n in lie en ailed in al ing a ea ance , ale man hi , and decei
in ead f elf- e ec , ince i , and h ne . C age, a daci , and
b a e l e hei al e a e e i n f cial e n ibili and elf-
e ec e li ing in he bi l g f l e, and bec me in ead
agg e i ene and a gance, a -like i e and li ical a g men f
in e e nal mani la i n e li ing in a a ia chal c l e.
Finall , li ical c e i ence nega e en ali and ende ne a all
ela i n bec me mani la i e, and e ic in elligence, c e a i n, and
a ici a i n beca e i f c e he a en i n f dail li ing m l n ne
f ndamen al heme - namel , d mina i n and bmi i n. B m de n
h mani d e n li e e cl i el in li ical ife, m nke b ine ,
a e cca i nall call i . The e i al an a em li e in dem c ac , in a
ne ma i ic c e i ence a an endea f c e a i n in he c mm n
jec f li ing in m al e ec in he bi l g f l e. Dem c ac a e
a a manne f li ing ha b eak i h a ia chali , and a ch he in en
in i decla a i n a a de i able manne f c e i ence a c ea e an
e ended c mm ni life f nded n ela i n f elf-and m al e ec a
he g nding f he c mm n en e i e ha i he c ea i n f an h ne
cial life ( ee Ma ana in Ma ana and Ve den-Z lle , 1993). Ye , f hi
in ended manne f li ing ha en, he ma i ic h man child b inging
m be c n e ed. B , h ?
H a U
The iden i f a em a a a ic la ca e f a gi en kind ha
dimen i n . One dimen i n i he gani a i n ha de ne i cla iden i ,
he he i i manne f ela ing and in e ac ing in he medi m in hich i
e i . Acc dingl , a a ic la em c n e e i indi id al iden i
nl a l ng a i c n e e i gani a i n and i manne f ela ing and
in e ac ing h gh he c al change ha i nde g e a a e l f i
n in e nal d namic m d la ed b he c al change igge ed in i
b i in e ac i n . I f ll , hen, ha in he e ci c m ance he iden i
f an em la a l ng a i in e ac i n in he medi m c n i e a
emic d namic in hich i c al change , he c al change f
he medi m, and he f he ec i e in e ac i n be een he em
and he medi m e l in he c n e a i n f he gani a i n and manne
f ela ing ha c n i e and de ne he iden i f he em. In he ca e
f li ing em , ne f he ba ic c n e ence f hi i a i n i ha
hei c e and he c e f he medi m in hich he e i change
c ng en l hile hei diffe en iden i ie a e emicall c n e ed, b h
al ng hei e l i n ( h gh e d c i n) and al ng hei a ic la
indi id al hi ie . The iden i f an li ing em a a li ing em f
a a ic la kind, i n an in in ic fea e f he b d h d ha eali e i ,
n i i an in in ic fea e f he manne f li ing f he li ing em ha
li e i , b i a i e a a c n g a i n f ela i n c n e ed h gh he
ec i e in e la f he manne f li ing and he b d h d f he li ing
em in he f he c al change ha i nde g e in i
in e ac i n in he medi m.
In ch a ec i e d namic , he c n in c al change f he
li ing em f ll a c e ha a i e m men af e m men in he
eali a i n and c n e a i n f i manne f li ing. A a e l , a li ing
em c n e e i a ic la iden i a l ng a he c n g a i n f
ela i n ha c n i e i i c n e ed h gh he f i in e ac i n in
he medi m hile i li e . S he iden i f a li ing em en ail a an
m men b h i c e and i manne f li ing in a ec i e in e la
f b h, and n ne gi e i e i e a a ed f m he he .
Thi e l in hing ha nce aid a ea b i : ne, ha e
h man being ha e he b d h d ha e ha e a a e l f an
e l i na hi f c n e a i n f he l ing h man being manne f
li ing in c n e a i n ; and , ha e i ing in c n e a i n d e n b
i elf c n i e h manne , he Homo sapiens-amans b d h d i al
nece a . In l ing h man being , he ef e, he c n in ec i e
b aiding f b d h d d namic and Homo sapiens-amans manne
f li ing e l in he emic d namic ha c n e e :
(a) c ndi i n f being Homo sapiens-amans a l ng a e li e a l ing
h man being ;
(b) Homo sapiens-amans b d h d a a b d h d e he eali a i n
f he Homo sapiens-amans manne f li ing a l ng a e li e a l ing
h man being ; and
(c) e i ence a a ace en nending ec i e change in he ld
ha e b ing f h in li ing a e li e a lang aging being li ing a
Homo sapiens-amans.
T be a l ing h man i i n en gh be b n i h a Homo sapiens-
amans ana m and h i l g , i i al nece a li e in a l ing
manne in a c mm ni f l ing h man being . Li ing a a Homo sapiens-
amans am ng Homo sapiens-amans c n i e he emic d namic in
hich li ing a a l ing h man being i eali ed and c n e ed.
A e c n e e ha hich make h man being , e en a ace f
nending change in he ld ha e b ing f h a lang aging being
ih l ing he h man iden i . M e e , h man beingne i a manne
f li ing in in e e nal ela i n , n a f m manne f handling an
inde enden ld. Th , h man beingne can be eali ed h gh man
diffe en a f handling bjec and hing in man diffe en cl ed
ne k f c n e a i n ha a e li ed a diffe en c l e . Tha i , a
l ng a he h man being manne f li ing in c n e a i n i c n e ed in
he cce i n f gene a i n f Homo sapiens, all he c al change in
he h man b d h d ill be change in he c n e a i n f he Homo
sapiens b d h d, and all he change in i manne f ela ing ill ake
lace a c l al change a nd he c n e a i n f he h man beingne
in he eali a i n f gene a i n f h man being .
The ef e he b inging f he child en a h man being i and ha been
cen al in he c e f h man hi a a hi f c n i i n and
c n e a i n f he h man beingne . The hi f h man beingne i
ca ied b child en, n b ad l - e en h gh ad l make he e en
h gh hei li ing. Child en lea n be ha e e he bec me b li ing
i h he , and he bec me ad l f ne kind an he acc ding
h he ad l i h hich he li e, li e. I i f he e ea n ha e
claim ha he b inging f a child ake lace a a an f ma i n in
c e i ence, and ha h man l ing h manne ill be c n e ed l
h gh he b inging f he child en.
If child en g in a m he /child ela i n f al m al and
b d acce ance h gh la hen he a e babie and in hei ea l
childh d ( ee Ve den-Z lle in Ma ana and Ve den-Z lle , 1993), l ing
h manne ill be c n e ed h gh hem. A he g in hi a , he
ill bec me ad l in an ambiance ha f e elf- and cial e ec . In
ch and acce ance, he child i ne e c ec ed in hi he being,
nl in hi he d ing . Whene e e c ec he being f a child (n
me el a an cca i nal ha ening b a a manne f li ing i h him
he ) b elling h he he h ld h ld n be, e den him he ,
e ell him he ha he he i meh ngl made, and de hi
he elf- e ec and elf-acce ance. A e d ha , e cl e he h man
ld he child. If in ead e c ec he d ing f a child b in i ing
him he e ec n he ced e ha ha e be em l ed f
d cing a a ic la de i ed e l , all ing him he he f eed m ac
f m hi he elf-a a ene , e d n den he child, a e d n
c ec hi he being. A e in i e he child b e e and ac f m he
e ec i e f hi he n a a ene and ch ice, e c n m him he
in elf-acce ance and elf- e ec , and en a ace f hi he
a n m d ing in elf- and cial e ec . In d ing, e en he
h man ld f he child, inc a ing him he i hin i ( ee al
A endi 8).
If he m he /child ela i n i in e fe ed i h, and he child d e n g
li ing in elf- e ec and elf-acce ance, he he ill bec me a kind f
being ha i e ic ed limi ed in hi he ca aci f li ing he bi l g
f l e. If ch a hing e e ha en, he ca aci f he child li e in
he in imac ba ic f a heal h famil ela i n ld be im ai ed.
F na el , e m de n h man being ill c n ide ch a manne f child
de el men inade a e, and e ill c n ide ha he ad l h g
f m ch a childh d bec me an nheal h ad l in need f a he a ha
ec e l e. And ha he a ill k.
P E
We h man being ha e a Homo sapiens b d h d, b h man e i ence
i ela i nal. H man e i ence, ha i , h man beingne , i a manne f
ela ing, and a ch i i m l idimen i nal. H e e , n all he
dimen i n f he ela i nal e i ence f a h man being a e a an in an
e all acce ible hi he e e i e a a ene , he di inc i n f
an b e e . Man , e ha m , f he dimen i n f ela i nal
e i ence a h man being a e be nd a a ene , and a e, he ef e,
nc n ci . F he m e, he h le ela i nal d main in hich a li ing
being e i a i e in he ela i n ha i li e h gh he in e la f i
d namic c e and he d namic c e f he medi m in hich i
ha en li e. Th gh ch in e la he li ing being c n ib e he
emic d namic ha c ea e he medi m in hich i e i , in a ce
ha ha en im l h gh i li ing. We call he ela i nal d main in
hich a li ing being e i i relational psychic space.
T he e en ha e e i in lang age, e h man being diffe f m he
li ing being in ha e li e a an in an in a ela i nal chic ace ha
ha c n ci and nc n ci dimen i n acc ding he he he e a e
a e n acce ible e e i e a a ene a ha in an . F he m e,
each f li e a he ame all he i a i n ha cc a e al
c n g a i n f c n ci and/ nc n ci ela i n in chic
ace. Indeed, hene e e li e me hing ha e e e ience a he
ame, e ea i a he ame. S e call he ame i a i n ha e
cann di ing i h in e e ience, ega dle fh diffe en he ma
a ea an e e nal inde enden b e e . Thi e a i nal c ndi i n f
e i ence a li ing being i he ba i f ha e call ill i n ,
mi ake , i al eali ie - a e e ience ha e li e a alid in
em i ning hile he ha en ,b hich e la e in alida e in
e ec i n h gh efe ence , in c m a i n i h me he
e e ience ha e c n ide a ha in an f m e ba ic alidi . In he
d , i i a c n i i e c ndi i n f he li ing f all li ing being ha
n hing ha ha en hem in hem in hei ela i nal e i ence i
i ele an f he c e f hei li ing, ega dle f he he an b e e
ma claim ha ha he li ing being i li ing i an ill i n. Thi mean ha
f h man being n hing ha e li e in he f em i ning,
he he c n ci l nc n ci l , i i ele an i al in
li ing. The e a e n i al em i n (in gene al, n hing i i al in
chic e i ence), and he c e f d ing i al a m d la ed b
em i ning, ega dle f he he e a e c n ci n f ha e li e,
and hi i e en hen e claim ha e a e a a e ha ha e a e li ing
i a me e ill i n.
F he m e, and m e eci call , all he em i n ha e li e a h man
being , ega dle f he he e a e c n ci f hem n , and
ega dle f he he he a i e in h gh nc n ci c n ci
ela i n , a e ele an ea ning beca e em i n g ide he
c e f ea ning b ecif ing he c n ci and nc n ci
f ndamen n hich ea ning and a an m men . A he ame
ime, in he ec i e d namic f he e a i n f ne em, he
f ea ning m d la e em i ning. F he , a em i n
change, he m d la e he c e f ea ning ha i ma
change. In diffe en d: c n ci and nc n ci chic
e i ence m d la e em i ning a ell a ea ning h gh
ecif ing he em i nal g nding n hich ea ning and , and
c n ci and nc n ci ea ning m d la e he f
em i ning. Tha hi h ld be i a n ane c me f
ela i nal e i ence in he in e la f b d h d and manne f
li ing, ha a b d h d change , he f li ing change , and
a he f li ing change , b d h d change ( ee A endi
3). Indeed, diffe en indi id al iden i ie a diffe en a ic la manne
f h man beingne ha e i a ela i nal en i ie , a e chic iden i ie ;
ha i , he ake lace in a chic ela i nal ace ha e c n ci l and
nc n ci l c n in l c ea e i h li ing. E en m e, chic
iden i , c n ci and nc n ci manne f ela ing in he chic
ace, i emic and i emicall c n e ed in li ing a li ing
a ici a e b h in he m d la i n f b d h d and in he a i ing f
he medi m in hich e li e.
Le n l k m e dee l in hi ma e . O em i ning, a a in
manne f ela ing in he ld e li e, can be c n ci
nc n ci acc ding he he e ae a ae n f he ela i nal
dimen i n f chic ace. We can c mmen , ea n, a g e, e ec
n ha e d di ing i h in ela i nal d namic . We can claim ha
e li e an ill i n, ha e c mmi ed a mi ake and ha e a e a a e
n ha ha e did bef e a n igh ; e can claim ha e li ed
a e li ing a i al eali and n ha ac all i in eali a i n a
li ing em . B in all ca e , and n ma e h e ea n h
c n inced e a e f a g men , he c n ci and nc n ci
em i ning ha e li e i ne e i ial and cann be nd ne, beca e ha
ha en in chic e i ence i ne e i al a i m d la e he c e
f li ing.
We cann di ing i h in e e ience be een e ce i n and ill i n.
An ill i n i an e e ience ha e de al a e in ela i n an he
e e ience ha e c n ide alid a a e ce i n; a e ce i n i an
e e ience ha e alida e h gh an he e e ience ha e c n ide
nd b edl alid m e b i l alid a a e ce i n han he ne.
Tha i , ill i n and e ce i n a e af e h gh , e ec i e j dgmen
ab he alidi f e e ience . We li e all e e ience a e all
alid in he m men ha e li e hem, e en if he a e n all e all
acce able de i able a e e ec a i nall ab hem, a e
e ec ab he na e f he h man ela i n ha he e e e ience en ail.
S , i al eali ie a e i al nl in he d main f e ec i n , and e
in li ing acc ding h e e ec n he eali ie e li e.
O e ec i n and ea ning a e n i ial li ing a h man
being ei he ; he m d la e he c e f em i ning, and in ha en e
he a e f ndamen al he c e f li ing. Th gh ea ning and
e ec i n e can b aid a i nal i h em i nal a a ene , and h
e can be e n ible f b h em i ning and ea ning a e
c n em la e he e f m he e ec i e f de i e . In he e
ci c m ance , hen, i i n e ce i n, ill i n, eali ha ma e
a e a em g ide he f li ing a h man being , b i i ha
e de i e a d main f chic e i ence f el e and f
child en. Wha ma e i he chic iden i ha e c n ci l
nc n ci l c n e e in dail li ing ( ee al A endi 8).
P I
B he e fac ha e h man being e i in c n e a i n , indi id al
e i ence a h man being ake lace in a ec i e ne k f c n ci
and nc n ci in e ac i n ha a i e h gh li ing in a emicall
c n e ed d main f chic c e i ence. In he e ci c m ance , i i
li ing in a m l idimen i nal chic ace f c n ci and nc n ci
in e ac i n ha g ide and ha g ided he an f ma i n f b d h d
in c al c ling i hin diffe en d main f e i ence a e
eali e h man beingne b li ing in ha e ame chic ace. And
i i h gh h e an f ma i n f b d h d ha e emicall
c n e e h e a ic la chic iden i ie ha e lea n li e b li ing
hem h gh c n ci and nc n ci ela i n in a h man d main, a
eg f m bab h d. And ha d e lea n a e lea n? We lea n
ela e, ee, hea , mell, ch, efe , di like, hink ... ha
i , e lea n a manne f ela ing, a manne f em i ning, and e ac i e a
chic iden i a he a ic la c n g a i n f em i ning ha de ne
, and hich e c n e e b li ing in i .
The kind f being, he kind f h man being e bec me al ng li e ,
i , he ef e, de e mined b he c n ci and nc n ci chic
c e i ence ha e li e a e g , eali ing a a ic la chic iden i
in a a ic la h man c mm ni . Thi chic iden i i emicall
c n e ed h gh b d d namic a e e a e in he h man
c mm ni in hich e a i e a h man being , b i i al m d la ed b
ha e li e in he he d main f in e ac i n in hich e al e i . We
change d ing , e change ha e mani la e, and e change he f m
f he a i nal a g men ha e de el j if den
em i ning a e g and bec me ad l , b ec ne e emicall
he chic iden i ha e lea ned li e and gene a e a li le child en
h gh li ing i . We d hi na a e f ha e d h gh emicall
c n e ing he c n g a i n f em i ning ha de ne chic iden i
a e c -c ea e i h he being he h man c mm ni in hich ha
a ic la chic iden i ake lace a he na al manne f being. Tha
i , e c n e e a manne f eeing, a manne f eac ing, a manne f
e ec ing, a manne f al ing ... a e c n e e he chic iden i ha
e li e h gh li ing a membe f he c mm ni in hich ch chic
iden i i na al manne f being. We ma gene a e he ie and
ide l gie ha den ha chic iden i , b n ma e h e
 ea n, e c n e e chic iden i b li ing he c n g a i n f
em i ning ha c n i e i and in hich ea ning ake lace, nle
e change chic iden i . M e e , he he ie ab el e and
ld ha e gene a e ma bec me, and f e en l d bec me a f
he c n i i n f li ing f he ci c m ance in hich chic
iden i i c n e ed n il e change. B , gi en all hi , h can a chic
iden i change?
We lea n li e he a ic la chic e i ence ha a i e h gh he
c n g a i n f em i ning ha e li e a babie and child en. I i he
em i ning en ailed in ha e hea , ee, ch, mell, a , in ha i
aid , ha c n i e chic e i ence. I i he em i ning
en ailed in he ela i n and enc n e a e li e c n ci l and
nc n ci l i h he , ih el e in e ec i n a e g ,
ha de ne chic e i ence. B i i a ic la l h e a ec f
li e ha e li e nc n ci l , beca e e cann e ec ab he
em i n in l ed in hem, ha ill de ne m f chic e i ence a
e ac i e he chic iden i ha e ill emicall c n e e in
li ing. We cann a an m men li e a chic iden i diffe en f m he
ne ha e ha e lea ned and c n e e emicall in he f
li ing. Thi i eci el beca e lea ning c n i in he c ng en
c al an f ma i n f he b d and he medi m al ng he life f an
animal ha a e n can nl gene a e in hi he c al d namic , he
ela i n e he chic iden i ha he he ha lea ned li e and
c ne e emicall in hi he li ing a he he gene a e a he ame
ime he medi m in hich ha chic iden i ake lace and i
c n e ed. A e e a ed?
If a en a e agg e i e i h each he i h , e de el an
agg e i e nc n ci chic d namic a e g , e en if e d n
like i . If a mall child en e ee agg e i n in ele i i n a if i e e he
na al manne f li ing, and e en if e kn ha ha ha en he e i
nl i al eali , e de el an nc n ci chic agg e i e
d namic , and e ha e g ea dif c l a iding li ing in agg e i n.
M e e , a e de el an nc n ci agg e i e chic iden i ,
h le e i ence bec me e mea ed b i a e d n kn h
e a e diffe en l beca e e li e in he emic ela i nal d namic ha
c ne e li ing in agg e i n a he na al a f being.
 If a child en e ha e been bmi ed he agg e i n and ab e f
ad l , and he c e f life f ee f m ch ab e i h di ec
a ici a i n, nc n ci chic ela i nal ace d e n change
i h ha libe a i n. We emain agg e i e a e c n in e li e a if
agg e i e and ab i e beha i a d child en and he e e he
na al manne f ela ing i h hem. Thi ill indeed emain nle e
in en i nall change ch e be diffe en h gh an em i nal change
ha a i e h gh bec ming a a e f ha e d and f ha e an
d . And, e , e can change. O chic iden i can change, and
indeed d e change if he manne f em i ning change in he c e
f li ing a e en e in c n ic ing d main f ac i n h gh
c n adic em i n . Indeed, hi cc hen l e a ea and en
i i n in ela i n c n adic em i ning i h e ec he
el e . When ha ha en , a ne acce in he em i nal d main
he e en ha ne li e in i legi imac ega dle f he he i i
de i able n , ne bec me en changing ha e en in an ac f
elf-l e and elf- e ec . In ha ening, he h le emic d namic f
li ing a manne f ela ing change , and in ha ce a ne
c n g a i n f em i ning eme ge ha e ma begin c n e e in
li ing a ne chic iden i .
M e e , ch a hif in chic iden i ma cc h gh a a e
e ec i n a an e a i n in em i nal d main a e e a e in elf-
acce ance and elf- e ec , and e di ing i h e en a me hing
ha e can c n em la e. The ef e, e ec i n i ba icall an e a i n in
em i ning a e elea e ce ain ie and an e a i n in lang aging
in he e a i nal d namic ha make ible e e i e l king a
el e . A e d ha e can ee manne f ela ing, i len
e ene, f iendl agg e i e, ha d ende , indiffe en ca ing, and e
can ee he he e like d n like he chic iden i ha e ee and
ac acc dingl . Wi h elf-l e, elf-acce ance, elf- e ec he e i
n e ec i n, eci el beca e e ec i n en ail elea ing ne ce ain ie
in an e a i n ha en a ela i nal ace l k i hin ne n
em i nal d namic a a ce f ac i n . B a he ame ime, i h
he e a i nali f li ing a a lang aging being, he e i n a in hich
ne c ld e ec and di ing i h ne elf a an inde enden en i .
 The ef e, manne f ela ing and li ing i h he , ha i
chic iden i , can change h gh an ac f in ended a e i n f
digni a a e l f e ec i e a a ene f em i ning in elf-
e ec and elf-acce ance. Rea n ma hel hif chic
iden if if i g ide em i ning, b d e n d b i elf. I i n a
ma e f beha ing n beha ing acc ding ea n, beca e ha
change hen he e i a hif in he chic ela i nal ace ha ne li e i
he em i ning, n he c he ence f a a i nal a g men . A an m men
e li e in he nl a ha e kn , and e d n e en ha e he
ibili f being a a e f hi nle e elea e h ld n
ce ain ie and e e ec a an ac in em i ning. We e ea : nl
e ec i n can libe a e a an ac ha ill a ea and he a a
ch ice, b a e ec i n i an ac ha begin i h an em i nal hif and i
n an e a i n f e ea n. The em i nal change ha all en a
ace f ch a hif i l e, ha i he acce ance f he legi imac f
ne elf, f he he , and f he ci c m ance ha ne d e n like and
an change. Wi h l e he e i n em i nal ening ac in
e n ibili and f eed m.
S a S a
A lang aging being e h man being ha e li ed and li e a hi f
changing d main f e i ence. Indeed, a ec i n ake lace in
li ing in c n en al c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f
beha i , ne d main f bjec and ela i n be een bjec a i e in
c n e a i n ha bec me he g nd f li ing in ne e e ien ial
d main ha can bec me e manen ba ic e i en ial ab de. The e ne
d main f e i ence a i e in lang aging being in ba ic a ;
namel , h gh he di inc i n f ne kind f e e ience and h gh he
ad i n f ne manne f e laining e e ience . F he m e, a he e
ne d main f e i ence a i e, he a i e in e c ing i h he e i
d main f e i ence in hich he h man being li ed. A hi ha en , he
ne d main a i e hi icall embedded in he e i ne and bec me
ening f ne m de f e i ence ha ma bec me ne manne f
li ing in he emic c n e a i n f he ne bi l gical and chic
iden i ie ha a ea a e li e he e ne m de f e i ence.
 We hink ha indi id ali ed e anded e al in imac i ne f he
ela i nal dimen i n ha ha gi en i e a ne d main f e i ence in he
e l i na hi ha ga e igin h man being . A e ali and
e al in e c e began be li ed in he lea e and f
indi id ali ed in imac , i b gh ab e manence in he c le and
famil a ell a an e an i n f he a a ene f he b d ni iha
a ic la he and i h he ealm f hi he e i ence. And e al
hink ha hi e an i n f he a a ene f b d ni i h a a ic la
he and hi he ealm f e i ence al ga e i e he a a ene f he
d main f i i al e e ience a h e e e ience f e an i n f
c n ci a a ene f he ni f all.
All h man being n and hen ha e n ane e e ience f
e an i n f hei a a ene f a ici a i n and incl i n in me ide
ealm f ela i n han he a ic la ne f hei e ic ed indi id ali , in
a c n ci i i n f bel nging in i a a ba ic fea e f hei e i ence.
S ch an e e ience i all efe ed de c ibed i h a e and i ha
i indica ed hen eaking f a i i al e e ience. In a i i al
e e ience he he and he he ( he ea h, he c m , he c mm ni ,
na e, he bi he e, he li ing, he g dde g d , de ending n he
c l e hich ne bel ng ) ac i e an in ima e, cl e e ence. N nl
d he he he bec me ec gni able a ici an in ne e i ence,
b al ne bec me a a ici an in hei , and ne i a a e f i .
B , h i hi e e ience ible? We hink ha hene e me
a ic la ela i nal e e ience i h an he bec me indi id ali ed and
ha ec en e ence in he d main f l e, he e e ience f e an i n f
a a ene f ni i h a ide ela i nal ealm, a ell a f a ici a i n
in i e i ence, bec me ible a ne begin be a en i e, a ell a
c n ci l and nc n ci l c nce ned i h he ci c m ance f he
e i ence f he he . M e e , e hink ha nce a i i al e e ience
ha been li ed, he chic j a ell a he h i l gical ell-being li ed
in i b ing he de i e li e i again, e and i a a manne f dail
li ing in me ba ic d main e he c l e hich ne bel ng .
We hink ha he dee chic and h i l gical ell-being f he
m he /child ela i n f al b d acce ance in m al , i he
f ndamen f he i i al e e ience in ea l childh d, and ha he ell
being f f iend hi i an ening f i cc ence la e in life. B m e
dee l , and in a m e al and e helmingl ba ic manne e , e hink
ha sexual intimacy with a particular other, as it has arisen in the course of
our neotenic history as an expansion of the acceptance in trust and pleasure
of the nearness of the body of another, is the basic and most fundamental
occasion for spiritual experiences in our lineage. The in en i f an
ga m li ed in he j f he ende and en al nea ne f a a ic la
he make e e hing ela ed him he a ce f ca e ha inc ea e
he de i e f being ge he i h him he in he acce ance f all. When
e ali ake lace in he acce ance and enj men f he nea ne f
an he in he f llne f he beha i al acce ance f hi he al
legi imac , ha i hen e ali ake lace in he bi l g f l e, hen
ga m i a a ic la ec a ic m men i hin he b ead h f he l ing
ela i n hi .
Li ed in hi a , e ali ca ie i h i e eni and he j f f ll
nea ne in m al c n em la i n. A he ame ime, h gh he ening f
in elligence and he e an i n f a a ene ha l e b ing , he e i al an
e an i n f he a a ene and nde anding f he ci c m ance in
hich ne i i h he he . Indeed, l e i he nl em i n ha en
in elligence and e and a a ene . One ee m e, hea m e, che
m e, mell m e, nde and m e hen in he bi l g f l e. And l e
d e eci el beca e i cc a a ela i nal d main in he beha i
h gh hich he he , be e , all he , a i e a legi ima e he in
c e i ence i h ne elf.
Whene e he e i a en e f ell-being in j being in he ea
acce ance f he ci c m ance in hich ne i , he e i a ibili f
ha hich e ackn ledge a i i ali in dail life. When e
bec me a a e f hi ellbeing, e enc n e i a a i i al e e ience,
e en da . Ye , i i ali i an ea na al e e ience f bel nging in
e e hing a a n ane manne f ela ing in he ni f all. S ch a
na al manne f li ing in he c nnec edne f e i ence can f e en l be
b e ed in animal in he ild, e eciall in mammal , hen he i in
ie c n em la i n f hei nding , a ic la l in he e ening, hen
he dimming f he ligh and nd f he da make all hing ha and
ill. N n-lang aging animal a e n e ec i el a a e f hei
c nnec edne he a e a e, he j li e i .
 O a a ene f he in e c nnec ed ni f all e i ence in he bi he e
( he c m ) i a e l f he fea e f bi l g a lang aging
animal . Acc dingl , i i h gh e ec i n ha h man e ali in all i
dimen i n - b a ic la l in he ende ne , j , in imac , and ie ne
f a ch en indi id ali ed emb ace and c la i n - ha he a a ene f
he he and f hi he ealm f c nnec edne ha he ibili f
bec ming a c mic e ence. H man ga m a a m e le l nged
and dee e e ience in he a a ene f ni i h he he in he bli i n
f being in f ll ge he ne , ake lace in he f al acce ance.
Th gh ha and al acce ance, e ali e and ende ne and
en ali in he c m le ene f a f ll ni i h he h le e i ence. And
in ha e ali , ga m, hen li ed in he en ali and ende ne f an
e anding ne en , e hink, ma ha e c n i ed he ima ce f
f ll a a ene f he i i al e e ience in lineage f lang aging
animal . In a ende , en al, and indi id ali ed e al ela i n, he
i i al e e ience j ha en - n in en i needed. Ye , f he e ec i e
a a ene f ha e e ience i i nece a li e in lang age, and hen
ha e ec i n ha en , he c nnec edne f ha e e ience i h all
e i ence bec me e helming.
We claim ha e h man being e ibili f an a a e i i al
e i ence he e an i n f he e ali f he female in ne enic
lineage. M e e , e a e ha i a he e an i n f he e ali f
he female f ance ha made ible and c n e ed in hei
li ing ge he he cl ene and in imac ha c ea ed he ela i nal ace
in hich lang aging c ld a i e and be c n e ed in he lea ning f he
child en a he manne f li ing ha de ned and c n i ed h man
lineage. F he m e, hi ba ic c nnec i n be een e ali and he
i i al e e ience i a a en in ha he e e ience f ni i h he
c m , i h a g dde , i h G d, i h na e i f e en l e ked
de c ibed b m ic a an ga mic e e ience f l e. A he ame ime,
he i i al e e ience i ba ic in h man life ha i i n ange ha in
n n- a ia chal c l e , he e e ience f he ac ed and i i al h ld be
en ed and li ed a a fea e f dail life in f ll c he ence i h he ni f
all being . In h e c l e he ac ed i li ed a li ing in ha m n i h he
c m in i ea and n ane d namic f c n in gene a i n and
an f ma i n in c cle f life and dea h. N i i ange, ei he , ha in
ma i ic c l e he ac ed and i i al e i ence h ld be e ked i h
he image f a m he g dde ha c ea e and de , in a ne e -ending
e en ha a i e and di a ea c clicall in he backg nd f he
ali . And, in he ame c n e , i i n ange ha in n n- a ia chal
c l e he m he g dde h ld be een a an e ca i n f he c he en
c e i ence f all li ing being in hei n ane na al emic
ab ndance, and n a a fe ili e f m n nic linea d ci i .
Finall , i i n ange ha in ma i ic c l e ha e call c l ic i al
and i i al ce em nie h ld be li ed a cca i n f he enac i n, he
ec e , he e an i n f he a a ene f h man incl i n in he ni
f all e i ence, in a ce ha all ne ee ne elf ane a a f
he in e c nnec edne f e e hing, in a e and j f i e e - e en
bea
Diffe en eligi n and hil hie e lain he i i al e e ience
h gh diffe en he ie , and hei f ll e ha e in en ed, ed, and
ad ed man diffe en ac ice b ain and c n e e i a a fea e f
hei dail li e . All h e diffe en ac ice lead an e an i n f he
e e ience f a a ene f he ac i i ne incl i n and a ici a i n in
a ide ealm f e i ence. A l ng a he c n e e hei e anded
a a ene b emaining n n- eligi and n n- li ical in hei ela i nal
ac i n . Tha i , he e anded a a ene ha en nl a l ng a he
e n h li e i aband n all a em c n l he f hei li e a
he el n hei al in he c he ence f e i ence. Tha i , all
ac ice ien ed a ain a a e f eff le dail i i al e i ence
enligh enmen e a e h gh elea ing all eg a achmen hile
c n e ing f ll e e i e a a ene .
Th gh he e an i n f he female e ali in a male/female ne enic
e al c e i ence in he bi l g f in imac , h man hi began, and i
ha m l been a n ane i i al hi n il he la fe h and
ea . S i i ali in h man hi m ha e been li ed a a ma e f
c e in he dail e e ience f h man incl i n in he ealm f all
e i ing being n il he di inc i n f he i i al e e ience a a
mani lable en i a made. When in he c e f hi ch a
di inc i n a made, i i ali became an bjec f a en i n, e ec i n
and in en , and a i h became an e lici and ecial manne f being
be eciall gh af e , i became e a a e and di an . A he i i al
e e ience became me hing be a ained, i i ali became a d main
f eaking ab me hing dif c l each and diffe en f m he
immedia e d main f e i ence in hich h man being c ld ea il li e
hei dail li e . When ha ha ened, h man e i ence changed; i ed
being na all i i al a a fea e f dail life, and he ie a a ic la
manne f e laining h man life (e e ience) i h elemen f h man life
(e e ience ) changed, . A a c n e ence, a ne h man iden i
a ea ed in hich e ali ed being he ba ic g nding f h man
i i al e i ence, and became b h an a g men in he c n c i n f
e lana i n f h man life, and, e en all h gh a ia chali , an
in men f he mani la i n f li ical ela i n .
A he he ie b hich e lain life change d main f e i ence,
em i ning change , and ha ma ha e been n il hen acce able
e en ac ed a diffe en a ec f h man ela i n and c nnec edne
i h all being can bec me nde i able. Th gh hi ce , in he
n ane d namic f h man li ing and in he ec i e gene a i n
f ne en i ie and ela i n in lang age, ne e lana i n ma a i e and
ha e a i en a a f an en-ended f c l al c n e a i n and
change. And a hi ha ened al ng We e n a ia chal hi , l gic
began di lace em i n in he c e f a a e h man li ing, and
i i ali became hil hical eligi , l ing i f ll e ence in
dail life. H man being ed eeing hem el e a na al c m nen
f he li ing ealm and became ecial. A a e l , and in diffe en deg ee
in he diffe en f m aken b We e n a ia chal c l e, e ali
ed being he f ndamen f i i al e e ience , and child en
began be a gh ha e a f e d c i n, in an im lici c n e ha
ed e f li ical mani la i n. In hi ce , e in he chic ace
f We e n c l e ed being li ed a ba ic ce f lea e in he
j f a c e i ence in ende ne and m al ca e, a an ening f he
enligh ening e e ience f c mic ni in he nea ne f he he in f ll
m al and al b d acce ance.
Ye , al b d acce ance in m al in a h man e al emb ace i a
ba ic e e ience f c mic ni in h man life, and a ch i ha in i elf
n hing d i h e d c i n. M e e , a i i al e e ience, a an
e e ience f e ec i e a a ene f he ni f all e i ing being , i an
e e ience f acce ance f he b d f he he in al e he
m he /child ela i n ha i al li ed in ne enic c ndi i n a a fea e
f ad l life. A e al in e c em ha e been li ed b ea l
ance a a ce f lea e and n f c ea i n, egnanc and
bi h m ha e a ea ed hem a a n ane na al manife a i n f
life h gh he female in i c n in changing e en , and a n hing
ecial in he ea c mf f an inn cen i i al li ing. B i h he
di inc i n f he i i al e e ience a me hing diffe en f m dail life,
all changed, and he chic ela i nal e i ence f he h man being ha
made ch a di inc i n hif ed a i i ali became a di an c ndi i n
be de i ed and ea ched f in an a em ec e i e ence.
The h man manne f li ing i n gene icall de e mined b a he i
emicall gene a ed and c n e ed. The gene ic c n i i n and he
ini ial ma ic c e a e he a ing in . What is determined in the
moment of conception of an organism by its genetic constitution and its
initial somatic structure, is its structural starting point. The c al
a ing in f an gani m eci e f i he d main f i ible
n genie . H e e , hich n gen ake lace h gh i life hi ,
and he e i ake lace, cc h gh an e igene ic ce in a
hi ical d namic ha e l f m he in e la f he ini ial c e f
he gani m and he ci c m ance f he medi m in hich i ha en
li e. Acc dingl , e h man can li e al ng cce i e gene a i n all he
diffe en kind f li e ( ha i , c l e , ld ) ha e ma gene a e
h gh diffe en he ie a e in en hem e lain, j if ,
m d la e em i n , if he a e c n e ed and e d ced emicall
in he lea ning f child en. Wi h he ad en f a ia chali a ne
d main f ela i n and di inc i n a e a a ne manne f chic
e i ence, namel , ha f mi and c n l, li ic . And i h hi
ne manne f chic e i ence, he e al a e he he e ical
j i ca i n f he c n l and d mina i n f he life f he h gh
n i n f hie a ch and a h i , f g d and e il, f e i i and
infe i i , i h he c e nding im lici blindne ab h e he .
In hi ce e became deg aded b being bmi ed a ia chal
a h i a all ela i n in ha li ical chic ace ha e be, beca e
he n ane enligh ening e ence f e ali hen li ed in l e c ld
n be c n lled, and he f eed m f ac i n and e ec i n ha i b gh
he ela i nal d main a a menace he a ia ch . In he ce f
e an i n f a ia chali , i i al blindne a a fea e f dina
c e i ence al e anded. In e e nal inn cence a la gel l
h gh he li ical e f h man ela i n , and al e a ea ed a ecial
a ec f h man ela i n , e a a ed f m he f dail life, and hence
had be a gh . A al e a ea ed in he c n e f a ia chali , he
ac ed a in men f di ec ing c n lling h man beha i nde he
g i e f e e ing h manne , h gi ing i e a manne f li ing ha
n ane l became ba icall di h ne .
Ye , in i igin h man life m ha e been f ndamen all i i al, n
li ical, a i a e in he nc n ci a a ene f he c nnec edne and
ni f all e i ence h gh he i i al e e ience. M e e , i m
ha e emained f man h and f ea , n i h anding he ad en
f e ec i e a a ene in he e an i n f lang age, n il a ia chali
began de b c e he nc n ci a a ene f he
c nnec edne f all e i ence. The bi l g f l e, h gh he acce ance
f he legi imac f e e hing, m ha e c n i ed f ance he
em i nal ening f eeing all, and, he ef e, f he e an i n f hei
e a i nal kn ledge and nde anding f he ld ha he li ed. A
he igin f h manne , he e an i n f he bi l g f l e m ha e
c n i ed he e a i nal f ndamen ha e mi ed ance ee
and e anal gical ela i n f he e lana i n f hei e i ence a
ac i e c m nen f a d namic in e c nnec ed h le.
Pa ia chali ha al e ed all hi , b n f ll . Beca e he bi l g f l e
and in imac i ha make he i i al e e ience ible a an
e an i n f he a a ene f he ni f all e i ence, and he bi l g f
l e and in imac i ill a f ndamen al a ec f h man life, i i ill
ible egain he e an i n f a a ene f he ni f all e i ence a
a n ane fea e f h man dail li ing. Th , e en n , in e en
mani la i e We e n a ia chal c l e i h i e en iall n n- i i al
cha ac e , e ill ee being in l e and he e al in imac ha hi
en ail a a f ndamen al ce f i i al e e ience. And n nl ha .
We ill ee f m he da kne f a ia chal c l e, ha being in l e
i , h gh he e en i n f en ali ha i en ail , ba ic ening f a
hif in chic e i ence a d he e an i n f in elligence and
nde anding a membe f he bi he e. F he m e, e hink ha he
bi l g f l e and in imac c n i e nl ibili f eaching
a a ene f incl i n and a ici a i n in he ni f he bi he e in
a n n-mani la i e ela i n.
T R I a
N hing ha e li e in chic h man e i ence i i ial. We can li e
man ill i n , man diffe en i al eali ie , a ill i n a e n
f e en l called; e can e en kn ha e a e li ing an ill i n a
i al eali a e li e i , b chic e i ence i ne e an ill i n
i al ega dle f h i aie. A h manne cc in he
ela i nal ace a a chic e i ence, i i ha e li e in chic
e i ence ha g ide he an f ma i n f b d h d in ela i nal
li ing, and e bec me in b die acc ding ha e li e in he
in e la f ea n and em i n in c n ci and nc n ci
being.
M ch ha been d ne in he echn l g f i al eali ie nde he
a g men ha i c n ib e he e an i n and en ichmen f h man
e e ience. Indeed, in he d main f echn l g i al and n n- i al
eali ie a e f e e an en eld in hich ha e e i imagined in a
manne ha e ec he c al c he ence f he d main in hich ha
i imagined i ed cc can be d ne. A he ame ime, m ch ha
been d ne in he d main f gan and i e an lan , a ell a in he
cl ning f i e , gan h le gani m, hich a e ac ice ha can
be e anded immen el . Simila l , he d main f a i cial e an i n
lemen a i n f man f b d ca aci ie h gh he de ign f
mechanical, chemical, and elec nic he e i al en-ended. And
nall , he d main f gene ic mani la i n i n al en nlimi ed
e an i n h gh gene ic enginee ing. B in d ing all hi , ill
h manne be c n e ed l ? All ha e h man being can imagine a
mani la i n a i cial m di ca i n f he b die f animal and lan
can be eali ed if e e ec me f ndamen al cell la fea e in hem.
B ha ill ha en h man and indi id al iden i ie if b ain
a e mani la ed h gh i e g af ing mic ci c i im lan a i n? H
m ch can he b d c e be changed and he h man iden i he
a ic la e nal iden i ie ill be c n e ed? Wha ha en
chic e i ence a e d all ha he el e ? O , f ha
ma e , ha i ha ening in chic e i ence ha e h man an
 d h e mani la i n in he a ia chal me can ile c l e ha e
e en l li e, and a e illing d m l ih c nce n f he
c n e ence f ha e d in n li e in he li e f he ?
The iden i , he a ic la manne f being f an em ( f an
c m i e en i ) a i e i a a a ic la ali in a gi en d main f
in e ac i n , ha n in in ic an cenden al na e. Tha i , he iden i fa
em ake lace and i c n e ed a a ela i nal d namic be een he
c e f he em and i manne f being in i d main f in e ac i n
and ela i n , and i , he ef e, emic. O , in he d , he iden i f
a a ic la em i c n i ed and c n e ed in a ec i e emic
d namic in hich he f ela i n and in e ac i n f he c e f
he em and he ci c m ance in hich i e i c n ib e eali e and
c n e e i . Acc dingl , he iden i f an em la nl a l ng a he
emic d namic ha de ne and c n e e i i indeed c n e ed
h gh he c al change ha i nde g e . Wha e ha e aid, f
c e, a lie all em , b e a e alking he e f li ing em in
gene al and f e n in a ic la ( ee A endi 2). I f ll , a e ha e
al ead aid, ha he iden i f a li ing em, f a h man being, i n
in i b d h d, e en h gh e ec gni e an a ic la indi id al being
b b e ing di ing i hing ce ain fea e f i c e. M e e , i
i n he ca e ha an c e can eali e an a ic la iden i , beca e
he e i an e a i nal gene a i e ai ing be een a c e and he
ela i nal d namic hich i can gi e i e, and, he ef e, be een a
c e and he iden i ha can be eali ed and c n e ed h gh i in a
a ic la ela i nal d namic . S he c e, he b d h d f a h man
being can change and i iden i a ch be c n e ed a in ha
bec me a a en hen he b e e ee ha he ela i nal d namic ha
c n i e he iden i en kn a h man being i n l nge he e.
I i h gh nde anding hi d namic ha e claim ha h manne ill
be l hen he bi l g f in imac and he bi l g f l e a e l in he
b inging f child en.
The bi l g f in imac and he bi l g f l e a e f ndamen al in
h man life: e a e l ing animal a a e l f he bi l gical and c l al
e l i na hi ha ga e i e . The ell-being ha a i e in li ing
in he b d nea ne and in he acce ance f he b d nea ne f an he
in he lea e f ha nea ne in al , a ell a he ell-being ha
a i e in he en al enj men f c e i ing in m al ca e lel f he
lea e f i , and n f ha e e ad an age ch nea ne ma b ing,
a e nece a f h man h i l gical and i i al ell-being and
ha m n . O a ia chal c l e, h gh i chic g nding in he
em i ning f mi and c n l, a ell a f mani la i n and
a ia i n, ha led acce li ical ide l gie and ec n mic
he ie ha ea all h man ela i n a li ical, mani la i e, and
ec n mic an ac i n , a if he de i e f e gain in he d main f
e nal ad an age e e he bi l gical ima m i e in h man ela i n
and in e ac i n . M e e , b acce ing ch he ie and li ical and
ec n mic ide l gie , e li e in e e nal ela i n a if ch he ie
indeed e e en ed he f ndamen f h man life. B n nl ha . In he
chic ace in hich e li e b acce ing ch ide l gie and he ie
e i ali e and ea all he ce e f he bi he e a if he ee
cc ing nde c n ide a i n f gain and l e , ili and al e,
ad an age and di ad an age in a em al d namic i h a and f e.
Ye , a e a em e lain and nde and all bi l gical ce e in
h e e m b in d cing h e n i n in de c i i n a if he
e e en ed ac al fea e f hei e a i n, e bec me blind he fac
ha bi l gical ce e cc in he e en , n in he f e he a ,
and e nl ee ha he li ical ide l gie and ec n mic he ie , a . If
e ela e i h an he li ing being, h man n , ha e e he dimen i n
f ela i n , a if he e e e ec n mic an ac i n , e d n ee i ,
him, he , e nl ee ha e e ec ecei e gain in a d namic f
e and c n l. A e d ha , e bec me blind, deaf, m e, and
f h, i h e ec he he , and in imac i l ; h man c e i ence
bec me a ce f eci cal e, mani la i n, and ab e. When ha
ha en , c mm ni life being cial and bec me li ical.
The bi l g f l e, he manne f li ing i h he he in he d ing
beha i h gh hich he he a i e a a legi ima e he in c e i ence
i h ne elf, and in hich e h man being ake al e n ibili f
em i n and f a i nal d ing , i n a c e i ence in a ia i n,
c n l, demand. A he c al d namic f he gani m ha b ing
ab he beha i h gh hich he he a i e a legi ima e he in
c e i ence i h i elf, l e i he em i n ha make and c n i e ha
manne f li ing a cial life in h e ela i nal dimen i n . A ch, he
bi l g f l e i he bi l g f m al , and i make ible he
bi l g f in imac a a a ic la e an i n f cial c e i ence.
Pa ia chali h gh mi and c n l, h gh mani la i n and
a ia i n, h gh d mina i n and bmi i n, in e fe e i h he
bi l g f l e, hing h man ela i n a a f m he d main f
c llab a i n and m al e ec a d he d main f li ical alliance ,
m al mani la i n, and m al ab e. And a he bi l g f l e i
in e fe ed i h in li e , cial life c me an end; e bec me
blind, deaf, m e, and n eachable i h e ec child en, and e
in men ali e hem f he e e a i n f aliena i n in mi ,
mani la i n, and c n l, in a life f m al nega i n. Wha ill ha en
h manne nde he e c ndi i n ?
Thi i n a i ial c nce n. Wi h he l f c llab a i n in he l f
m al and m al e ec , li ical ela i n e ail, and he
acce ance f he legi imac f he mani la i n f he bi he e in
gene al, and f he h man life in a ic la , bec me he n m in he e ice
f echn l g h gh he blindne f n n- emic hinking. D e i
ma e ? If echn l g bec me he m f ndamen al and cen al fea e f
h man endea , hen indeed i d e n ma e ha in he echn l gical
e an i n and c m lica i n f h man ac i i ie h man beingne a Homo
sapiens-amans h ld be l be e laced b he c n e a i n f me
ne being like Homo sapiens aggressans, Homo sapiens arrogans, f
e am le. The c n e a i n f me ne Homo sapiens iden i ie ill
change he c e f hi , and h man beingne a Homo sapiens-amans
hall di a ea , i ill emain hidden in me di an cke f imi i e
life. P e f cience c i n ha e la ed al ead i h hi idea. B , if
l ing h manne emain im an and al able f a h man being ,
hen echn l g ill n de e mine h man life, and he bi l g f in imac
ill n be l de ed b ill be c n e ed. If hi ha en , he
bi l g f l e, ge he i h he bi l g f in imac , ill c n in e be
he ce and he f ndamen f he chic iden i f de cendan a
h man being f he Homo sapiens-amans kind. B , h can ha ha en?
C a H a
The bi he e d e n ca e ab h man e i ence in gene al ab
e i ence a l ing h man being in a ic la . N d e he ea h he
c m ca e. I i nl Homo sapiens-amans h ca e, can ca e ab
h manne , ab he bi he e, ab he ea h a li ing ace a
l ing h man being . And e hall ca e nl a l ng a e c n e e
l ing h manne b li ing in ca e f el e and he li ing being in
he bi l g f l e, beca e ha i ha make l ing h man being .
B a eaen li ing in a a ia chal c l e ha d e n c n e e hi
manne f li ing, h can e c n e e l ing h manne ? We an e : b
li ing in he bi l g f l e, being a a e ha he bi l g f l e i
c n e ed h gh li ing in he bi l g f l e. B h can e d ha ?
We kn ha he in i a i n c n e e l ing h manne b li ing in he
bi l g f l e a ea dif c l f ll beca e i d e n eem a
ha d . B e h man d kn ha d beca e e a e l ing
Homo sapiens-amans . . . ill. We ha e aid man ime ha l e i he
d main f h e ela i nal beha i h gh hich an he a i e a a
legi ima e he in c e i ence i h ne elf. When e beha e in l e, he
he d e n need j if hi he e i ence in ela i n ,n d
e demand an hing f m him he e en hen e a k him he d
me hing f . In he bi l g f l e di ag eemen a e ening f he
e an i n f a c n e a i n, n ce f m al denial, e en hen ne i
a a e ha c e i ence i h he he e i e ha ne he he h ld
change hi he d ing . In he bi l g f l e, di ag eemen a e
ni ie f he ini ia i n f e n ible c nce ed ac i n . We kn
hi beca e e en in he mid f mani la i e a ia chal c l e e
ill li e he bi l g f l e in f iend hi , and f iend hi a a d main f
ela i nal beha i in cc in he bi l g f l e. O , e kn h
li e in he bi l g f l e beca e e e e l ck en gh li e in i in
ea l childh d e en in he mid f a ia chal c l e beca e e
e e b n in an ndi ed m he /child ela i n f l ing ca e, beca e
he e a a lea ne ad l ha ela ed i h in he bi l g f l e.
Indeed, e ill ha e he ca aci li e in he bi l g f l e if e elea e
c l al addic i n he a ia chal demand f mi , c n l, e,
d mina i n, ab e, beca e he agg e i e ld ha he e em i n
en ail i n ba ic bi l gical ld, and a e elea e h e addi i n
he bi l g f l e ea ea n ane l .
Indeed, e kn f m bab h d h be in he bi l g f l e
beca e l e i bi l gical a ing in . We a e b n in l e, ha i , in
 he im lici ha he e i a l ing ld en ecei e , and n in
hel le ne defen ele ne in an agg e i e ld. Th , a ne b n
bab eem a : He e I am, a l ing being, and I can bec me a l ing
h man being all m life if l e me. We h man a e n ni e in hi ;
all li ing being li e in he im lici ha he ld i he e f hem a a
a adi e ha ill ide hem i h e e hing f li ing. B e ae
ecial beca e e bel ng an evolutionary history of neoteny in he
e an i n f l e and in elligence. M e e , a e h man being a e
l ing ne enic animal , l e can be c l i a ed denied in , b i d e
n need be a gh . L e i he bi l gical f ndamen f h manne ,
and e c ld n be a gh l e if e did n ha e he bi l g f i . S
e kn h c l i a e l e if e j acce he bi l g f l e beca e
l ei na al manne f being in bi l gical f ndamen . Ye , e en
h gh e a e bi l gicall l ing animal , he manne f li ing a l ing
h man being i a emic c ndi i n ha ei he i eali ed and c n e ed
emicall , i l a i i n c l i a ed and bec me e laced b he
emic c n e a i n f an he manne f li ing ha i cen e ed in me
he em i n.
We claim ha h mani e en blem ( ha i , a blem a l ng a
e ill ca e f l ing h manne beca e l e i ill a f li ing) i
ha e ha e m ch denied l e a a c n i i e fea e f
h manne h gh a ia chal li ing in c m e i i n, ab e, and
agg e i n ha e ha e alm f g en h c l i a e i a a dail
a ec f e i ence. And in he e ci c m ance e feel a l , a if e
e e de i ed f me hing ha e d n kn an m e h ec e
beca e e d n kn h ec gni e i , and e d n kn h i
h ld be a gh , e en if i can be a gh . The bi l g f l e, h gh, i
n me hing ha ha be a gh beca e i i ill he inna e bi l gical
f ndamen f e e ne b n h man child. Indeed i cann be a gh
e lici l , a if i e e me eci c beha i al e. Ra he , he bi l g
f l e can nl be c l i a ed a i e i ence can nl be eali ed
emicall in he e igene i f a li ing h man being. L e can nl be
c l i a ed denied, and i can nl be c l i a ed b li ing i .
The bi l g f l e i a emic ela i nal d namic ha can be
c l i a ed b li ing in a l ing ela i nal d main, i can be ac i el
denied b li ing in agg e i n and a gance, b i c ld n be c ea ed if i
 e e n al ead a ba ic a ec f bi l g . The ef e, if e an
child en bec me ciall ell in eg a ed elf- e ec ing ad l , h
c n e e hei Homo sapiens-amans iden i a a ma e f c e, e m
c l i a e in hem hi iden i b li ing i h hem in he bi l g f l e
f m he ea lie m men f hei li e , indeed beginning a e acce
hem a child en in he m he mb (Ve den-Z lle in Ma ana and
Ve den-Z lle , 1993.)
In he bi l gical and c l al e l i na hi ha ga e igin ,
he c n e a i n f he bi l g f l e ha been a n ane emic
ce beca e in ance dail life, i a eali ed a a c e i ence
in m al acce ance and ca e a a fea e f he de ning manne f li ing
f hei lineage. The bi l g f l e a he ac al dail li ing ha ga e
igin a he a ic la kind f bi edal ima e ha e a e. N
dail life e en in childh d i f e en l n , i bec ming n ,
beca e in he em i ning f We e n a ia chal c l e e a e nde a
c n in e e f bec ming m e and m e mani la i e, li ical,
echn l gical and c mme cial, in all a ec f c e i ence, incl ding in he
m he /child ela i n and he ed ca i nal child b inging.
If e indeed an lineage f l ing h man being c n in e e i
e m ec e he m he /child ela i n a a ela i n f al in
m al b d acce ance in f ee la a a fea e f ea l childh d a ell
a in he la e b inging f he child. And e m d b c ea ing he
e a i nal chic d namic f a dail life ha make i ible f he
m he /child ela i n a a ela i n f m al ca e and e ec be
n ane l eali ed in he Homo sapiens-amans manne f li ing a a
c l al li ing ha in l e h le life. Tha i , if e an ec e
he m he /child ela i n a a ela i n in m al e ec in al b d
acce ance, la f lne , and in he j f d ing hing ge he , e m
c ea e he chic ela i nal ace in he life f he c mm ni , incl ding
b h male and female , ha make ha na all ible. Ye , f ha
ha en, h e e , c mme cial and li ical li ing m be e elled f m he
d main f childh d and ea l h. If e an child en g a
elf-acce ing, elf- e ec ing, ciall ell-in eg a ed, e n ible ad l ,
hen li ing in he bi l g f l e m be c n e ed h gh ad l h d b
ffe ing child en a he g he f ll ibili f a c e i ence
h ne l cen e ed in elf- and cial e ec , c e a i n, and e n ibili
a na al manne f li ing b li ing i h hem in he bi l g f l e.
L ing h man beingne i c l all c n e ed a a n ane h man
li ing if e li e in he bi l g f l e. B n , in hi ical e en ,
e a e c l all den ing n ane li ing in he bi l g f l e, and
l ing h man beingne can nl be ec e ed and c n e ed in en i nall
h gh he ec i n f he amans a ec in he b inging f
child en.
L I
We ha e aid ha h manne a e a ance began li e in
lang aging a a manne f li ing c n e ed gene a i n af e gene a i n
h gh he lea ning f hei child en. M e e , e can infe f m
e en c ndi i n a alking animal , ha lang aging in ance m
ha e beg n b in l ing he d c i n f m h-m d la ed nd ha
all ed a lea in inci le f endle ec i n in he c n en al
c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f beha i and em i n f a
dail life li ed in he bi l g f l e and in imac . And e hink ha i
m ha e been beca e ance , a he began be a annah
d elle , m ha e d ced m h nd in hei c dina i n f
beha i a he m ed in in e c nnec ed mall band , e ha m ch like
ail d da . Indeed, e hink ha h manne m ha e beg n in he
c n e a i n b child en gene a i n af e gene a i n f al and ge al
c n e a i n ha c n i ed f m he e beginning al c l e a
cl ed ne k f al and ge al c n e a i n ha c dina ed he
em i ning and d ing f dail life.
When ance began li e in c n e a i n , he m ha e li ed
hei dail li e imme ed in he na al c he ence f a c mic i i al
e i ence a a ma e f c e. Onl m ch la e in he f hei c l al
hi , hen he began e ec ab hem el e and he ld he
li ed in hei dail li ing, ld ance ha e beg n ee hei
incl i n in a ne k f being ha c ld be de c ibed b hich a n
e i nable, and hich n il hen had been li ed a ma e f c e. Tha
hi m ha e been i ill a a en in he dail life and he m hical
adi i n f al c l e , hich h ha in he e c l e h man being
ill im lici l e lici l ea hem el e a in eg al c m nen f a
i i al c m , a ic la l if he ha e n been an f med h gh he
in ence f e e n a ia chal hinking. In al c l e he a a ene
f he d ing and em i ning ha c m i e dail life in he he e and n
a e a cen al a ec f hei f ndamen all i i al e i ence. In hi li ing,
he c ea ed g dde e and g d a a ec f hei chic e i ence h
e a ed b h a e ca i e c nc e i a i n f he h man a ici a i n in he
na al f he c mic c he ence f dail life, and a m ical
in men f he c n e a i n f he a a ene f ha a ici a i n.
Acc dingl , in al c l e he blem and dif c l ie ha a i e in he
dail life f a c mm ni e e li ed a e ealing a l f a a ene f he
h man a ici a i n in he c mic c he ence f all e i ence, and
ce em nie and i al e e e f med in l ing h e g dde e and g d
h gh he m ical eenac ing f ha a ici a i n i h he e f
ec e ing ha a a ene , f c n e ing i if i had n been l .
A lang aging being , e h man a e a i nal animal . Tha i , e e a e
in lang aging acc ding he c he ence f he diffe en d main f
c n en al c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f beha i ha e
gene a e a he diffe en d main f e i ence ha e li e. In al c l e
a i nali cc a a ma e f c e a i i li ed h gh a lang aging
ha ake lace in l ing he immedia e e a i nal c he ence f a dail
life li ed i h di ance be een a g men and em i n . A a e l , in
al c l e a i nali i a blending f anal gical and l cal ca al hinking
ba ed n he e an i n f he c he ence f he dail life. In he e
ci c m ance , hen in he f c e i ence e i n a i e ha demand
an e lana i n f all ha e i , a i nal a g men and em i n bec me
e a a ed f m he d ing f dail life, and a g men bec me mainl
anal gical in he c ea i n f a m hical hi . In We e n a ia chal
c l e, a i nali ha ac i ed a diffe en cha ac e .
O al c l e a e ba icall f l f he f ndamen al g dne f a li ing
c m ha incl de h man . In he e c l e life ake lace in he
e en , a a ma e f c e, and e le li e i h a en e f being
incl ded in he c he ence f life. B e m de n h man being d n li e
n ing incl i n in he n ane and c he en d namic f a
emic c mic e i ence f hich e a e a c n i i e in eg al a , and
in lack f c n dence e an c n l e e hing. Indeed, a e ha e
al ead aid, in We e n c l al hi a ia ch in d ced mi
and li ical mani la i n in dail life a a f a c n in and
 e ading ea ch f ce ain in he c e f h man e i ence, b h b
mean f a di ec c n l f h man life and h gh he a em c n l
ha i een a an opposing and aggressive nature. In hi ce , l cal
ca al ea ning ha bec me he decla ed main manne f hinking in
We e n c l e, gi ing i an ien a i n ha denie em i n in gene al,
and l e in a ic la , a he f ndamen f h manne a a i nal
being . Thi i e en in ne d main f e i ence a e li e in he
ec i e d namic f lang aging in a a g e i el m e di an f m
he immedia e c he ence f dail bi l gical li ing.
M e e , in hi m d f l cal ca al hinking and he nega i n f l e
a a f ndamen f h man e i ence, echn l g ha e anded i dail
e ence in imagina i n and in he e a i nali f dail li ing
ch an e en ha e n nl de end n i c ne e m de n h man
life, b e al ha e c me belie e ha h gh i e can c n l
e e hing, incl ding blem f h man c e i ence. B h man blem
a e em i nal, n a i nal echn l gical; he a i e hen in a e n
in a c mm ni he e a e c n ic ing de i e ha lead i e ac i n ,
n hen he e i a a i nal echn l gical inc n i enc . The ef e,
a i nali echn l g cann l e h man blem ; hei l i n ae
em i nal and a i e hen he a i de i e in he e n in he
c mm ni leading ing ac i n . Thi i e en hen
a i nali echn l g e mi gene a e me ela i nal in men
i h hich e ma e and i i n, change e ec i e, b idge
e a i nal d main in a a ha hel change em i n .
O ance in n n- a ia chal c l e li ed in a emic d namic
in e c nnec edne i hin a c m ha he e e a a e f and able
in eg a e. And a he li ed hei c mic in e c nnec edne , he li ed i in
a emic hinking f m l idimen i nal c he ence ha he kne h
e ke b c ld n de c ibe in de ail. In ha a f li ing he een
c nce ned i h c n lling he diffe en a ec f hei e i ence. The j
li ed hem; and he did h gh he c n e a i n f ac ice ha b h
c n e ed and eali ed hei ha m ni a ici a i n in he c mic
d namic f hei dail li ing in he h man c mm ni hich he
bel nged. B li ing in ch a manne a child did n ha e dif c l in
g ing a a ciall in eg a ed elf- e ec ing indi id al im lici l
e a ing a a f a h le. Indeed, in hi he d ing a a membe f he
c mm ni , he he lea ned he c he ence f dail life a a ne k f
ea ning , em i ning , and d ing ha c n e ed hi he h man
beingne . T he e en ha a he cen al m d in an al c l e,
c n lling a n he em i ning ha de ned i manne f li ing.
In he We e n a ia chal c l e ha e e en l li e, mi i he
cen al m d ha g ide ela i n , and c n l i he g nding ac i n
f dail li ing in a linea , n n- emic, hinking f ca e and effec .
B l cal linea hinking, hen li ed a he ba ic manne f hinking,
de emic nde anding, e a a ing f m dail li ing beca e
e n l nge f ll g a he emic c he ence f he ld e li e
h gh li ing i in i dail c he ence . And e ha e lea n he emic
c he ence f he ld ha e li e b e laining hem. A e li e m l
in e lana i n , e hink ha e lea n he emic c he ence f
d main f e i ence a e e lain hem i h he ec e h e f ening
dimen i n f hei mani la i n and c n l. In he d main f h man
ela i n hi ha di i e c n e ence beca e i de he
m l idimen i nali f he he b e a a ing f m he emic
c he ence e en in he immediac f dail life b b eaking i in
diffe en e f c n l. S ch manne f li ing de nega e he
bi l g f l e.
A a e l , e n l nge kn ha ha en i h child en a he
g ciall di c nnec ed in a meaningle c e i ence, a he bec me
nha being i h n en e f a ici a i n in he ld in hich he
ae ed be. N d e ee ha e de e nali e hem a e jec
hem a f e ha i ed f l ll de i e , n hei . M e e ,
b being del ded and enchan ed i h he e f l cal linea hinking
beca e f i he e an i n f ca abili ie f echn l gical de ign and
he mi e f c n l f h man ela i n ha i eem ffe , e c ea e
a nd child en a chic ace ha c n in l nega e hem in he
nega i n f he bi l g f l e. S child en ch e ea ch f hei
n e ence in he e en m men h gh d g , gang , de ai . The
ha e l inn cence beca e he n l nge .
We m de n h man being a e em i nal animal aliena ed b he belief
ha a ia chal l cal linea hinking all e lain and c n l
e e hing in a linea ca al manne , aking be nd n eliable
em i nal na e hile e anding nde anding f el e . B
linea ca al hinking d e n b i elf lead he e an i n f
nde anding in gene al, n f he nde anding f el e in
a ic la . Indeed, he nde anding f el e a h man being e i e
b h emic anal gical and l cal linea ca al hinking. Unde anding
cc a e lace kn ledge in a ide c n e ha gi e i
c nnec edne a ne k f emic ela i n . Unde anding a i e in
an e a i n in he em i nal d main ha elea e h ld n l cal
linea hinking.
Em i n c n i e he ela i nal g nding n hich e li e e e
in an f life, and all ea ning and all he a i nal em ha e
de el and n ba ic emi e ha e acce a priori a e e i n f
de i e efe ence in he f em i ning. M e e ,
de ending n h e nd el e in em i ning e can be emic
linea in ea ning and hinking. In emic hinking e g a
he c he ence f incl i n in he bi he e and c m , and e
e a e acc ding he c n g a i n f ela i n ha e ab ac
c n ci l and nc n ci l f m he c he ence f li ing. B in
emic hinking e d n ee he l cal c nca ena i n ha c n i e
he ne k f emic ela i n in hich e make emic
ab ac i n , and al h gh e can di ing i h hem, e d n nde and
h he a i e. In l cal linea hinking e anal e ne k f emic
ela i n in li ing ha e d n ee ec gni e a ch, and
dec m e hem in l cal linea iece ha a ea in hei l cali
e eal he ca al f ndamen f he ce e f e i ence, b c ing
hei emic c he ence . The e manne f hinking ha e diffe en
e ence in dail life acc ding h e li e em i ning, and e
eak f i d m hen e li e hem in an in eg a ed manne . The e a i n
f nde anding e i e b h ( ee A endi 5.)
Wi h e en nde anding f he bi l g f l e e ae n
bec ming a a e ha he ce f dif c l ie in We e n a ia chal
c l e i ha beca e f all- e ading de i e f c n l, e ha e
bec me aliena ed b he ed c i n f he effec i ene f l cal linea
hinking in he d main f de ign. Th gh ha aliena i n e ha e bec me
g ea l blind he e ence and he need f emic anal gical hinking
f he nde anding f li ing being in gene al, and f li ing a
h man being in a ic la . M e e , in blindne e d n ee ha i
i hi blindne ha c n i e dif c l in he c n e a i n f l ing
h manne beca e e d n ee ha he bi l g f l e i he bi l gical
e a i nal f nda i n f h manne , n d e ee ha c n l de
he bi l g f l e and in imac . B e en gi en hi aliena i n, he
f ndamen al em i nal need f he bi l g f l e i e en in ha
e ill ea n f i in dail life, and a l ng a hi i eaen
all l and e can ill a em c n e e l ing h manne . Since e
ae e n all aliena ed, e ill can in eg a e emic and linea
a i nali h gh a change in a i de if e elea e de i e f c n l,
and in d ing e c ld c n e e l ing h manne in a a ene ha he
bi l g f l e and in imac i f ndamen . Tha , indeed, ld be a
c l al change f n li le magni de.
O C a E
We claim ha ha ne di ing i he hen di ing i hing a c l e i a
cl ed ne k f c n e a i n a a cl ed ne k f c dina i n f
lang aging and em i ning. Thi h e a ha a c l e i a cl ed
ne k f c n e a i n , and diffe en c l e a e diffe en cl ed
ne k f c n e ai n emicall c n e ed h gh hei ac al
eali a i n in he li ing f a c llec i n f lang aging being . A ch,
diffe en c l e a e diffe en manne f li ing a diffe en ne k f
em i ning and d ing ha c n e e diffe en ela i nal iden i ie in he
lang aging being ha eali e hem. D e i emic cha ac e , a c l e
i b h he eali a i n f a manne f li ing and he medi m in hich he
lang aging being ha eali e i li e. S a c l e i b h he medi m f
eali a i n f he li ing f he gani m ha li e i , and he ac al
in e ela i nal li ing f h e ame gani m . Th a c l e c n i e he
m l idimen i nal c n ci and nc n ci chic ela i nal ace in
hich he lang aging being h eali e i li e and bec me membe fi.
When a c l e i n c n e ed, d e i emic hi ical na e i
di a ea ih an ibili f ec e , and he kind f beingne
gene a ed and c n e ed in i eali a i n al di a ea .
D e he emic c n e a i n f he manne f li ing n genic
hen e, and beca e c l al li ing i a fea e f he n genic
hen e f lang aging being like , c l al li ing i manne f
c n e ai n f ganic iden i , and c l al eali a i n i a f
 he c n e a i n f h man bi l gical iden i . Acc dingl , e h man
being a e emic being h ha e a i en and a e eali ed and c n e ed
c l all in ch a a ha he c al d namic f b d h d,
h i l g , gene ic , and he chic ela i nal ace ha e li e ha
a i en h gh he emic c l al c n e a i n f he bi l g f l e and
in imac al ng he e l i na hi f he lang aging bi edal ima e
lineage hich e h man bel ng. A e l i n f ll he a h f
c n e a i n f manne f li ing and f a ia i n n he manne f li ing
al ead c n e ed, and n he a h f c n e a i n f he gene ic
c n i i n hei a ia i n , e l i n f ll he c e f ha
emain emicall c n e ed ( h i l gicall , ana micall , and
gene icall ) gene a i n af e gene a i n h gh he eali a i n f each
c n e ed a ia i n f he manne f li ing c n e ed in he c n i i n f
lineage . In he d , a a ne lineage a i e , i d e emicall c -
ing all gene ic a ia i n nde he eali a i n f h e fea e f he
manne f li ing ha de ne i , he lineage di a ea . And hi i
beca e gene ic a ia i n c n i e he ibili f a ia i n in he
e igene ic c e li ed b he membe f a lineage, and hence, f ne
manne f li ing ha , if he e e in hei n al be emicall
c n e ed h gh e d c i n, ld gi e i e a ia i n in he iginal
lineage, me ne lineage al ge he . In he e ci c m ance , in he
e l i na hi f a lineage he h l genic d if f he gen e
f ll he h l genic d if f he manne f li ing ( n genic
hen e) c n e ed in he emic c n e a i n f he lineage.
Thi ha ha ened and ha en in he e l i na h l genic d if f
Homo sapiens-amans lineage a in an he lineage. I i beca e f hi
ha i i al a ible ha he emic c n e a i n f agg e i n a a
c l al manne f li ing ma e l in a a h f gene ic d if ha facili a e
he c n e a i n f agg e i n a an ad l manne f li ing. O , aid
di ec l , if li ing in agg e i n e e be c l all c n e ed l ng en gh,
hen he an f ma i n, eali a i n, and c n e a i n f he ld hich
a i e h gh ha manne f li ing in in e la i h he gene ic d if
b gh ab b ha manne f li ing, c ld e l in he a i ing f a ne
lineage ha b anche ff he Homo sapiens-amans lineage, e lace i ,
f ll ing a diffe en e l i na a h. Indeed, a i i he manne f li ing
c l all c n e ed ha de ne he c e f h man e l i n, i i
 ible ha in man cca i n al ng he c e f h man hi e e al
diffe en Homo lineage ha e c e i ed a an ime, and ha ne f hem i
n Homo sapiens-aggressans ( ee al B nnell, 1997).
We h man animal n d b ha e he gene ic c n i i n ha e mi
de el , li e, and c l all c n e e a gance and agg e i n a a
manne f li ing, ha he h le ld ha e li e bec me an f med
acc dingl , b i a n a gance and agg e i n ha de ned he
e l i na end ha ga e igin h man being . L e a he
em i n ha f m he beginning c n i ed he c e f he manne f li ing
ha de ned lineage. Ye , a gance, agg e i n, g eedine , i lence,
ab e, mi , indiffe ence, and f h can be c l all c l i a ed a
manne f li ing, and gi e i e a ne Homo sapiens lineage, a ell a
he ld c ng en i h i ha ha manne f li ing gene a e . Indeed,
an manne f li ing ha d e n kill he Homo sapiens being ha e a e
bef e i i emicall e d ced h gh being li ed b i child en, can
gi e igin a ne c l e and a ne bi l gical lineage.
O C
S fa , a gance, agg e i n, mi , i lence, g eedine , and
indiffe ence he he a e nl ci c m an ial c l al aliena i n in
h man manne f li ing. B f h l ng? Thei c l al c l i a i n and
c n e a i n ma e en all e l in he l f l ing h man beingne a
a gance, agg e i n, ab e, i lence, and indiffe ence he h man
being and he bi he e bec me he ba ic g iding em i n in an
e l i na hi cen e ed in he emic c l al c n e a i n f he
denial f he bi l g f l e. We can d n hing ha gene ic
c n i i nd e n e mi , b gene ic c n i i n d e n ecif
ha e ill d ha ill ha en al ng li e , n ha gene ic
c n i i n ill be c n e ed in he f gene a i n . Wha e d al ng
li e ha ha en in al ng li ing a i e in an e igene ic
manne in he c n ingencie f dail in e ac i n in he ld ha e
c ea e h gh li ing. Gene ic d e n de e mine , b i i a cen al
a ec f ha make ible a bi l gical being . In he e
ci c m ance , i i beca e e a e bi l gicall l ing animal ha e
bec me ill and di a ea a l ing h man being in he denial f he
bi l g f l e.
 Acc dingl , if e an c n e e l ing h manne , e ha e
c n e e he bi l g f l e c l all (in e igene i ), and d ha
e ha e c n e e c l all he c ndi i n nde hich child en ma
g na all a elf- e ec ing, ciall c n ci , c age , h ne ,
in elligen , and e n ible l ing h man being . And d , e, he n
li ing h man ad l , m gene a e h gh dail li ing he chic
ela i nal ace f he bi l g f l e a nd child en a he c l al
chic ace in hich he bec me ad l . Li ing in h c i , e en e,
and a ea ance , ill n f ee f m ch a e n ibili if e an
c n e e l ing h manne . D e hei Homo sapiens-amans bi l g ,
h man child en g , ne c ld a , a e e in de ec ing em i n and
em i nal c n adic i n , ha he di c e immedia el em i nal
lie , and hen he d , di a ea , cial life begin be e ded
and e en all di in eg a e . H ne i nece a f elf- e ec and
m al , and he ef e, f cial life cc . Indeed, al h gh he
bi l gical f ndamen ha c n i e he ibili f l ing
h manne a e gene ic, eali a i n a ch in ana m ,
h i l g , and beha i i c l al, and l ing h manne m be
li ed c l all f Homo sapiens-amans bi l g (gene ic , ana m
and h i l g ) be, in fac , emicall c n e ed in bi l gical
e l i n.
We h man being a e l ing animal e en h gh e ma bec me
aliena ed h gh a gance, agg e i n, g eed, and i lence, hen e a e
e ed a c l al li ing cen e ed in a gance, agg e i n, g eed, and
i lence. Indeed, ha e a e l ing animal i and ill be a ing
c ndi i n a h man being f he sapiens-amans lineage a l ng a e
c n e e he bi l g f l e in dail li ing. B , a e ha e j aid,
h manne , like an he bi l gical iden i , i c n e ed in he
c n e a i n f he manne f li ing hich de ne i , and ince
sapiens-amans iden i i c l al and e li e imme ed in a a ia chal
c l e ha denie he bi l g f l e, e can g n being Homo sapiens-
amans nl if e an i . Onl if e an c ne e Homo sapiens-
amans c ndi i n and li e acc dingl , ill sapiens-amans lineage be
c n e ed. Onl if e le de i e c n e e el e a Homo sapiens-
amans bec me a c n ci efe ence hich g ide li ing b ch ing
a e e m men l e e c n l, and b ch ing emic nde anding
in e laced i h linea hinking in ca e, e fai h in echn l g and he
de ign f h man ela i n f he l i n f blem , nl hen ill
Homo sapiens-amans c ndi i n be c n e ed beca e e li e a ch.
Onl if e efe mi , e n ibili h ci ,
c llab a i n, ha ing, and a ici a i n g eedine , e and bedience
a e c ea e he ld ha e c ea e a e li e a sapiens-amans h man
being , nl hen ill Homo sapiens-amans be c n e ed in h man
bi l gical and i i al e l i n ( ee A endi 6.)
F a C
We ha e c me he end f hi e a and e can deal n i h he
e i n ha e f m la ed a he e beginning. H i i ha e ca e
f he he ? H i i ha e ha e e hical c nce n ? H i i ha m ,
if n all, h man ffe ing a i e h gh he nega i n f he bi l g f
l e, and i c ed h gh i e i i n? H i i ha l e i he
medicine? The an e ha e ha e de el ed h gh hi e a i ha
h manne a e, and ha been c n e ed h gh he li ing f
ance in he bi l g f l e and in imac , and ha he bi l g f l e
and in imac i he bi l gical f ndamen f c nce n f he he ( f
ha e e kind, li ing and n li ing) f e hical beha i , and f
h i l gical, ela i nal and i i al ha m n .
Ph i l gicall e a e cial l e-de enden animal , m ch ha e
bec me ill and cial life a all age i di ed, hen e a e de i ed
f l e. Ph i l gical ha m n i a emic fea e f he eali a i n f he
manne f li ing f an gani m and d e n ake lace a an a ec f he
b d d namic all inde enden f he in e ac i n f he gani m and
he medi m. All e n ca ing f he ell-being f an he kn ha hi
i indeed he ca e. Wha e d n all kn f ll nde and,
h e e , i he emic d namic in l ed in he h i l g f an
gani m, and e d n all kn nde and hi beca e h gh
belief in linea ca ali e We e n a ia chal c l e, e
gene all d n lea n hink emicall . Li ing in he bi l gie f l e
and in imac a an in e e nal emic ela i nal d namic ake lace in
h gh he eali a i n f h i l gical emic d namic , and,
acc dingl , b h h i l gical and ela i nal d namic ake lace
 emicall in e ela ed in ch a a ha if ne i al e ed, he he i
al e ed, .
In he e ci c m ance , al e a e ab ac i n ha e make f
eai n a cial being in he bi l g f l e; he ef e, al e d n
e i b in hem el e . O , in he d , al e a e decla a i n f
in ended de i ed manne f h man c e i ence ha e make beca e
e ca e f he he . A ch, al e d n ha e c m elling e b
hem el e , and hi i h he ha e be c l i a ed a a ec f he
a i f li ing if e an he ac i n ha en ail he de i ed manne f
c e i ence be n ane a ec f dail li ing. In he e
ci c m ance he bi l g f l e i he f ndamen f all al e , ha e e
hei c l al f m. I i he bi l g f l e and he bi l g f in imac ha
ha made he a ic la kind f bi edal ima e ha e a e, h man
being f he amans lineage, and i i he ec i e c n e a i n f he
bi l gie f l e and in imac ha make he bi l gical and c l al
c n e a i n f l ing h manne ible. F he m e, ha hi i
d e n den ha e, a h man being , a e c l al being , b hi d e
de ne he d main f c l al change ha e ma nde g and ill emain
h man being f he amans kind. An a ic la manne f being h man i
c l al. M de n a ia ch , i h i c n adic demand f e ec f
h man igh e en in a (a a al he ca e in he Fl al Wa f he
A ec ), i c l al. Val e , a e ha e j aid, a e c l al; he elf i
c l al; meaning i c l al; and l ing h manne a bi l gical
manne f being i c l al - and i c n e ed l in he c l al
c l i a i n denial f he bi l g f l e.
We h man can li e and c n e e an c l e ha d e n kill bef e
i emic e d c i n and c n e a i n in he lea ning f child en.
Thi i he e a i nal f ndamen f he hi f c l al di e i ca i n
f h mani . F he m e, e h man can gene a e a i nal he ie
j if all de i e ha e e he ma be. Thi ha al a been a fea e
f h man hi , b h e lici l and im lici l , b a ic la l d ing
E ean a ia chal hi . In hi c l e e e lici l e ea ning
m d la e em i ning, na a e ha in d ing e a e al
m d la ing ea ning h gh em i ning in a manne ha f he
aliena i n f m he bi l g f l e and in imac ha e lea n a
child en. We a e a a e f hi n , and a a e ha e a e a a e. Wha e
d ih a a ene f a a ene , i ba ic e n ibili in he
e en m men f h man hi .
Calling a en i n he g nding f al e , e hic , and h man beingne
in he bi l g f l e and in imac i n den he c l al hen menal
d main a he d main f h man li ing h gh me f bi l gical
ed c i ni m. C l e a e bi l gical hen mena beca e he ake lace
h gh he li ing f li ing em, b c l al hen mena ake lace in a
d main f c n e a i n , hich i a diffe en d main han he m lec la
d main f he eali a i n f he li ing. Li ing ake lace in he m lec la
d namic ha e l in he c n i i n f m lec la a ie ic em ,
and c l e ake lace in he ela i nal d namic f lang age f he
a ic la kind f m lec la a ie ic being h li e in lang age. O
aim in hi e a a e e ec n he bi l gical g nding f h man
c l al being ha been e and nde anding f he kind f li ing
em ha e a e a h man being in he ela i nal d main, and call
in a a ene he eali a i n ha a ch e a e l ing being h
de end n l e f e i ence beca e e bel ng an e l i na
end in he ima e lineage in hich l e, and n agg e i n. ha been he
g nding em i n in bec ming h man . We al an b ing he
f e he a a ene ha hi i e en h gh bi l gicall e a e ca able f
being aliena ed h gh agg e i n, a gance, ha e, ab e, i lence, and
e, in ela i n he li ing being , h man and n , and e en
el e . Finall , e in he e e ec i n ha al been call in
a a ene he a a ene ha hen e li e, he a nd li e in
i lence, ab e, mi , a gance, and m al denial, e d n like i ,
and e bec me ill d me hing ec e he bi l g f l e in
a nd a d main f e i ence. We hink ha he fac ha e beha e
in hi a e eal ha a h man being e a e l e-de enden animal .
S ill, a f ndamen al e i n emain ha can be e e ed in e e al
f m:
H i i ha c n ci acce ance f incl i n in he c he ence
f na e ( he bi he e, he c m ), me hing ance did
im lici l and nc n ci l , e and i i n and emic
nde anding?
 H can e acce incl i n ih being a ed in a linea
hinking ha e al an e and n den ?
H d e he bi l g f l e in eali a i n a h man being e and
nde anding f incl i n in he bi he e and c m , he ea
a ia chal ca al linea l cal hinking nde he de i e f c n l and
d mina i n limi i ?
We can an e he e e i n h gh he in eg a i n f emic and
ca al linea l cal hinking ha he e ec i n ha e ha e made al ng hi
e a enable add e .
L e, in he acce ance f he legi imac f all e i ence, and in he
ha e a e a na al a f hi e i ence, en g a he c he ence
f he bi he e and he c m b le ing ab ac he e c he ence
f m he c he ence f li ing i h he e ic i n f mi and
he de i e f c n l. In d ing, e ab ac f m he c he ence f
li ing diffe en kind f eg la i ie , and e li e i h hem and h gh
hem f m la ing diffe en kind f la ha a l in he diffe en d main
f e e ien ial c he ence f m hich he e e ab ac ed (Ma ana,
2000). A ha ha en , e nd el e being e a i nal c m nen f
a hi icall emic c m , a he han a f a c ngl me a e f
inde enden n ela ed e en . O ance ee a ae f ch
in e c nnec edne a a fea e f ha he a in hei dail li ing, a
he did n ee hem el e f ndamen all diffe en f m he li ing
being . Wi h ha a a ene , e en if e m l d n cann ee he
manne f m f in e c nnec i n f he diffe en e en in hei l cal
de ail , e can ee hei in e de endencie a d namic a e n f ela i n ,
and e can in e iga e h e l cal de ail i h bec ming blind ab he
ali ha he in eg a e. A ance li ed, eeing h e a e n f
in e ela i n i h being blinded b he belief ha l cal ela i n e e
e e hing, he c ld f ll e hei anal gical a i nal hinking eci el
beca e i a alid in he c he en hi ical d namic hich he kne
he bel nged. L e i i i na , n blind, beca e i libe a e in elligence
and e and c e i ence in c e a i n a i e and he d main in hich
ne em e a e . L e e and he d main in hich
ne em ab ac c he ence f m li ing.
 In a ia chal linea a i nal hinking, mi and he de i e f c n l
e ic he ien a i n f ga e, and e ee mainl l cal ca al
in e c nnec i n , g ea l blinding el e he emic ne k f
ela i n in hich he e cc . A a e l , e a en i n m l n
he l cal ca al c nnec i n be f nd in he e ic ed d main ha e
belie e gi e ce ain f he c n l f he c me f ac i n b
ecif ing ha d main, and e e en iall blind el e i h e ec
he emic e an e ha d e n a i f e ec a i n in hich ha
l cali ha a legi ima e e ence. The e l f he de i e f c n l, i ha
e an kn in de de ign em ( i a i n , machine ) ha ill
gi e ce ain in he c me f d ing . The de i e f c n l
h gh linea a i nal hinking, hich i he f ndamen al a ia chal
aliena i n, blind , e ic in elligence, and channel c e i ence
and d ing in he limi ing a h f a c n in ea ch f c m elling
a g men and f he f ndamen f an cenden al ef cien ac i n .
Pe ha he bea f e i ence a h man being i ha a e ab ac
he c he ence f li ing, e di c e ha he a l in an e anding
d main f ela i n ha e mi ee ha e a e a fa emic
bi he e and a emic c m in hich anal gical and ca al ea ning
a e b h alid if e e a e i h hem in he e emic nde anding
f he e he a l . The e a i n f he ne em a a de ec f
en effec c ela i n ha a i e a he en and effec face
f he gani m in he f i enc n e i h i niche i ha e mi
he gani m e a e making di inc i n f l cal and emic ela i n
in i d main f e i ence ( ee A endi 6). In he e ci c m ance , he
emic l cal ela i n ha an gani m di ing i he in i li ing
de end n he f i em i ning a em i n e and e ic he
dimen i n f he enc n e f he gani m and he medi m. Th , he
bi l g f l e, h gh he e a i n in ha i en ail , en
in elligence and e and i i n a c m nen f he ne k f
emic c he ence f he bi he e and c m ha e in eg a e a li ing
and lang aging animal . A l ing animal e h man being a e
a ic la l end ed i h he abili ee and ab ac fea e f h e
emic c he ence h gh e a i n a a ici an in hem, and a
lang aging being e can e hem in e laining and nde anding.
B a he ame ime, a ia chal l cal ca al hinking and ea ning,
 h gh he e ic i e cha ac e f i b dina i n he de i e f
c n l, e ic ie l cal a iali ie in he ne k f emic
c he ence hich e bel ng. N , h e e , h gh nde anding
f f ndamen in he bi l g f l e, e can a id he a f he de i e
f c n l, and e can bec me f ee in eg a e emic and linea a i nal
hinking a e ha e d ne in hi e a . F he m e, b d ing e
bec me f ee li e he e an i n f in elligence ha he bi l g f l e
b ing in , a ell a eali e he c n e a i n f l ing h manne in
dail life.
 5: O
A he beginning f hi e a e ed e en a manne f
e laining, ie ing, and nde anding he c n i i n, igin, and
c n e a i n f l ing h manne a he Homo sapiens-amans lineage f
bi edal ima e hich e bel ng. We ha e d ne hi b h ing he
ible e a i n f ne en and he bi l gie f l e and in imac in he
e abli hmen f lineage and f a ic la iden i a h man being .
In hi ce e ha e ed ha e h man being a e a e al,
en al, and ende lang aging bi edal ima e , and ha hi i ha e
ill a e - fa . F he m e b a g ing ab he igin f h manne in
he bi l gie f l e and in imac , e ha e h n ha h man being , like
all li ing being , a e emic en i ie ha b ing f h hei ld and
c n e e i a he li e, b li ing a he kind f being ha he a e.
M e e , e ha e al a g ed ha al h gh e a e lang aging bi edal
ima e h li e and e i in c n e a i n , bec ming h man ha n been
he e l f a hi ff na e gene ic m a i n e l elec ed, b
a he he e l f a hi f emic c n e a i n f a manne f li ing
eali ed and c n e ed h gh a emic d namic ha c - all gene ic
a ia i n ha d n ha en den i eali a i n and c n e a i n. Th ,
e ha e a g ed ha l ing h manne i he e l f a ima e
e l i na hi in he c n e a i n f a manne f li ing ha en ail
e ali , en ali and ende ne , en ined in he dail li ing in he
bi l gie f l e and in imac . L ing h manne i , ne c ld a
e icall , a k f ae he ic a a life li ed in a l ing, ea c he ence
i h he c m (bi he e) ha make ch a life ible. Indeed,
en ali , ende ne , and e ali , b aided in a l ing c e i ence, a e
ch ba ic fea e f h manne ha e ha e in en a i nal and
i a i nal a g men mani la e em i ning ha e ma den in
dail li ing an all h e h man dimen i n hen e an e
and c n l. And e manage d , ba el i ing i h me mea e
f cial in eg i in he a ia chal c l e in hich m f he h man
kind li e da , beca e e ac a if e belie ed h e a g men , e en
h gh e kn hem be in alid. Beca e e kn h e a g men
be in alid in he nc n ci dimen i n f he chic ace ha e
lea ned in childh d, n and hen e nd en gh c age e ec
 em i n , and e ca i l acce l e a a ba i f he ea ning
ha ell ha c llab a i n i cl e in ima e bi l gical elf han
c m e i i n and agg e i n.
N , and ega dle f ha e e el e e ma i h d , c n in e a
Homo sapiens-amans, e m c n e e li ing a en al, e al, and
ende l ing being in ac al ec l gical c he ence i h he ld ha e
b ing ab in li ing. And, m e e , e ha e d hile e a e
a a e ha he ld e b ing ab , and i h hich e ha e be in
ec l gical and i i al c he ence, i ne in hich e a e a a e ha e
b ing ab he ld ha e li e h gh c n ci and nc n ci
chic e i ence, a e a ici a e in he diffe en c n e a i n ha e
li e. A e ha e aid al ead , in he e en m men f c l al hi ,
Homo sapiens-amans iden i m be li ed a a de i ed k f h man
a , ha i , a a d c f he ae he ic f in en i nall li ing a Homo
sapiens-amans. We ill emain Homo sapiens-amans nl if e an ,
beca e nl hen ill e c n e e he emic d namic ha eali e and
c n e e hi manne f li ing. O he i e, e ill di a ea a Homo
sapiens-amans, and a diffe en lineage ill e lace , hile e j ani h
in he f he bi l gical and c l al e l i na d if in hich e li e
ih e en being a a e f ha i ha ening.
Pe ha he lang aging bi edal ima e ha a e al ng i h a
b anching f he Homo em f lineage ha e al ead di a ea ed
beca e he did n c n e e, a he cen e f hei manne f li ing,
en ali , e ali , and ende ne b aided in a l ing dail life f
ec l gical c he ence i h hem el e in he ld he e e b inging
ab . B n d ing ha , he ma ha e de ed hem el e b endle
ife, he ma ha e b gh ab hei n de c i n b facili a ing
ec l gical change in hich hei manne f li ing c ld n be c n e ed.
Thi ma ha e ha ened hile he Homo being li ed in c e a i n
a he han in c m e i i n f e and d mina i n and h managed
c n e e a he f ndamen f hei li ing ge he he bi l g f l e and
in imac in he changing ld ha he hem el e e e b inging ab .
E l i n, he ce f na al d if , d e n in an lineage nle
ha lineage c me an end.
Vi i n, nde anding, f e igh , elf-c n ci ne , and i d m a e
fea e f a manne f li ing, n fea e f he h i l gical
ana mical c n i i n f an animal, e en h gh he a e ible h gh
i h i l gical and ana mical c n i i n. The ld ha an animal,
h man n n-h man, li e , a i e a an e an i n f i b d h d a a
ace f (e e nal and in e nal) ela i n gene a ed h gh i en and
effec c ela i n . M e e , he ld ha e h man being li e ha
ela i nal fea e e e i ing in c n e a i n ha can
ec i el gene a e endle l diffe en d main f eali ie ha bec me c -
ed a dimen i n a f he ld in hich e eali e li ing. A
a e l f hi emic c ndi i n, h man e i ence i ne in hich e
can li e ha e e ld e b ing ab in c n e a i n , e en if i i a
ld ha nall de a he kind f being ha e a e. Indeed, hi
ha been hi ince igin a lang aging being ; namel , a
hi f ec i e c ea i n f ne d main f e i ence a diffe en
ne k f c n e a i n ha en ail diffe en d main f di inc i n ,
ela i nal e a i n , and e lana i n ( elf-a a ene , a a ene f dea h,
a a ene f in men , a a ene f he blic bjec , a a ene f
echn l g , and elf c n ci ne ). B i i al a e l f h man
hi in bec ming e ec ing, elf-c n ci , and elf-a a e being ,
ha i i nl e h can, h gh elf-c n ci in en i nal ac i n ,
change he c e f he li e ha e li e. I i nl e a elf-c n ci
being h can , if e i h, an ec i e nidi ec i nal ce e
ha e ha e gene a ed, and ha ma ha e ca a hic c n e ence f
he emic d namic f he f n e i ence and he e i ence f
he li ing being in he bi he e. And hi i beca e i i nl e
h can ac in he nde anding f he emic na e f all ce in he
bi he e, and i i nl h can de i e n de l ing h manne
beca e e like and e ec c ndi i n f being Homo sapiens-amans.
The c mic c al d if cc in a cha ic d namic f c n in
n ane c al change in hich l cal, d namicall able i a i n
f ing la de a i e f m n hingne (n - hingne ). In c n e a i n
ab cha ic d namic , ch i a i n a e called ange a ac , b
he a e n hing m e han he n ane c n i i n f ing la
d namic en i ie h gh he c n e a i n f d namic ela i n . Th e
d namic able i a i n la a l ng a he c ndi i n f hei
c n e a i n ake lace, and hen h e c ndi i n di a ea , he
di in eg a e. A ie i c ld be een in hi a , and ne c ld a ha
a ie i i a ange a ac in a cha ic d namic . The ame c ld be
aid f an kind ecie f li ing em , f c l e, em f
c l e . Indeed, an emic ing la i i an a ac ha a i e in an
he i e ( c e-de e mined) cha ic d namic . B in ing ha
al ne d e n e l in an e an i n f nde anding f he d main f
e i ence f an en i . The d main f e i ence f an en i i he d main
f he ela i nal d namic in hich i cc and i c n e ed; and an en i
i c n e ed a l ng a he ela i nal d namic ha c n i e i i
c n e ed. M e e , a an b e e di ing i he a em en i , he
he make an e a i n f di inc i n ha im lie he e a i n f he
ela i n f c n i i n f he em en i . One c ld a ha he
ac al e a i n f a em en i i ha e eal i and he ibili f
i de c i i n. The ame ha en i h h man being h e i and a e
be een and nde d in he ela i nal d main ha he gene a e and in
hich he a e c n e ed h gh hei eai n a ch. O , in he
d , i i in he d main in hich e e i a l ing h man being he e
ha e d c n e e denie a Homo sapiens-amans, and i i he e
he e e can ch e ha d . In gene al e m , hene e in a c llec i n
f elemen a ce ain c n g a i n f d namic ela i n begin be
c n e ed, e e hing el e bec me en change ( ee A endi 10).
The ef e, e a h man being a e n a ed in he de in f an
nc n ci c m , e en h gh e a e a f i , eci el beca e e
a e elf-c n ci and i i beca e e a e elf-c n ci a f i ha e
can c n e e l ing h manne a a emic d namic iden i b li ing a
ch. If e ch e li e a Homo sapiens-amans, hen l ing h manne
ill be c n e ed, and e e hing el e ill change a nd i c n e a i n.
We d n kn he he n he e a e he elf-c n ci being in
he c m ha e b ing ab a e e i a elf-c n ci h man . I i
m likel ha he e a e, b a e a e elf-c n ci being , e eali e
he ibili and he e a i nali f elf-c n ci ne in c m .
T a hi i n ani , b a a ene f he ec lia i f elf-
c n ci l ing h man e i ence a bi l gical em . In man m ical
adi i n n di ed b he e en e f ab l e an cenden al
kn ledge, he i i al e e ience i li ed a an e e ience f iden i
i h a l ing and ca ing c mic c ndi i n ha e ade all e i ence. Tha
hi c ndi i n i f e en l ea ed a e e en ing an inde enden being
 all called G d, h , e hink, ca e and a e in he face f he
e helming cha ac e f ch e e ience in a ia chal c l e. Ye ,
ha i cen al in ha e e ience i ha i i an e e ience f l e a he
f ndamen f h man e i ence.
N d b eaking i h he f eed m f e ec i n a e ha e d ne in hi
e a ma be aken a n cien i c, a if ma e ch a l e, e hic , and
i i al e e ience e e n bi l gical hen mena. The a e. In hi
e a e ha e n ed an ima n n-bi l gical n i n a an a g men
f ha e ha e aid, and in i l e and e hic ha e a ea ed a fea e f
bi l gical d namic . We d n ec mmend l e, b e a ha
ih l e a a bi l gical hen men n he e i n cial e i ence. The e
i n e hical im e a i e, b ih e hic a a bi l gical c n e ence f a
h man li ing in he bi l g f l e, he e i n Homo sapiens-amans.
F ede ick Nie che e in Thus Spake Zaratustra: G d i dead . We
efe hink ha e h man being f he amans lineage ha e fallen
a lee ; le n a aken. We h man being a e n g d , b e ae
Homo sapiens-amans, and e a e a a e n ha f ndamen i he
bi l g f l e and in imac .
 A
1: Sc cE a a
Science i a a ic la em f e lana i n f h man e e ience . Man
cien i c n ide ha cience i a dial g e i h na e, and ha h gh
ha dial g e cien i nd he la ha le i . I hink diffe en l . I hink
ha if ne c n ide ha a cien i d e in fac , ne nd ha ha a
cien i d e i e lain hi he e e ience a a h man being in he a
a ic la cien i c e lana i n . F he m e, I nd ha in d ing a
cien i d e n e lain he hen mena f an inde enden eali , b
a he he d main f he e e ience ha he he li e a a h man being.
A life ha en , na e ha en a all ha e can li e in he
man diffe en ela i nal d main hich e li e a h man being . In ha
f ll I hall n e ec n eali ; I hall e ec n ha e d a e
make e lana i n .
One f he dif c l ie ha i al a e en hen ne a em e lain
an e e ience i ha f kn ing hen ne ha , in fac , e lained ha ne
an e lain. Wi h he a a ene f hi dif c l in mind, le me a a
fe d ab e lana i n in gene al, and ab cien i c e lana i n
in a ic la .
We lea n a h me d ing ea l childh d a e li e i h a en
ha an e lana i n i a a ic la kind f an e a a ic la kind f
e i n a e i n ha a k h hing , e en , hen mena, , in gene al
e m , he e e ience f he b e e c me ab . Said m e eci el , e
lea n in childh d, al h gh m l nc n ci l in he me e c e f
li ing i h famil , ha an e lana i n i an an e a e i n
ab he igin f me a ic la e e ience f he b e e ha i a ked
in ch a a ha i e lici l im lici l demand an an e ha a i e
he f ll ing c ndi i n :
1. The an e m c n i in he i i n f a mechani m ce
ha , if i e e all ed e a e, ld gi e i e in he b e e a a e l
fi eai n he e e ience ha he he an e lain;
2. The gene a i e mechani m ce ed a an an e m be
acce ed a d ing ha i claim d b an b e e , h c ld be he
ame e n ha e i , beca e i a i e me he c ndi i n ha
he he in hi he li ening.
When he e c ndi i n a e a i ed, he ed gene a i e
mechani m ce bec me he e lana i n f he e e ience be
e lained f he b e e be e h acce i .
The e a e h ee ba ic c n e ence he fac ha e lana i n m
a i f he c ndi i n indica ed ab e. The i ha ince an
e lana i n c n i in a gene a i e mechani m acce ed a gi ing i e
he e e ience ( ha i , hen men n) e lained a a c n e ence f i
e a i n in a diffe en e a i nal d main han he ne in hich i ake
lace, e lana i n a e n ed c i ni e a i n . E lana i n d n
c n i in e e ing he e e ience ( hen men n) ha i be e lained in
m e f ndamen al e m (e e ience hen mena): an explanation is the
description of a generative mechanism that as a result of its operation gives
rise to the phenomenon to be explained in a different phenomenal domain
than the one in which it itself takes place. The ec nd c n e ence, i ha
e lana i n e abli h gene a i e ela i n be een hen menal d main
ha d n in e ec and a e e a i nall inde enden . A gene a i e
ela i n i a c n c i e ela i n, n a ded c i e ind c i e ne. Thi
mean ha ne cann ded ce f m he beha i f a h le ha i
c m i i n i , and ne ha dec m e i if ne an ee h i i
made. Simila l , i i f hi ame ea n ha ne cann ded ce he h le
j b l king a he c m nen ; ne ha d he c m ing and hen
l k a i . In de nde and a gene a i e ela i n ne need a d ble
l k; ne m l k a he gene a i e ce and a i c n e ence
inde enden l beca e he ha en in diffe en n n-in e ec ing
hen menal d main . The b e e m l k a he c m nen in he
d main in hich he e i and a he h le in he d main in hich i e i
in de ee he gene a i e ela i n ha h ld be een hem. The hi d
c n e ence i ha he e a e n e lana i n b hem el e ; e lana i n
a e in e e nal ela i n . A gene a i e mechani m i n b i elf an
e lana i n f an hing. A gene a i e mechani m m be acce ed b an
b e e a d ing ha i claim in he c n e f an e ing a e i n ha
demand an e lana i n a an an e bec me in fac an e lana i n in
he d main f e e ience in hich i i acce ed.
B he e i ill an addi i nal ba ic c ndi i n ha m be b gh in n .
The b e e d e n acce ejec he ed gene a i e mechani m
in a ac m. The observer accepts or rejects the generative mechanism
proposed as an explanation according to whether it does or does not satisfy
an additional condition that he or she puts in his or her listening. And this
additional condition can be any. In he e ci c m ance , f an an e
he kind f e i n ha demand an e lana i n a an an e be in fac
acce ed a an an e , he e lana i n m f l ll c ndi i n :
1. I m ha e he f m f a generative mechanism (I call hi he formal
condition); and
2. I m a i f an addi i nal c ndi i n in hi he li ening b he
b e e a an im lici e lici c ndi i n f acce ance (I call hi he
informal condition).
The informal condition i all n made e lici , diffe en b e e
ma li en a he ame ime f diffe en inf mal c ndi i n e en in
i a i n he e he eem be in ba ic ag eemen . Indeed, he inf mal
c ndi i n de ne he kind f e lana i n ha an b e e an and
acce . D e he e ci c m ance , nle he inf mal c ndi i n i made
e lici , i i n ible kn ha i acce ed hen meb d a
ha he he acce a a ic la gene a i e mechani m a an e lana i n
in an e he kind f e i n ha demand an e lana i n a an an e .
Thi i beca e ne d e n kn he meaning f he ac f acce ance.
F hi ea n he e a e a man kind f e lana i n a he e a e diffe en
kind f inf mal c ndi i n ha an b e e h an hea an
e lana i n can in hi he li ening.
Scien i c e lana i n a e n diffe en f m e lana i n in gene al. Wha
i a ic la cien i c e lana i n i he inf mal c ndi i n ha
cien i e. Thi i ha gi e cien i c e lana i n hei ec lia
cha ac e and ha eci e cience a he a ic la kind f c gni i e
d main ha i i . Wha i ec lia cien i i ha he ha e made he
im eccable e f hi a ic la inf mal c ndi i n hei fe i n. I call
he inf mal c ndi i n ha e cien i in li ening, and ha e
e ec be a i ed in de f acce a a ic la gene a i e
mechani m a a cien i c e lana i n, he criterion of validation of
scienti c explanations.
Thi c i e i n c n i f he c he en a i fac i n f f e a i n ha
ha e be di ec l indi ec l e f med acce ed a e l d ne b
he b e e . The e f e a i n a e:
1. The de c i i n f ha an b e e m d ha e he e e ience be
e lained;
2. The i i n f a gene a i e mechani m ch ha if i i all ed
e a e, he e l i ha he b e e ha he e e ience be e lained in
a diffe en hen menal d main han he ne in hich i ake lace;
3. The ded c i n f m all he e a i nal c he ence en ailed in in 2 f
he e e ience ha an b e e c ld ha e, and f ha e a i n he
he h ld d ha e hem; and
4. The eali a i n b an b e e f he e a i n ded ced in in 3, and
if he he ha he e e ience al ded ced in ha in , hen and nl
hen, in 2 bec me a cien i c e lana i n. If af e d ing ha i
ded ced in in 3 he b e e d e n ha e he e e ience al ded ced
in i , he ed gene a i e mechani m m be aband ned and a ne ne
m be c n ide ed.
I ill n make a fe c mmen ab he c i e i n f alida i n f
cien i c e lana i n and ab ha e cien i d i h i .
An b e e i an e n making di inc i n . A cien i i an e n
ha can a i f he c i e i n f alida i n f cien i c e lana i n and
ch e d fe i nall . S cience i he cl b c m i ing h e
e n h e he c i e i n f alida i n f cien i c e lana i n
e lain ha he an e lain, and an a ic la cience i a a ic la
d main f a emen alida ed h gh cien i c e lana i n .
T d cien i c e lana i n he b e e d e n e i e an a m i n
ab an inde enden eali . F he m e, in d ing a cien i c e lana i n
an b e e d e n e lain an inde enden eali , n a ld
inde enden f ha he he d e . Ra he , an b e e e lain hi he
 ld f e e ience , and d e b ing hi he e e ience and he
c he ence am ng he e e e ience .
Al h gh he aim f man cien i ma be he edic i n and e en al
c n l f he e en and ha ening f he ld in hich e h man li e,
edic i n and c n l d n en e a fea e f he c i e i n f alida i n
f cien i c e lana i n . When he e i nde anding, effec i e ac i n i
ible i hin he d main f e a i nal c he ence e he d main
f nde anding. If ne i n a a e f hi , ne ma e ec ha cience
h ld all f edic i n f a ic la e en ha d n bel ng he
ac al d main f alidi f he cien i c e lana i n i h hich ne ma
e end alida e h e edic i n . Thi i a f e en mi ake a a e l
f in f cien nde anding f he cien i c d main in hich ne e a e .
The c i e i n f alida i n f cien i c e lana i n i he ame c i e i n
f alida i n ha e e in dail life in a n n- ema ic manne . The
diffe ence be een cience and dail life e in he fac ha he cien i ,
a a e n ha li e nde he a i n f a l ing he c i e i n f
alida i n f cien i c e lana i n , i ca ef l in n c nf ing d main
hen d ing , and i ead aband n an acce ed gene a i e mechani m
hen he c i e i n f cien i c e lana i n i n l nge a i ed. I i
beca e cience e mi e lain h man e e ience ing h man
e e ience and he c he ence f h man e e ience, ha cience
an f m h man life. We change he ld e li e a e li e i h gh
cience.
In a cien i c e lana i n he b e e ch e he e e ience be
e lained f m hi he d main f e e ience a a e ic ac f f ee
imagina i n. The gene a i e mechani m i al ed b he b e e in
a e ic ac , and i i eciall de igned b him he ing elemen f hi
he d main f e e ience ha if i i all ed e a e i ill gi e
ie he e e ience ha he he an e lain al in he d main f
hi he e e ience .
Once a a ic la gene a i e mechani m ha been alida ed a a cien i c
e lana i n, i i ea ed a an e e ience ( ha i called fac ) ha can be
hencef h ed f he gene a i n f ne e i n, f e in he
i i n f he ad h c gene a i e mechani m in he e lana i n f
he e e ience
 The e f cien i c e lana i n affec h man life e n he fac
ha he , like e lana i n in gene al, a e manne f h man c dina i n
f c dina i n f beha i , and e a e a ch i h he c he ence f he
h man e e ience , and nl in he d main f h man e e ience in he
eali a i n f he h man li ing. S he effec i ene f cien i c
e lana i n in h man li ing i he e l f he fac ha he eae ih
he bi l gical c he ence f h man li ing. Thi i alid e en in he d main
f h ic he e en ha h ic a a cience i a d main f cien i c
e lana i n f he e e ience f he b e e a i e a e in he
a ic la e e ien ial d main ha cien i call h ic .
A e e lain e h man being e e e ience and he c he ence f
e e ience e lain e e ience , and e d hile e call
e e ience ha hich e di ing i h a ha ening a e e ec n
ha e d li e. I i beca e f hi ha e lana i n d n deal i h
an inde enden eali , b a e manne f in e e nal ela i n and deal,
in fac , i h he c dina i n f beha i in he f c e i ence
i h he h man being . Wha i igni can in e lana i n in gene al, and
a ic la l i h cien i c e lana i n , i ha h gh hem e h man
being change li ing, and in d ing , e change he ld e li e. The
e a i n f he c i e i n f alida i n f cien i c e lana i n
a e a bi a , and in hem e ide he e ic f d ing cience beca e he
a i e a f ee e e i n f he imagina i n, de i e , efe ence f he
b e e . The he e a i n , namel he ded c i n f ne ible
e e ience and he eali a i n b he b e e f ha he he ha d
ha e h e e e ience , c n i e he enginee ing f d ing cience. A a
e l , as the rst two operations of the criterion of validation of scienti c
explanations are speci ed as poetic acts, the other two become xed, and
what follows is strict deduction and structural design within the domain of
experiences of the observer.
M aim in he a k f e laining and nde anding c gni i n i n
e lain nde and ha e call eali in dail life, b nde and
and e lain all ha e d and h e d i in he e e ience f d ing
a e li e he ld ha e li e in dail li ing a h man being .
Beca e in e lana i n e a b e e e e e ien ial c he ence
e gene a i e mechani m f e e ience , i d e n ma e ha
cience h ld n be c nce ned i h eali a e gi e a cien i c
e lana i n f he e e ience f c gni i n. Wi h cien i c e lana i n e
e lain he ld ha e li e and h e li e hem, and e d ing
he c he ence f li ing, e en a e e lain he ld f kn ing i h
kn ing.
Reali - ha hich e c nn e in We e n a ia chal c l e hen
e eak f reality - i an e lana a m i n, an imagined d main f
inde enden en i ie ha e e in de gi e a ni e al alidi
e lana i n f e e ience . B , if e bec me a a e f he fac ha
he n i n f reality i an e lana i i n ha d e n en e a an
a g men in cien i c e lana i n and i n e i ed in he e, e can
bec me a a e f he fac ha ha gi e ni e al alidi cien i c
e lana i n i he a lica i n f he c i e i n f alida i n f cien i c
e lana i n . A cien i c e lana i n i alid in an a f he c m
in an ci c m ance in hich i i ed a ch b he a lica i n f
he c i e i n f alida i n f cien i c e lana i n . F he m e, a eali
d e n en e a an a g men in he cien i c e lana i n , i e ence in
he e ec i n f he b e e i e and i ele an a l ng a he
he d e n e end gi e in in ic e lana alidi i.B hen
he la e ha en , h man ela i n change, e e hing i di ed, and
e e ience ch a e ce i n, c gni i n, he manne f e a i n f he
ne em, he gani a i n f he li ing, and he manne f
c n e a i n f he n genic hen e h gh he f h l genic
d if in he hi f li ing em can nei he be e lained n
nde d. B he e i m e. If e d n elea e belief in an
inde enden eali , cience cann be nde d a a d main f
e lana i n f he e e ience f he b e e i h he c he ence f
e e ience f he b e e , and he ela i n f cien i c e lana i n i h
life in gene al, and i h he ld ha he b e e a a c gni i e being
li e in a ic la , emain be nd an ible nde anding.
F he m e, if e d n elea e belief in an inde enden eali , e
cann nde and ha edic i n f a ic la e en d n bel ng he
d main f cience b he d main f de ign.
A e e lain e ee ha e need, f e i em l gical ea n , an
inde enden b a m ha ld gi e igin e e ience a a e l
f i manne f e a i n. B a he ame ime, a e ee and nde and
ha e d a e e lain, e al ee and nde and ha e cann a
an hing ha ma cha ac e i e ch a b a m in i elf. And nall , e
al ee ha e cann eak ab ch a b a m f ea n : ne
i ha e en he n i n f i d e n a l beca e i i a n i n e a
d main f en i ie ha a e c ncei ed a if he e e inde enden f m ha
he b e e d e ; he he i ha lang age i a manne f li ing ge he
in c dina i n f c dina i n f beha i , and bjec , n i n ,
ela i n , and f h a e en i ie ha a i e in he f ec i e
c dina i n f beha i and d n efe hing ce e
inde enden f ha e d .
N d b ha a e de c ibe e e ience in dail life e all
eak a if e e e dealing i h bjec i e en i ie ha bel ng an
inde enden eali . We d b efe ing e e ience in e m f
hing , en i ie , ela i n a if he e i ed inde enden l f ha e d
a e di ing i h hem. Th , f e am le, if a f iend ddenl a ea , e
ma a : M f iend, he e did c me f m? im l ing ha e hink
ha he he e i ed i di inc i n and ha he he came f m a
lace hich al had an inde enden e i ence.
A e e lain e e ience i h he c he ence f e e ience ,
ha e d i e lain d ing i h he c he ence f d ing . A e
emain in he d main f d ing a h man being all he hing , en i ie ,
ela i n ha e b ing f h in di inc i n a i e a d ing i hin he
c he ence f he d main f d ing a if he e e indeed inde enden
bjec i e hing , en i ie , ela i n in he d main f d ing . In he e
ci c m ance e e e ience he dden a ea ance f f iend a an
bjec i e inde enden e en in a d main f eali ha e b gh f h a
an a ec f li ing h gh he c he ence f e a i n in he
d main f d ing a h man li ing em . The e i n dif c l ih
he e f he n i n f eali in hi i a i n nle e d n ee a e
n a a e ha he n i n f inde endence f e i ence i an e lana
a g men c ncei ed acc n f he e e i i ene f e e ience . If
e a e a a e f he la e , e bec me a a e al ha e li e in a man
diffe en d main f eali a e li e diffe en d main f e e ien ial
c he ence . If e a e n a a e ha e cann alida e ha e a b
claiming ha e ha e a i ileged acce an inde enden eali , e
demand bedience in ela i n and e bec me an
 Scien i c e lana i n , and he ef e cience, i n a c nce al and
e a i nal in men ha e mi handle a d main f inde enden
bjec i e en i ie , a he i i an e a i nal and c nce al in men ha
e mi e lain and nde and ha e d a h man being h gh
e a i n in he diffe en d main f e a i nal c he ence in hich
e ma li e. I i beca e f he e ci c m ance ha in he e f cience
f he edic i n de ign f ible e en he b e e m al a be
ca ef l make hi he c m a i n and de ign ih l ing
a a ene f he d main f e a i nal c he ence in hich he cien i c
e lana i n and cien i c a emen ha he he i ing a l , and
ih l ing igh f he fac ha he he i al a dealing i h h man
life.
Finall , he e i g ea c nf i n ab n i n ch a eali and
e i ence, a e im lici l e lici l ea hem a c nce efe ing
hing in in icall inde enden f m he b e e . Wha I claim i ha if
ne bec me a a e ha ha ne e lain i e e ience, and ha ne e
he c he ence f e e ience , he c he ence f he c he ence f
e e ience e lain e e ience, ne cann a id bec ming a a e ha he
n i n f eali i an e lana n i n. Simila l i h he n i n f
e i ence. If ne bec me a a e ha ha ne e lain i e e ience, and
ha ne e he c he ence f e e ience, he c he ence f he
c he ence f e e ience e lain e e ience, ne cann a id bec ming
a a e ha e i ence i a manne f efe ing he c ndi i n f c n i i n
f ha hich i di ing i hed, ha m cc f me hing ha e
an e a i nal e ence in he c gni i e d main f he b e e . Th , f
e am le, elec n a e e lana n i n , and he e i a l ng a he
c ndi i n ha c n i e hem a l . Thi i h he b e e e ec ha
a l ng a h e c ndi i n cc , elec n ill be he e h hei
e a i nal e ence. B a he ame ime, he c ndi i n f e i ence f
he elec n can be alked ab nl a c n g a i n f e e ien ial
c he ence c n g a i n f c he ence f e e ien ial c he ence f
he b e e .
N d b f e i em l gical ea n ne need a b a m ha make
ible ha hich he b e e di ing i he , incl ding he b e e a he
he a i e in elf-di inc i n. B i i n ible a an hing ab
ha b a m he han i e mi ha i e mi in he d main f he
li ing f a eci c b e e . If he b e e li e in ne a i b ing f h
an ele han ; if he he li e in an he a , i b ing f h an elec n.
2: S c a D &S c a I c
An he dif c l ha e all ha e in f ll nde anding bi l gical
hen mena in gene al, and h man hen mena in a ic la , i ha e d
n c n i en l f ll in e lana i n , a g men ,
e ec i n , all he im lica i n f he e a i nali f c al
de e mini m.
A e a g e, e ec , e lain in he a i f dail life and in he a i
f cience, e d in he im lici and me ime e lici nde anding
ha em e a e acc ding h he a e made h gh he e a i n
f he e ie f hei c m nen . Th , if ca d e n m e hen
e e he accele a , e d n g he medical d c ha e
f e amined, e g in ead he mechanic and a k him he m dif
he c e f he ca ha i ill e a e again acc ding
e ec a i n . Tha i , e ea he ca a a c e-de e mined em. If
e bec me ill, e g a medical d c i h he ame e e ha e
e en ed he mechanic in ela i n ca , and e a k him he
e amine b d ( c e) and m dif i if ible, ha e
bec me heal h again. In he d , e ea el e al a c e-
de e mined em . In fac , in all ha e d in li e e deal i h he
c he ence f e e ience , and e ea all he em en i ie ha
a ea in di inc i n acc ding he e a i nal eg la i ie ih
hich he a i e in he c he ence f e e ience ; ha i , e ea all
em a c e-de e mined em . M e e , e d hi ega dle
fh e e lain he eg la i ie c he ence f e e ience .
S c al de e mini m, h e e , i n an e lana inci le an a
priori n l gical a m i n, i i an ab ac i n f he eg la i ie f
li ing and f e a i n a li ing em a he eg la i ie f li ing
a ea in e ec i n a c he ence f e e ience . O , aid in he
d , he n i n f c al de e mini m a i e a an ab ac i n f he
c he ence f he e e ience ha an b e e li e , and hi i h he e
a e a man diffe en d main f c al de e mini m in e laining
a he e a e diffe en d main f e a i nal c he ence ha e ma li e.
In he e ci c m ance , he -called la f na e a e c nden ed
ab ac e e i n ha e cien i e c nn e i h de c ibing
hem in de ail he eg la i ie f e e ience , he c he ence f he
c he ence f e e ience ha e e a an in an e lain he
eg la i ie f e e ience . M e e , i i eci el beca e he n i n
f c al de e mini m a i e a an ab ac i n f he c he ence f he
e e ience ha e li e a e e a e a h man being , ha i can be ed
in cien i c e lana i n , and cien i c e lana i n can be and a e
effec i e in e laining and e anding e e ience . Finall , i i beca e
he n i n f c al de e mini m i an ab ac i n f he c he ence f
li ing ha e can e i in echn l gical de ign c n c ha e e
e c ncei e imagine in an d main f c al de e mini m, ided
e e a e i hin he e a i nal c he ence ha de ne ha d main.
In ha f ll I hall make e lici me f he ba ic ela i n ha he
n i n f c al de e mini m c nn e , and in d ing I hall eak in
e m f en i ie and hei ela i n beca e I am eaking f he c he ence
ha e di ing i h in d ing (e e ience ) a e e a e a b e e .
S - S
S c e-de e mined em a e em , c m i e en i ie , ch ha
e e hing ha ha en in hem hem i de e mined in hem a e e
in an b hei c e and c al d namic a ha in an . E e nal
agen ha ma im inge na c e-de e mined em nl igge in
i c al change de e mined b i c e ih ecif ing hem. A
c e-de e mined em, he ef e, ha a c e ha change
f ll ing a c e c n ingen n he c e f i in e ac i n , and
hene e in he c e f li ing e ee li e a i a i n ha eem
i la e c al de e mini m, e a e a ni hed. Magic h la ih
in c al de e mini m b c ea ing i a i n in hich i a ea
be i la ed b i n . If c al de e mini m eem be i la ed in
an ci c m ance f dail life, e immedia el a em e lain ha
ha en b hinking ha me hing i ng in he en e ha me hing
diffe en f m ha a e ec ed i ha ening, ha he e i a f a d, ha
me ne i chea ing, , in he e eme ca e, e e he n i n f a
mi acle e e a ni hmen .
E
I eak f e e ience a ha hich he b e e di ing i he a ha ening
him he in hi he li ing a a h man being a he he e a e a
ch in lang age. E e ience a e n f hing f eali , b he a e
ha hich he b e e i a a e f di ing i hing a he he e a e a a
lang aging elf-a a e h man being. A e e a e a b e e , e li e
he man diffe en d main f e e ien ial c he ence ha e li e a man
diffe en d main f en i ie , bjec , eai n , ela i n ha e
di ing i h and ea a if he e e inde enden en i ie . Each d main f
e e ien ial c he ence ha e li e, h e e , a i e in eai n a
c e-de e mined em , and i i n and cann be deemed e i
inde enden l f ha e d . N e en e el e a e en i ie
inde enden f e a i n f di inc i n, f e a i e in di inc i n
a e e a e a b e e in elf-a a ene .
O
The b e e i an ne f , an h man being a he he e a e in
lang age making di inc i n . Di inc i n a e e a i n ha e e f m
in he d main f e e ience ha e l in li ing ( ea ing) ne f
h e e e ience a me hing inde enden f m . Acc dingl , a e
eaea b e e e di ing i h e e ience a en i ie f diffe en
kind ( bjec , ela i n , ce e , and f h), and he e en i ie a i e in
di inc i n end ed i h e ie ha al a i e in di inc i n a
he dimen i n h gh hich e e a a e hem f m he en i ie and
h e ela e in e ac i h he e. A e h man being eae a
b e e di ing i hing ha e e e di ing i h, e di ing i h h gh
he e a i n f he e ie i h hich he a i e in di inc i n
kind f ni ie (en i ie ); namel , im le and c m i e ni ie .
S a C U
A im le ni i an en i ha , a i a i e in di inc i n, i a i e a a
ali ( h le) in hich e cann di ing i h c m nen , in hich
e ch e n d . Sim le ni ie e aea ali ie , and he eae
a ali ie h gh he eali a i n f he e ie i h hich he a i e in
he m men in hich he a e di ing i hed b he b e e . A a e l f
hei manne f igin, im le ni ie e i a ali ie in he d main f
 ela i n and in e ac i n de ned b he e a i n f he e ie ih
hich he a i e a ch, a he a e di ing i hed a ch.
In c n a a im le ni , a c m i e ni i an en i ha an
be e di ing i he a a ali , and in hich he he hen
e a a e c m nen . The c m nen f a c m i e ni a i e in i
dec m i i n a h e elemen ha hen ge he in a a ic la
manne ec n i e he c m i e ni a a ali , gi ing igin i
e ie a a ali in he ela i nal and in e ac i nal d main in hich i
i di ing i hed a ch. The c m nen f a c m i e ni e i , hen,
nl a he c m nen in eg a e i a a ali in ela i n f c m i i n,
and n a inde enden en i ie . The ef e, i f ll ha a an b e e
di ing i he a im le ni he he d e h gh in e ac ing ela ing
i h i in he d main f he e a i n f i e ie a ch. C n e el ,
a he b e e di ing i he a c m i e ni he he d e h gh
in e ac ing and ela ing i h he ni di ing i hed b h h gh he
eai n f i e ie a a ali , and h gh he e a i n f he
e ie f i c m nen .
In he e ci c m ance a c m i e ni e i and e a e a a ma e f
i c n i i n in n n-in e ec ing e a i nal d main , namel :
1. in he d main in hich i i di ing i hed a a ali h le h gh
he e a i n f he e ie i h hich i a i e a a im le ni a he
b e e in e ac ihi a ch; and
2. in he d main in hich he b e e in e ac i h he elemen ha
c m e i a a c m i e en i a he he di ing i he he e b
dec m ing he c m i e en i .
B i i al he ca e, and i i n al a f ll een, ha a c m i e
ni in e ac a a ali h gh he e a i n f he e ie f i
c m nen . Tha i , he ela i nal and in e ac i nal d main in hich a
c m i e ni e i a a h le and, he ef e, in hich i in e ac and
ela e a a ali e hibi ing e ie a a ali , a i e a a e l f i
c m i i n. Ye , a he b e e di ing i he a c m i e ni a a
ali , i c m nen bec me in i ible him he e en h gh i
in e ac a a ali h gh hem. The c m nen f a c m i e ni
a ea nl in he e a i n f dec m i i n ha he b e e e f m
 n i , and he b e e m e a e in he d main f e i ence f
he c m i e ni ee i b h a a c m i e en i and a a h le.
Le n c n ide an e am le. A c le a i e a a im le ni (a a
ali ) in he m men in hich e n begin m e and beha e
i h e ec each he a a c le, and i e i a a c le in he
d main f ela i n he e c le ake lace a cial en i ie . A he ame
ime, a c le a i e a a c m i e en i in he d main in hich he
b e e ee he e n h c m e i a he he in e ac i h hem
a indi id al , hile a he ame ime he he ec gni e hem a he
c m nen f he c le ha he he ha di ing i hed. An he
e am le: a li ing em e i a a im le ni in he d main in hich i
ela e and in e ac a a ali h le, and i e i a a c m i e ni
in he d main f ela i n and in e ac i n f he m lec le ha c m e i
a a m lec la em. H e e , f he b e e ee and nde and he
li ing being a a em (c m i e en i ), he he m be able
in e ac i h he li ing em in i d main f e i ence: he d main
in hich i i an gani m, and he d main f i m lec la c m nen .
And f he b e e be a a e f hi he di inc i n, he he m
al e a e in a hi d d main in hich he he ee hi he d ble
di inc i n.
In mma ; i i beca e a c m i e en i e i a a ali in a
d main ha a i e de n a a e l f i c m i i n, ha a em a a
c m i e en i e i and e a e (in e ac ) in hen menal d main
ha d n in e ec . S em a e c m i e en i ie , and he e i a ch
in d main : in he d main in hich he a e ali ie h le , and in
he d main f e a i n f hei c m nen . And i i beca e em a e
c m i e ni ie ha em in e ac in b h d main h gh he
e a i n f he e ie f hei c m nen .
O a a a S
The c n g a i n f ela i n be een he c m nen f a em ha
de ne i cla iden i i he gani a i n f he em. Tha i , a em
e i a a em f a a ic la kind (ha a a ic la cla iden i ) nl
a l ng a i gani a i n i c n e ed. An e am le: he c n g a i n f
ela i n be een e n ha c n i e and de ne hem a a c le
i he gani a i n c le, and he ef e, a c le e i nl a l ng a
he gani a i n c le i c n e ed in he ela i n and in e ac i n f he
e n h c n i e i . Simila l , he c n g a i n f d namic
ela i n be een m lec le ha de ne a em a a li ing em ( he
gani a i n li ing em m lec la a ie i ) e i a l ng a he
gani a i n li ing em (m lec la a ie i ) i c n in l eali ed
in he d namic f in e ac i n and ela i n f he m lec le ha c m e
i . I f ll ha he c n e a i n f he gani a i n f a em i i
c ndi i n f e i ence. In he e ci c m ance , a em a i e and e i a
a h le f a a ic la kind in he m men in hich he gani a i n ha
de ne i a ch a i e and begin be c n e ed in he d namic f
ela i n and in e ac i n f a c llec i n f elemen ha bec me in ha
a i c m nen . A em can e i nl a l ng a he gani a i n
ha de ne and eali e i i c n e ed in he in e ac i n and ela i n f
i c m nen .
The c m nen l he ela i n be een hem ha a an in an eali e
a a ic la em a a em f a a ic la cla c n i e i structure.
The c e fa em incl de b h c m nen and ela i n be een
hem, and he ef e ha m e dimen i n han i gani a i n, a he
gani a i n en ail nl ela i n . Since he gani a i n f a em i he
c n g a i n f ela i n be een i c m nen ha de ne i cla
iden i , i f ll b h ha he gani a i n f a em i a b e f he
ela i n ha f m a f he c e f he em and ha an
gani a i n d e n e i inde enden l f he c e f he em in
hich i i eali ed. A he ame ime, i al f ll ha he c m nen f
a em d n e i a ch a inde enden en i ie . Elemen bec me
c m nen f he em a he in eg a e and c n i e i c e hile
a ici a ing in he ela i n f c m i i n ha eali e i a a a ic la
ca e f a a ic la cla . If an elemen a ici a ing in he
c m i i n f a a ic la em, i being a c m nen f ha
em and bec me ei he a f ee elemen he c m nen f an he
em. C m nen nl e i h gh a ici a ing in a c m i i n.
D a S a C a
J a he gani a i n f a c m i e ni de ne i cla iden i , a
c m i e ni emain f he ame cla iden i nl a l ng a i
gani a i n emain in a ian . Acc dingl , he gani a i n f a
c m i e ni i nece a il an in a ian a l ng a he c m i e ni
c n e e i cla iden i and ice e a - he cla iden i fa em
emain in a ian a l ng a i gani a i n i c n e ed. S me hing
diffe en ha en i h he c e f a c m i e en i . The c e fa
c m i e ni ( em) ma change ei he a a e l f he in e nal
d namic f he em h gh c al change ha a e igge ed in i
b e e nal agen ha im inge n i . In ei he ca e, he gani a i n f
he em ma be c n e ed i ma be l . If i i c n e ed he em
change i c e, b i iden i a a a ic la ca e f a a ic la cla
i c n e ed. H e e , if he gani a i n f he em i n c n e ed
hile i c e change , he em di in eg a e a a ca e f he iginal
cla and me hing el e a ea in i lace. A a c n e ence, a c e-
de e mined em can nde g f kind f c al change , namel :
1. S c al change e he in e nal c al d namic f he
em and c e in a a ch ha he em c n e e i gani a i n;
I call he e changes of state;
2. S c al change e he in e nal c al d namic f he
em and c e in a a ch ha he iginal gani a i n f he em
i l and he iginal em di in eg a e ; I call he e disintegrations;
3. S c al change ha a i e in he c al d namic f he em
igge ed in i b e e nal agen and ha c e in ch a a ha he
iginal gani a i n f he em i c n e ed; I call he in e ac i n ha
igge ch c al change in a em perturbations; and nall ,
4. S c al change ha a i e in he c al d namic f he em
igge ed in i b e e nal agen and ha c e in ch a a ha he
iginal gani a i n f he em i l and he iginal em
di in eg a e ; I call he in e ac i n ha igge he e c al change in a
em destructive interactions.
The gene al e l f hi d namic f c al change in c e-
de e mined em i ha hen e e al c e-de e mined em
in e ac i h each he ec en l (each being a f he medi m f he
he ), eci call igge ing in each he cce i n f c al
change , hei ec en in e ac i n bec me ec i e, he nde g
c ng en c al change , and n ane l c n i e a h le ha
eae a a ali in a diffe en d main han an f hem. A hi
ha en , he e e al em ha c n i e he h le ha eme ge in hi
a nde g ge he a c he en hi f c ng en c al change
i h c n e a i n f hei indi id al gani a i n n il all nl me f
hem di in eg a e e a a e. I call hi d namic f c ng en c al
change in a g f em ha e a e in ec en ec i e
in e ac i n , a ell a he c ndi i n f c al c ng ence be een hem
ha a i e in hi a , structural coupling.
R a a I a
Sim le en i ie ela e and in e ac nl h gh he e a i n f hei
e ie a h le in a d main de ned b he e e ie . Sim le
en i ie e i nl in he d main f hei e a i n a h le . The ca e f
c m i e en i ie i diffe en . C m i e en i ie ela e and in e ac a
h le h gh he e ie ha a i e in hem in hei di inc i n a
h le , b a he b e e dec m e hem in hei c m nen , he
al a ea ela ing and in e ac ing h gh he e ie f hei
c m nen . C m i e ni ie e i , hen, in d main : 1) in he
d main in hich he e a e a im le ni ie h gh he e a i n f
hei e ie a ali ie ; and 2) in he d main f e a i n f he
e ie f hei c m nen a he a e dec m ed and eae a
c m i e en i ie . In he e ci c m ance , he b e e h i a a e f he
c ndi i n f c n i i n f a c m i e en i i al a a e ha hi kind
f en i in e ac h gh he e a i n f he e ie f i c m nen
e en hen i e a e a a ali . M e e , ch an b e e ma al be
a a e ha al h gh he e ie f a c m i e ni a i eae a a
h le e l f m i c m i i n, he ake lace in a diffe en e a i nal
d main han he d main in hich i c m nen e a e. Thi i ha
cien i and hil he im lici l efe hen eaking f eme gen
e ie , b I d n like ha e e i n beca e i b c e he fac ha
em e i a c m i e in n n-in e ec ing e a i nal
( hen menal) d main .
The c m i i n f a em cc a a n ane ce (e en if
he e i a de ign) in hich he em a ea a i ing f m a c al
backg nd ha ha en i el diffe en fea e f m h e ha a e e en in
 he ne d main f ela i n and in e ac i n enc n e ed b he em
nce i ha a i en. Indeed, he e e ience f he b e e i ha a c m i e
ni a i e f m ha he he ma call a backg nd f cha
n hingne , a he he cann ded ce f m he e ie f he ne l
a i en h le he e ie and cha ac e i ic f he elemen f he
d main f m hich i a ea ed. And hi i beca e he ne l a i ing
c m i e ni e i a a ali im le ni in a d main f
in e ac i n and ela i n ha d n in e ec i h he d main f
in e ac i n and ela i n f m hich i a e. The b e e can e he
e a i n f he h le cha ac e i e he backg nd f cha f m hich
i a e beca e i in e ac a ch h gh he e a i n f he e ie
f i c m nen , and he b e e can ee a gene a i e ela i n be een
he d main f e i ence f he c m i e ni .
S a I
A he gani a i n f a em i eali ed in i c e and d e n e i
inde enden l b i elf, e e al diffe en gani a i n can be eali ed
h gh he ame c al elemen a he e a ici a e in he eali a i n
f e e al gani a i n . A a e l , e e al em can in e ec
c all in a ingle b d h d hile emaining inde enden in hei
eai n a ali ie in diffe en e a i nal d main beca e hei
gani a i n d n in e ec . An gani a i n e i nl a l ng a he
c n g a i n f ela i n ha de ne i i c n e ed, ega dle f ha
ha en i h he c e ha eali e i . A a c n e ence, c all
in e ec ing em emain in c al in e ec i n a l ng a hei
e ec i e gani a i n a e c n e ed h gh he f he c al
change cc ing in hei ha ed b d h d. M e e , a a f he e l f
hi c ndi i n, hen m e em a e in c al in e ec i n, e en
h gh he c n e e hei inde enden iden i ie in hei diffe en d main
f e i ence, he c al change ha cc in ne f hem in he f
i in e ac i n a a h le ma e l in change in he c al eali a i n
f me f he he i h he c n e en change in hei manne f
eali a i n. Th , de ending f hich i he ca e, an b e e ma ee ha
he in e ec ing em emain nchanged, ha me change he a ic la
fea e f hei eali a i n, ha me di in eg a e, ha all f hem
di in eg a e. In he d , he membe f an n mbe f em in
 c al in e ec i n ill e i a inde enden h le in hei diffe en
d main f e a i n if hei e ec i e gani a i n a e c n e ed in he
f he c al change nde g ne b he elemen c m nen
ha he ha e in c mm n.
S c al in e ec i n i f e en in em in gene al, b i i he n m
am ng li ing em he e each li ing em all eali e e e al
in e ec ing iden i ie a he ame ime. Th , f e am le, he en i ie d g,
mammal, and e eb a e c e i in c al in e ec i n in a a ic la
li ing em a l ng a he c al eali a i n f hi en ail he
c n e a i n f hei e ec i e gani a i n ; and, f c e, hi ill
cc a ell nl a l ng a he c al eali a i n f he in e ec ing
en i ie en ail he c n e a i n f he gani a i n f he li ing em in
hich he in e ec . I call he ba ic gani a i n ha i c n e ed h gh
he eali a i n f he gani a i n ha in e ec i h i in hei c al
eali a i n he basic carrying system. Indeed, hene e a ne
c n g a i n f ela i n begin be c n e ed in he f he
ec en and ec i e in e ac i n f a li ing em in he medi m, a ne
kind f li ing em a i e in in e ec i n i h he c n e a i n f he
iginal li ing em a he ba ic ca ing em. When ha ha en ,
he ne kind f li ing em ha a i e in ha m men la a l ng a he
c n g a i n f ela i n ha de ne i kind cla iden i i c n e ed.
In he e l i na hi f li ing em he ba ic ca ing em
ha been he a ie ic em.
S a C
When m e em a e in ec en ec i e in e ac i n a
c m i e en i ie (in e ac ing in he d main de ned b he e ie f
hei c m nen ), he nde g c ng en c al change a a
n ane e l f he emic c n e a i n f hei inde enden
iden i ie in he d main f hei ec en ec i e in e ac i n . I i hi
ha I indica e hen I a ha gani m and medi m change ge he
c ng en l hile he gani m c n e e i a ic la ecie gani a i n
in he eali a i n f i li ing. And i i al hi ha I in hen I claim
ha ada a i n, a a d namic ela i n f e a i nal c ng ence be een
gani m and medi m, i c n e ed a an in a ian hile he gani m and
he medi m nde g n ane c ng en c al change h gh
 hei ec i e in e ac i n hile he gani m emain ali e. I ha e called
hi a ic la d namic ela i n f e a i nal c ng ence be een li ing
em and medi m h gh ec i e in e ac i n ha e l in c ng en
c al change f he gani m and he medi m, a ela i n f structural
coupling.
A em can en e in ela i n f c al c ling in an d main f
ec i e in e ac i n in hich i c m nen a ici a e a l ng a i
c ne e i gani a i n h gh he c al change igge ed in i b
h e in e ac i n . Indeed, ne ela i n f c al c ling a i e
n ane l in a em hen me f i c m nen en e in ne
dimen i n f in e ac i n , and he c n e ence can be a change f
iden i in he em he e an i n f he d main f in e ac i n in
hich i e i ih change f iden i , de ending n he he he
gani a i n f he em i l c n e ed.
The dimen i n f he ela i n f c al c ling f a em a e he
dimen i n f he d main f e i ence f he em. When he c m nen
f a em bec me in l ed in ne dimen i n f in e ac i n and he
em c n e e i gani a i n h gh h e in e ac i n , a ne a ec
in i hi f c al c ling begin f he em, and i d main f
c n e a i n f iden i change . In fac , i i he n me and di e e
dimen i n f ible in e ac i n in hich he c m nen fa em
can a ici a e ha ha made he bi he e a m l idimen i nal ne k f
gani m ha e a e in eci cal c al c ling h gh he
c n e a i n f hei diffe en indi id al iden i ie al ng hei in e ela ed
e l i na hi ie .
A he ame ime, ince an b e e d e n a an m men ee all he
dimen i n f c al c ling f a em, em f e en l a ea
m d la ed in hei e a i n b ne ec ed in e ac i n . In gene al e m , i
i he n ane enne f an c m i e en i ec i el bec me
c all c led in an d main f ible ec en in e ac i n a i
c n e e i iden i , hich make he c m a ne k f c all
c led c m i e en i ie ha e a e a if he e e inde enden em
hen e amined nl in hei l cal ela i n .
C
S c al de e mini m i n an n l gical a m i n, i i an e a i nal
ab ac i n f he c he ence f li ing a b e e , and i i a ch he
f ndamen f all ha e d , incl ding e laining ha kind f em
e a e a li ing em and h e e a e in lang age. Acc dingl , if
c al de e mini m e e fail did n e a e, n hing f ha e
d a h man being ld be ible. Indeed, life ld n cc .
E en an m mechanic a an e lana em f he a ic la kind
f h man e e ience ha e c nn e i h ha e e i n, a i e in an
e a i nal d main ha en ail c al de e mini m. Wha cc in he
ca e f an m mechanic i ha he d main f c al c he ence ha
an b e e ab ac f m he c he ence f hi he e e ience ha he
he call an m hen mena i diffe en f m ha ab ac ed b an
b e e in he e e ien ial d main . Indeed, he e a i e a man d main
f c al de e mini m, a he b e e e lain he c he ence f hi
he e e ience , a he e a e diffe en d main f e e ien ial c he ence
ha b e e li e. Tha hi h ld be , h e e , i n a blem f
cien i c e lana i n beca e ha he b e e e lain i he
e e ien ial c he ence ha he he li e i h he c he ence f hi he
e e ience , and n an inde enden eali ( ee Ma ana, 1990). We
cann d cience, e cann e lain an hing, indeed, he e i n lang age
he ibili f lang age i h c al de e mini m. S c al
de e mini m a an ab ac i n f he e e ien ial c he ence f he b e e
in hi he li ing i he e a i nal f ndamen f all ha e d a
be e .
S c al de e mini m im lie ha e e hing cc n ane l
m men b m men acc ding he c al c he ence e en a ha
m men in he c m , in he a f he c m ha ne ma be
c n ide ing. S c al de e mini m al im lie ha f an a f he
c m nl ha hich i ible acc ding he c al c he ence f
ha a f he c m can cc . S ha e e e imagine ha i la e he
c al c he ence f he a f he c m in hich i i ed
cc cann cc , and ha e e e imagine i hin he c al
c he ence f ha a f he c m in hich e e i ma cc ,
can cc . Thi i alid f el e a b e e e en hen in ended
ac i n cc n ane l acc ding he c al c he ence f he
c al d main in hich e eali e hem. In he e ci c m ance, an
a e men f babili ie f he cc ence f a a ic la e en ,
ha e e hi ma be, nl e ec lack f kn ledge f he c al
c he ence nde hich i ma cc . All ha cc , cc i h he
babili f ne , in he d , e e hing cc beca e i cann
b cc .
Cha i n an e ce i n. Cha i a d namic d main f c al
c he ence ha c n ain a mme ie (n n-linea ce e ) ha in i
hi ical de el men ma lead c n in n el able
ing la i ie ha a i e in he c n e a i n f me c n g a i n f
ela i n . C m i e en i ie em a e ing la i ie f hi la e kind.
S n ane gani a i n ake lace a he e abli hmen f a d namic
c al ing la i ha a i e and i c n e ed hene e he e a e he
c al c ndi i n nde hich i cc . M lec la a ie i a he
gani a i n and he eali a i n f he li ing i ne f ch ing la i ie . A
ch, li ing em igina ed and c n in e igina e in an a f he
c m in hich he c al c ndi i n f hei igin e ail. The
eali a i n f he li ing i h all i cha ac e i ic i a n ane ce
like he f ma i n f n ake , and ha ha en i h li ing em in
hei li ing cc i h he ame kind f n anei a he falling and
acking f n in a m. Whene e a ne d main f ing la i ie a i e ,
hei ela i n , if he ake lace, ma gi e i e a ne n n-in e ec ing
d main f c al c he ence i h a mme ie ha in i hi ical
ma in i n gi e i e ne ing la i ie , hich gi e i e h gh hei
ela i n and in e ac i n ne n n-in e ec ing c al d main , and
n in an en-ended f ec i n .
3: S c G cD a
One f main dif c l ie in nde anding hi ical hen mena in
gene al, and bi l gical and h man hen mena in a ic la , i c l al
manne f hinking in l cal, linea ca al e m . Th , al f m f
a g ing i A ca e B , a if A de e mined B b i elf. And e a e
f e en l na a e ha ha e call a ca al ela i n i an ab ac i n f
me l cal eg la i f he c al d namic f a la ge em ha e
ha e n di ing i hed a ch in a em nde and he i a i n
ha e an e lain in l cal linea e m . In he d , e f e en l
d n ee a e n f ll a a e f he em i h hich e a e dealing a
an in an . A e a end he linea l cal ela i n ha c n i e he
a ic la i a i n nde ie , e d n g a he emic c al
c he ence hich i bel ng .
Ca ali i an a priori e lana n i n ed b he b e e deal
i h he eg la i ie f he linea f hi he e e ience . A ch,
ca ali i highl a ealing in a c l e cen e ed n c n l, like
a ia chal c l e, beca e i a lica i n eem ffe endle
ibili ie f he managemen and c n l f h man life, incl ding
h man ela i n i h he bi he e. In c n a he n i n f ca ali ,
he n i n f c al de e mini m i n an a priori e lana n i n,
b a he an ab ac i n f m he c he ence f he e a i n f he
b e e in hi he d main f e e ience i h hich he he c nn e
he e a i nal c he ence f he d main f e i ence and e a i n f
li ing being . S c al de e mini m, hen, i n an e lana a g men
b c ndi i n f e i ence. The n i n f c al de e mini m i n
a ealing in a a ia chal c l e beca e i a lica i n demand
en i i i and a a ene f he emic c he ence in he d main f
li ing f he b e e , and h lead c e a i n, n d mina i n and
c n l.
An he a ec f dif c l in eeing, a ell a nde anding
em , i ha he di inc i n f a em and he nde anding f he
fi e a i n a a ali e i e he b e e be a a e ha em
e i in n n-in e ec ing e a i nal d main . Namel , in he d main f
he e a i n f hei c m nen and in he d main in hich he eae
a ali ie . T nde and a em e i e : 1) eeing i e a ing a a
ali in i d main f e i ence a a ali ; 2) eeing i a a c m i e
en i b eeing i c m nen a he c m e i a a ne k f
in e c nnec ed ce e ; and 3) eeing a n n-ca al gene a i e ela i n
be een he e d main ha gi e igin he em a a ali in
he la ge c n e in hich i e i a ch. M e e , beca e e all
anal e em in e m f l cal linea ca al ela i n be een hei
c m nen , e d n ea il ee and nde and he in e ela ed c al
d namic en ailed in he im l ane igin f a em and i d main f
e i ence, n d e ee he c he en c al change f he em and
i ci c m ance hile he em i c n e ed.
 Beca e I hink ha e ha e nde and em in hei c n i i n
and ela i nal e a i n in de nde and b h h manne n and he
igin f h manne in he hi f li ing being hich he bel ng, I
hall n make me ema k ab em and hei e a i n.
S
A em i a ne k f ce e eali ed b in e ac ing elemen ha
h gh hei efe en ial in e ac i n and ela i n e abli h an e a i nal
b nda ha e a a e hem a a h le f m he elemen i h hich
he ma al in e ac . The ef e a em i a ali and e a e a a
ali in he d main in hich i a i e a a ali . The elemen ha
a ici a e a an in an in he ne k f ce e ha c n i e he
em a ha in an , a e i c m nen . Tha i , he elemen ha
c m e a em a e i c m nen nl a he a ici a e in he
e a i n ha c m e i , and hen he d ing , he being
c m nen f he em. The ef e, he e i ence f a em i
e a i nal, and a em e i a ch nl a l ng a he e a i nal
c ndi i n ha c n i e i e ail. Acc dingl , a cell, a famil , a li ical
a , an gani m, a fac , ac n ,e i a a em ( ali ) nl
a l ng a he in e nal and e e nal d namic ela i n ha c n i e each f
hem and eali e in each f hem hei a ic la diffe en e en i n a e
c n e ed h gh hei e a i n. And an f he elemen , m lec le ,
e n , c mm ni ie , in i i n , and f h, ha c n i e he e
diffe en em in eg a e hem nl a l ng a he a ici a e in hei
c m i i n. An elemen i h hich he c m nen f a em in e ac
ha a e n c m nen f he em c n i e he medi m in hich he
em e i .
In he e ci c m ance , a em a i e ab l and n ane l in he
m men in hich an e a i nal b nda i d ced ha e a a e a
c llec i n f in e ac ing elemen ha h bec me i c m nen f m
he elemen i h hich he e ma al in e ac and hich bec me i
medi m d main f e i ence a a c m i e ni beca e he a e n
i c m nen . A em al a a ea an b e e a a i ing f m
cha f m n hing, e en if af e a d he he ma imagine a
gene a i e mechani m ce e lain i igin. Thi i beca e
he ce e ha gi e igin a em and he ce e in hich he
 em a ici a e a a ali nce i i c n i ed ake lace in diffe en
and nece a il n n-in e ec ing e a i nal d main . The b nda ie f a
em a e e a i nal and a i e in he e m j de c ibed. Simila l , and
acc ding ha I ha e al ead aid, he c m nen f a em a e
e a i nal, and an elemen bec me a c m nen f a em nl a i
a ici a e in i c m i i n and emain a c m nen nl hile i d e
.
A he b e e di ing i he a em, he he eci e i h hi he
e a i n f di inc i n he c ndi i n ha c n i e i . S a em i
b gh f h in he b e e d main f e i ence b he e a i n f
di inc i n ha he he e f m , and d e n e i a an inde enden
en i , al h gh nce i i di ing i hed i can be ea ed a if i indeed
e i ed b i elf. Wha cc i ha a he b e e di ing i he a em,
he he eali e i h hi he beha i , in a d main f c al
de e mini m ha i h eci ed, a e f e a i n ha ill e l in he
a ea ance f he em hene e he a i n ha en in ha d main.
M e e , a he b e e di ing i he a em, he he eci e an
e a i nal d main in hich ch a em ill a i e ega dle f he he
h e e a i n ake lace n ane l a a c n e ence f he d ing
f me he em. I call he e f e a i n ha b ing f h a
a ic la em he operation of distinction.
A em d e n ee i in he d main f e i ence f he b e e
i he eali a i n f he e a i n f di inc i n ha ill b ing i f h.
E i ence i a c gni i e claim, in he ame a a eali , and a ch i
e ain he d main f e a i n f he b e e a a li ing em in
lang age. In he e ci c m ance , beca e lang age ha en in he d main
f he b e e d ing in he ec i e f c n en al c dina i n
f c n en al c dina i n f beha i , he claim f e i ence a a
c gni i e claim gi e i e ha hich i claimed e i in he e a i nal
c nc e ene f he c al d main in hich hi c gni i e claim i made.
I i beca e e i ence i a c gni i e claim ha a em e i nl a an
b e e claim , can claim, i e i ence h gh ac all e f ming
i la ing he e a i n f di inc i n ha ill b ing he em f h in a
a ic la d main f e a i nal c he ence f hi he li ing. Wha I a
hen, i ha hen an b e e eak f e i ence and f he medi m in
hich he em di ing i hed e i , he he efe he d main f
in e ac i n in hich i e a e and in hich i a i e i h he e a i n f
di inc i n ha b ing i f h. M e e , all hi i alid f he e i ence f
he b e e , .
We bel ng a c l e ha e a e in e m f c n ide ing ha e
h man being e i imme ed in an inde enden eali . Thi a i de i
ha make eak a if e h man being e e h ical en i ie e i ing
in a h ical ace, and i i hi a i de ha lead gi e he cience
f h ic he e i em l gical e nde ance ha i n h ld . B he
nde anding f li ing em and f h man being h ha li ing
em a e emic en i ie and ha c gni i n i a manne f ela ing, and
n a a f efe ing an inde enden eali ha cann be kn n
e en alked ab . Thi nde anding h ha kn ing i a manne f
li ing in lang age d ing hing ge he , and ha he e i em l gical
g nding f h man kn ledge i h man e a i n a a li ing em. Ye ,
a e e lain li ing em , f e i em l gical ea n e need a
b a m ha make hem ible a li ing em . Ye e cann alk
ab hi b a e, beca e a e d e alk n ab i b a he
ab ha e d . In he e ci c m ance e i ence i ha e d , and
me hing i he e a he c ndi i n f ac al ible d ing a e
f l lled. In he e ci c m ance al , he c m ha e h man being
gene a e in e lana i n f e e ience a if i e i ed
inde enden l f d ing , a i e in d ing imme ed in a b a m
ha e cann cha ac e i e n e en claim ha he e i an e emblance
be een i and he c m ha e de c ibe and e lain. Acc ding me
hi i n a limi a i n, i i c ndi i n f e i ence, and i i
a a ene f hi ha make h man being n all e n ible f
h e li e.
C a A a a
In m de n e l i na e lana i n ada a i n, he e a i nal ela i n f
d namic c ng ence be een a li ing em and he medi m in hich i
e i , i all ea ed a a a iable. F ll ing hi ie , ada a i n i
all ken f a an a ib e f an gani m (and al b im lica i n a
an a ib e f em in gene al) a if li ing em c ld be m e le
ada ed he medi m in hich he e i . Wi h hi manne f hinking,
bi l gi al f e en l e he d ada a i n efe he manne
 f e a i nal c ng ence i h he medi m ha a li ing em e hibi in
i li ing ( i e a i n), and a he d , he ea he e a i nal
c ng ence be een li ing em and medi m a me hing b ained
h gh he ce f ada a i n. I hink diffe en l . I hink ha he
e a i nal c ng ence be een li ing em and medi m i n a a iable
beca e f he li ing em (a f all em ) hi i a c ndi i n f
e i ence. Tha li ing em a e ali e nl a l ng a hei ela i n f
e a i nal c ng ence i h he medi m i c n e ed i b i l a a en
all bi l gi a he m men in hich he e ec n ha ac all
ha en in he eali a i n f he li ing f an gani m. Wha cc i ha
a ne l k a a li ing em ne ma hink ha i ld i e be e in
an he en i nmen , and ne ea ha ini n a a e ela i n f ha
ha en i h he li ing em. B ha e ec i n e eal nl he
imagina i n f he b e e . The ef e, ha I a i ha ada a i n a a
ela i n f e a i nal c ng ence be een li ing em and medi m i
nece a il an in a ian .
In m ie , hen, a li ing em li e nl a l ng a i gani a i n and
i ada a i n a e c n e ed, and all c al change ake lace in i
a nd he c n e a i n f b h i gani a i n and i ada a i n in he
c n in f i li ing, i di in eg a e . S b h c n e a i n f
gani a i n and c n e a i n f ada a i n a e ba ic e a i nal c ndi i n
f e i ence f an em. All ha ha ha ened and ha en in he
hi f li ing em ha ha ened and m ha en a a f
c al change nde he c n e a i n f gani a i n and he
c n e a i n f ada a i n f he li ing em in a ce in hich li ing
em and medi m change ge he c ng en l .
S a T a
A em d e n e i a a ali b i elf in li de. A em e i in
a medi m in ec i e in e ac i n ha igge c al change in i , and
i c n e e i iden i a a em f a a ic la kind nl a l ng a he
gani a i n ha de ne and c n i e i a a em f ha kind i
c n e ed h gh h e ec i e in e ac i n . A em can e i nl in a
medi m ha igge in i h e ec i e c al change h gh hich
i iden i and ada a i n a e c n e ed. The ef e, he iden i fa em
i n de e mined in i c m nen . The iden i f he en i ha a em
i a a ali i c n i ed in he d namic f in e ac i n in hich i i
eali ed a ch h gh he c n in fi c al change in he
c n e a i n f gani a i n and ada a i n. A he ame ime, he ac al
eali a i n f a em in i ec i e in e ac i n in a medi m
c n in l b ing f h he medi m in hich i i eali ed hile he
c e f a em and he c e f he medi m change ge he
c ng en l al ng he f hei ec i e in e ac i n , he em
di in eg a e . The n i n f structural coupling efe hi . I ill n
mma i e and e and n me f ha I ha e aid ab em :
1. A em e i in in e ac i n i h he elemen f a medi m ha a i e
ge he i h i a i bec me a em in i clea age f m he medi m:
em and medi m a i e ge he . P i hi clea age, he elemen ha
ill c n i e he em and he medi m a e n e a able beca e he e i
nei he em n medi m, and an a em iden if h e elemen
bef e hi a i e in i di inc i n i an e a i n ha can be e f med b
he b e e nl af e he he ha c ncei ed he em h gh hi
he imagina i n. A em in e ac h gh he e a i n f he elemen
ha c m e i , and he in e ac i n igge in i c al change ha a e
de e mined a an m men b i c e a ha m men . M e e , a
em emain a em f a a ic la kind nl a l ng a he
gani a i n ha de ne i cla iden i i c n e ed h gh he
c al change ha ake lace in i , b h h gh i in e nal d namic
and h gh h e c al change igge ed in i b i in e ac i n in he
medi m.
2. The medi m in hich a em e i a i e ge he i h he em and
all ha a lie a em a ch, a lie a ell he medi m a a
em. In he e ci c m ance , a em e i in he c n e a i n f i
gani a i n h gh i c al change hile in e ac ing in a medi m
ha change c ng en l i h i nl a l ng a he change in he medi m
make he eali a i n f he em ible. The ef e, a em e i and
c n e e i iden i nl hile i eali a i n in i ec i e in e ac i n
i h he medi m e l in he a ea ance in he medi m f h e
c ndi i n ha make ible he c n e a i n f he em - and ice
 e a. In he d , he c n e a i n f he iden i fa em h gh a
c n in c al d if in c al c ling i a emic hen men n.
3. The emic c n e a i n f he iden i fa em i a fea e f i
n ane c n i i na a c e-de e mined en i , n he e l f a
de ign a e. A em a i e n ane l hen he c al
c ndi i n ha make i ible e ail in he backg nd in hich i
a ea , and i c n e ed f a l ng a he d namic c ndi i n f
in e ac i n in he medi m ha a i e i h i and make i c n e a i n
ible a e he e. The backg nd in hich a em a ea i indeed a
d main f cha n hingne , a d main f c al c he ence ab
hich he b e e can a n hing bef e he a ea ance f he em.
Cha and n hingne a e c gni i e ela i n . Af e he em a ea ,
he backg nd change i cha ac e and bec me kn able h gh he
em i elf a hi i ed a an indica f he cha ac e i ic f he
backg nd in hich i a e. Acc dingl , a em a i e and i c n e ed
nl in he emic c al d namic ha make i n ane
a ea ance ible in he c n e a i n f he gani a i n ha c n i e
i . I call hi ce spontaneous organization f m cha n hingne :
all em a i e n ane l f m cha n hingne , and he cha
n hingne f m hich a em a i e being a cha a
n hingne and bec me a medi m h e c al c he ence bec me
i ible a he a e e ealed b he e a i n f he em and a e ed b
he b e e e lain he igin f he em.
4. The emic c n e a i n f he iden i f a em, in i ec i e
in e ac i n i h he medi m, en a ace f all h e fea e f he
c e f he em, and f he ela i n f he em i h he medi m,
ha a e n in l ed in he c n e a i n f i iden i , change. In gene al
e m , hen in a c llec i n f elemen me c n g a i n f ela i n
be een hem begin be c n e ed, a ace i en f all el e change
a nd ha i c n e ed. In a ic la , hen in he emic eali a i n f
a em me ela i n begin be c n e ed, all el e bec me en
change. Simila l , hen in he in e ac i n be een m e em
me f hei ela i n begin be emicall c n e ed ge he i h he
 gani a i n f he em in l ed, all el e bec me en change
a nd ha i c n e ed.
E P
The de el men f a li ing em, ha i he life hi f an gani m
(i n gen ) cc in a emic f m a a hi f c al change
a nd he c n e a i n f he manne f li ing ha de ne he gani m a
a li ing em f a a ic la kind. In bi l g hi hen men n i called
epigenesis, a e m ha efe he emic an f ma i n ha an
gani m nde g e in i life hi h gh he in e ac i n f i ini ial
c e and he medi m al ng he c n e a i n f i li ing.
D e he emic d namic f he e igene ic ce , he ini ial gene ic
(DNA) and ma ic (c la mic) c n i i n f an gani m d n
de e mine he c al and ela i nal change ha i ill nde g al ng he
c e f i li ing. The gene ic and ma ic ini ial c e f a li ing
em (i total initial structure) de e mine he d main f he diffe en
e igene ic c e ha i ma f ll in i life hi a a c nc e e eld f
ibili ie , b nl ne f he e ill be eali ed in i ac al li ing. In
he d , he gene ic c n i i n f a li ing em d e n de e mine
he fea e ha i ill de el al ng i life. The ef e i i inade a e
eak f gene ic de e mina i n f he cha ac e fea e ha a i e in he
life f an gani m. I i d e he emic na e f all bi l gical
hen mena ha , ic l eaking, he e i n gene ic de e mina i n f he
cha ac e i ic f an gani m a ch in i d main f e i ence. I e ea ,
he al ini ial c e i h hich a li ing em begin i life nl
de e mine he eld f ible e igene ic c e ha i ma f ll . The
e igene ic c e ha , in fac , ha en in he n gen f a li ing em
a i e in he ac al ci c m ance f i li ing a i enc n e he medi m
a if he medi m e i ed a an inde enden em. H e e , he lace in
he medi m in hich a li ing em n mall begin i li ing h gh he
e d ci n fi geni i n j an ; i i a a ic la ne ha ha
al a i en in he emic d namic hi hich he geni bel ng
and in hich ha kind f li ing em and i medi m ha e changed
ge he c ng en l . H man hi i n diffe en .
C a E
The c al d namic f a ingle cell - i d namic f m lec la
an f ma i n and d c i n - al cc a an e igene ic ce . Tha
i , he c e f ll ed b he m lec la change f a cell al ng i
indi id al n gen a i e m men b m men in he in e la be een he
m lec la change igge ed in he cell b i in e ac i n i h he medi m
and h e ha a i e in i in he c e fi n in e nal d namic . The
e all c n e ence f hi ce i ha he total genetic constitution f a
cell ( ha i , he c al and he d namic c n g a i n f i n clea
DNA, and he c al and d namic c n g a i n f i c la m)
change al ng i life hi in ch a a ha hen he cell e d ce i
d e i h a al gene ic c n i i n diffe en f m he ne ha i had a
i bi h. A a e l , he ff ing f ch a cell ma gi e i e he
eali a i n f a cell la manne f li ing n genic hen e diffe en
f m he a en al ne. Thi hen men n cc , f e am le, in he c e
f he cell la diffe en ia i n ha ake lace d ing emb nic
de el men hen he diffe en cell la lineage ( he diffe en e f
cell ) ha c m e he gani m a i e h gh a hif f he al gene ic
c n i i n c n e ed h gh e d c i n in a manne ha in l e
n clea DNA and c la m. In hi c n e , diffe en emic
ce e can ake lace h gh cell la e d c i n in an gani m,
hich ill gi e i e i e and cell la diffe en ia i n. The e a e:
1. he emic c n e a i n in he ff ing f he al gene ic c n i i n
f he a en al cell in an e igene ic manne ha c n e e he iginal
cell la n genic hen e;
2. an e igene ic change in he c al d namic f he a en al cell ha
gi e i e a change in he al gene ic c n i i n f he ff ing ha i
hencef h e igene icall c n e ed in he eali a i n f a ne cell la
n genic hen e.
The ce e f i e and cell diffe en ia i n ha ake lace d ing
emb gene i a e n all een ema ked n a ce e f
di lacemen f he n genic hen e ha i eali ed and c n e ed in
he e igene ic c n i i n f diffe en cell la lineage . I hink ha hi i
beca e f ci c m ance : 1) beca e he a en i n f he b e e i
all ien ed n ada he m lec la ce e ha eem ec e
 he eg la e e i i n f he anda d m lec la and cell la d namic
acc ding an e ec ed kn n n m; and 2) beca e e all
a me ha he e d c i e abili f he DNA i d e i m lec la
c e and n emic c ndi i n in i n he i .
The e igene ic change f he al gene ic c n i i n f a cell (in a a
ha ma incl de i DNA) acc ding he a ic la i ie f i life hi
i n a hen men n f inhe i ance f ac i ed cha ac e in he e m
all nde d a Lama ckian inhe i ance. Lama ck eem ha e
ed ha he cha ac e i ic ha an gani m ac i ed in he c e f
he life ha i ha ened li e c ld be di ec l inhe i ed and a ea in he
ff ing. S ch a i i n, f c e, i in c n ic i h e en ie
ha a cia e inhe i ance i h DNA. Lama ck, f c e, c ld n ha e
h gh ab he edi a e d n in e m f he edi a m lec le , b
he a c nce ned i h h he life hi f he a en c ld a ici a e
in he life hi f hei ff ing. I hink ha hi heme can be
ec n ide ed. A al ead a ed, I claim, ha he edi i a emic and n
a m lec la hen men n, and ha i cc a a emic e d c i e
c n e a i n f a manne f li ing in a ce in hich b h gani m and
medi m a ici a e h gh he c n e a i n f he gani a i n f he
gani m and i ada a i n he medi m. The DNA l all he he
cell la c m nen de e mine ha e igene ic c e ae ible an
gani m a he beginning f i life, b he ac al e igene ic c e ha
he gani m f ll in i a ic la life hi a i e in a emic
d namic f ec i e in e ac i n i h he medi m in hich i li e . S , a
manne f li ing i c n e ed h gh e d c i n nl if he emic
d namic ha e l in he e e i i n f a a ic la e igene i i
c n e ed, and ch a c n e a i n i a emic ce hich en ail he
gani m and he medi m nde g ing c he en c al change .
Acc dingl , al h gh he n genic hen e ha an gani m li e i n
de e mined gene icall ( nl b i DNA), i i made ible b i gene ic
c n i i n and i can be and i c n e ed emicall in he
gani m/medi m ela i n hen i i c n e ed h gh e d c i n. In
he e ci c m ance , hen, he e igene ic change f he al gene ic
c n i i n f a cell f a m l icell la gani m d ing i n gen i a
hen men n h gh hich he indi id al life hi f a cell f an
 gani m ha he edi a c n e ence h gh emic ce e in l ed
in hen men n f e d c i n.
L a
When a manne f li ing (an n genic hen e) begin be c n e ed
gene a i n af e gene a i n h gh e d c i n, a lineage a i e . A I ha e
aid, he c n e a i n f a manne f li ing h gh e d c i n i n
gene icall de e mined, e en h gh he gene ic c n i i n f he
gani m make ch c n e a i n ible. The e d c i e c n e a i n
f a manne f li ing i a emic e igene ic ce . The c e f an
gani m and he c e f he medi m change ge he c ng en l , and,
a a e l , hen e d c i n ake lace he ne gani m i de i ed in
a lace de e mined b he li ing f he geni . A a e l f hi
ce , me f he ec lia fea e ac i ed al ng he life f he
geni can be emicall e ea ed in he e igene i f hei ff ing,
gi ing i e he ibili f he e abli hmen f a ne lineage.
A he la e ha en , an b e e ee he e d c i e inhe i ance f he
manne f li ing ( n genic hen e) emicall c n e ed in he
lineage a if i e e he e l f a gene icall de e mined ce . B he
manne f li ing emicall inhe i ed i n gene icall de e mined, and
he edi i n a gene icall de e mined ce . The emicall
c n e ed n genic hen e a i e ane in he e igene i f he ne
gene a i n h gh he emic c n e a i n f he gene ic and
c la mic c e ha make i ible, and he emic c n e a i n
f he c e f he medi m in hich i can be eali ed.
Since he ini ia i n and c n e a i n f a lineage cc a a emic
ce , and he n genic hen e manne f li ing c n e ed in a
lineage i n gene icall de e mined, an manne f li ing ha can be
emicall c n e ed f m ne gene a i n he ne can gi e i e a
lineage. When hi ha en , he gene ic (DNA) c n i i n f he membe
f he ne lineage i ened change in an a ha d e n in e fe e
i h he eali a i n f he manne f li ing f ha lineage and begin
d if in a c e c n ained b he e a i nal b nda ie de ned b he
e igene ic eali a i n f he emicall c n e ed n genic hen e.
A a e l , in he cce i n f gene a i n f a lineage all gene ic change
bec me c - ed in a end ha facili a e he manne f li ing ( n genic
 hen e) c n e ed in he lineage, he lineage change , i c me
an end. Wha i c n e ed, in fac , in he c n i i n f a lineage, i an
ontogenic phenotype/medium ela i n.
The hi f li ing em n ea h i he hi f he c n g a i n f
a bi he e a an immen e em f in e en c ng en e igene i ha
i c n in l a i ing emicall a a ma e f c e acc ding he
n ane c al c he ence f all he em in l ed. In hi
ce e e li ing em i a f he medi m f he he in a ne k
f ec i e in e ac i n in hich each li ing em and i medi m
change ge he c ng en l . Ec l gical c he ence in he e en e eal
ch a hi f emic c n e a i n f c e i ence in a eld f changing
gene ic c n i i n c - ed b he manne f li ing ha a e c n e ed
in a manne ha facili a e hei cc ence. O , in he d , ec l gical
c he ence in he c n i i n f a bi he e a e a nece a e l f he
emic c e l i n f li ing em n he ea h.
F m all ha I ha e al ead aid, i i e iden ha habi and efe ence ,
he he beha i al, de el men al, me ab lic bec me inc a ed in
he fea e ha de ne a lineage if he a e c n e ed emicall h gh
e d c i n (systemic reproduction). I i al e iden ha ch a
hen men n gi e e l i n b h a c al and a em al la ici
m ch g ea e han ha e ec ed f m m a i n and gene ec mbina i n
nl . I i al e iden ha all c al and all ela i nal ce e
in l ed in he eali a i n f he li ing f a li ing em can a ici a e in
he ce f emic c n e a i n f an n genic hen e. In he e
ci c m ance , a lineage ma h a i e h gh he c n e a i n f habi
efe ence , he he ela i nal ganic.
Bi l gi ha e f e en l ken f na al elec i n a if hi ee a
di ec ing e e he mechani m ha gene a e diffe en ial i al f
li ing em h gh g e i e ada a i n he medi m in hei
e l i na hi . I hink diffe en l . I hink ha na al elec i n i he
e l f he diffe en ial i al f he li ing em , and n i igin. In
fac I main ain ha he gene a i e mechani m f e l i n in li ing em
i a n ane n genic and h l genic c al d if ha e l in
diffe en ial i al.
4: V a R a a d N S
One f he cen al fea e f e a i n a li ing em i ha e
cann di ing i h in he e e ience be een ha e call in dail life
e ce i n and ill i n. Thi i beca e e a li ing em a e
c e-de e mined em , and all ha ha en in ih i
de e mined in c e and in c al d namic . Indeed, i i
eci el beca e f hi ha i al eali ie a e ible. He e I i h
a a fe d ab ha he e e ien ial indi ing i habili be een
ha e call in dail life e ce i n and ill i n en ail in ela i n he
ne em, in ela i n e i ence a lang aging being , and in
ela i n i al eali ie . Thi I hall d in a e ie f h elf-c n ained
a emen .
1. The ne em i , b h ana micall and h i l gicall , a cl ed
ne k f in e ac ing ne nal elemen . A ch he ne em
e a e a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f ac i i ie be een he
ne nal elemen ha c m e i in he en e ha an change f ela i n
f ac i i in i lead f he change in ela i n f ac i i in i . Sen
and effec ha e a d al cha ac e a he e a e a ne nal elemen and
a ici a e in he c m i i n f he ne em h gh hei c al
in e ec i n i h me ne e cell . A en and effec he a e a f
he gani m and c n i e he face f enc n e be een he gani m
and he medi m. S , he gani m in e ac i h he medi m h gh i
en and effec , n h gh he ne em. Wha ha en i ha
in hei c al in e ec i n i h ne nal elemen , en and effec
e a e a c m nen f he ne em and a ici a e a ch in i
cl ed d namic f changing ela i n f ac i i ie . The ne em,
he ef e, d e n enc n e he medi m, and a i e a e a a cl ed
ne k f changing ela i n f ac i i be een i ne nal c m nen ,
i d e n ha e in ela i n i h he medi m in i e a i n.
2. The c e f he ne em i n ed, and i a ie
c n in l in a ne k f in e c ing c clic change ha ake lace in
he c al d namic f i c m nen h gh man diffe en c clic
ce e i h diffe en ime c n an ha e l in diffe en kind f
change : change in he eg la i n f he dend i ic and a nal b anching f
he ne nal elemen , in he me ab lic d namic , in he i nic channel , in
 he den i f ece - hich in n e l in change in he effec i ene
f he na ic ela i n - a ell a man he change f a c clic na e.
A a e l f he e c al change , he e a i n f he ne em
a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f ac i i ie be een i ne nal
c m nen i al in c n in c clic change f l ng ( me ime
e manen ) and h ime c n an . In he e ci c m ance , he c e
f ll ed b he f changing ela i n f ac i i ie in he e a i n f
he ne em a a cl ed ne k a i e m men b m men ,
de e mined b i c e a each m men in he f i c n in
change.
3. The c e f ll ed b he c al change f he ne nal elemen
ha c m e he ne em i m d la ed in e e al a :
a) h gh hei n in e nal c al d namic ;
b) h gh c al change igge ed in hem a a e l f hei
in e ac i n i h he ne nal elemen ;
c) h gh c al change ha a i e in hem a a e l f hei
c al in e ec i n i h he cell ch a he in e nal and e e nal
en elemen f he gani m; and
d) h gh c al change igge ed in hem b b ance ec e ed b
he cell f he ame ne em, cell f he e f he gani m,
ha c me f m he ide f he gani m.
A ba ic c n e ence f hi c al d namic i ha he c e f
he ne em a a cl ed ne k f in e ac ing ne nal elemen
change c n in l h gh c al change ha a i e in i
c m nen a a e l : 1) f hei n e a i n; 2) f he e a i n f
he h i l gical d namic f he gani m; and 3) f he in e ac i n f
he gani m in i d main f e i ence.
4. The ne em in e ec c all i h he gani m a diffe en
l ca i n , namel i in e nal and e e nal en and effec face , and
d e h gh me ne nal elemen ha a e c m nen f b h he
ne em and he gani m. The cell la elemen ha in hi
in e ec i n e a e a en and effec a c m nen f he en
and effec face f he gani m a e elemen f in e ac i n f he
gani m, n f he ne em. A he ame ime, h e ame elemen
a he e a e a ne nal elemen a e c m nen f he ne em
and n f he en and effec face f he gani m. A a cl ed
ne nal ne k he ne em nl e a e b gene a ing in e nal
changing ela i n f ac i i ie be een i c m nen and d e n
in e ac i h he medi m. A ch he ne em d e n eae ih
e e en a i n f he medi m f ha ha en he gani m in i
in e ac i n in he medi m. One cann e en a ha he cl ed e a i n
f he ne em i like d eaming, beca e d eaming e ain he
manne f being f he gani m a a ali . I i he b e e h ee he
in ide and he ide f he gani m and h make he di inc i n
d eaming , n he e a i n f he ne em.
5. D e he c al in e ec i n f he ne nal elemen f he ne
em i h he en and effec elemen f he gani m , he en
and effec a ici a e in he c al d namic f b h he gani m and
he ne em hile he ne em and he gani m a
e a i nall inde enden . A a e l hing ha en. One i ha he
c al change ha he en and effec f he gani m nde g in
hei enc n e i h he medi m e l in c al change in he
ne nal elemen i h hich he in e ec . The he i ha he
c all changed ne nal elemen ha in e ec i h he en and
effec elemen f he gani m change hei manne f a ici a i n in
he changing ela i n f ac i i ie f he ne nal ne k ha he
in eg a e. Thi i alid b h f he e e nal and he in e nal en and
effec face f he gani m.
The gene al e l a e al . One i ha he c e f he ne
em change in a manne c n ingen he c al change igge ed
in he en face f he gani m d ing he f i in e ac i n
in he medi m. The ba ic e l f hi i ha he d namic f he ne
em a a cl ed ne nal ne k, and he en effec
c ela i n ha i gene a e h gh i in e ec i n i h he en and
effec face f he gani m, change in a manne c n ingen he
f he in e ac i n f he gani m. T , he ne em a a
cl ed ne nal ne k c n in e gene a ing an in e nal d namic ha
gi e igin in e nal and e e nal en and effec c ela i n in
he gani m e i manne f li ing al ng i life, he gani m
 die . S al h gh he e a i nal d main in hich he gani m and he
ne em e i d n in e ec , and emain inde enden a ch,
each m d la e ha ha en in he he h gh he c al change
hich i gi e i e. Finall , hi cc nde ci c m ance in hich
he en and effec face f he gani m a e e a i nal b n
nece a il ana mical in he cla ic en e.
6. In he c al in e ec i n f he ne em i h he in e nal and
e e nal en and effec face f he gani m, he change f
ac i i in he ne nal elemen igge c al change in he effec
and en elemen f he gani m. A a e l , he manne f incidence
f he gani m in i in e nal and e e nal medi m change .
Ne e hele , he ne em d e n make he gani m ac n he
medi m; i ac i i nl igge c al change in he en and
effec face f he gani m, gi ing i e he en effec
c ela i n h gh he enc n e f he la e i h he medi m. H e e ,
a a e l f he change in he manne f incidence f he gani m n he
medi m (in e nal and e e nal) ha h e c al change b ing ab in
a manne de e mined b he c e f he ne em a e e
m men , he manne f enc n e ing he medi m f he gani m change
acc ding he c al change ha i ne em nde g e al ng
i in e nal and e e nal ela i nal li ing.
7. The ne em d e n e a e i h e e en a i n f he medi m,
n d e i e a e i h mb l f he fea e f he medi m, and i d e
n e in i e a i n dimen i n e he de c i i n f he medi m
b he b e e . The ne em e a e nl a a cl ed ne k f
changing ela i n f ac i i ie be een i c m nen ne nal elemen in
a c n in f changing ela i n f ac i i be een hem. I f ll
f m all hi ha hen he b e e ee an gani m e f ming a
a ic la beha i a a d namic in e ac i n i h he medi m, he ne
em i nl e f ming a d namic c ela i n be een he en and
he effec face f he gani m acc ding i c e a ha
m men and i n gene a ing an beha i . The beha i ha he b e e
ee a he he beh ld he gani m a a ali in a medi m a i e in he
enc n e f he gani m i h he medi m in a a ha b h he gani m
and he medi m a ici a e. S beha i i n me hing ha he gani m
d e,b me hing ha a i e in he gani m/medi m enc n e . Thi i
h I aid ab e ha ne cann e en a ha he cl ed e a i n f he
ne em i like d eaming a he n i n f d eaming, e i e he
di inc i n f in ide and ide.
8. Ne n e a e a de ec f c n g a i n f ac i i ie n hei
affe en face . Thi i beca e he ne e im l e begin a he igin
f he a n (a n hill ck) f an ne nal elemen a a e l f a l cal
c m i i n f all he affe en ac i i f m he ne nal elemen
im inging n he c llec face f he ne nal elemen . A a e l ,
n nl ingle ne nal elemen , b g f ne nal elemen and
g f g f ne nal elemen al e a e a de ec f
c n g a i n f ac i i in he affe en ac i i im inging n hem.
Indeed, he ne em a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f
ac i i ie be een i c m nen ne nal elemen nl eae a a
de ec f changing ela i n f ac i i ie in i elf. A a c n e ence, a
he ac i i f he ne em gi e i e in e nal and e e nal en
effec c ela i n in he gani m, i d e acc ding a cl ed
in e nal d namic f ec i e changing c n g a i n f ela i n f
ac i i ie in i elf.
9. The c e f he ne em change , h gh he a i
ce e indica ed ab e, f ll ing a c e c n ingen he c e f
he in e nal and e e nal in e ac i n f he gani m ha i in eg a e .
M e e , he c e i h hich an gani m begin i indi id al life
hi i ne ha ha been e abli hed al ng an e l i na hi in
hich he gani m f an gi en lineage and he medi m in hich he a e
eali ed ha e changed ge he c ng en l . A a e l f hi e l i na
hi , he ini ial c e f he ne em a he beginning f he
life f an gani m ha ha ne, i ne ha gi e i e in he gani m
he e e nal and in e nal en effec c ela i n ade a e f he
eali a i n f he manne f li ing ha de ne he lineage.
10. Wha make a ne em a ne em i n he kind f
elemen ha c m e i . A ne em i b h i manne f e a i n
a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f ac i i be een in e ac ing
 la ic elemen , and a em in c al in e ec i n i h he en
and effec face f a la ge em ha eae a a ali in a
ela i nal ace ha h e e ame en and effec face
c n ib e de ne. Th , a an ch a a a ameci m, f e am le,
ha a m lec la ne em in he f m f a cl ed ne k f changing
m lec la ela i n in e a i nal in e ec i n i h he cl ed a ie ic
m lec la em ha he a ameci m i a a li ing em, a he en
and effec face ha a i e in i a i e a e a a ali . Simila l , a
m e ha a ne em c m ed a a cl ed ne k f changing
ela i n f cell la ac i i ie in e a i nal in e ec i n a he en and
effec face ha he m e ha in he d main in hich i e a e a an
gani m. Indeed, i i beca e f he manne f e a i nal c n i i n f
a ne em ha i i ible de ign an a i cial em ha ill
indeed e a e a a b i h a ne em.
11. I i al beca e he ne em e a e a a cl ed ne k f
changing ela i n f ac i i ie in in e ec i n i h he en and effec
face f an gani m, ha all ha he ne em d e in ela i n
he gani m, a hi e a e a a ali in he medi m, i gi e i e in i
en effec c ela i n ha ill c n i e he gani m beha i
a i eae a a ali in d namic c al c he ence i h he
medi m in hich i e i in ec i e in e ac i n . The ef e, i i beca e
f i manne f e a i n a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f
ac i i ie in in e ec i n i h he gani m, and beca e f i c ndi i n f
being a c e-de e mined em, ha he ne em d e n and
cann e a e di ing i hing he fea e f he medi m a if he e e e
inde enden en i ie . N d b ha i a ea d an b e e h
ee i gene a ing ade a e beha i in i d main f e i ence. B
gani m e a e gene a ing ade a e beha i in hei d main f li ing a
he a e ali e a he e l f he e l i na and n genic hi f
c al c ling i h he medi m hich he bel ng.
12. In he e ci c m ance , he diffe ence be een a b and a li ing
em e ide in he diffe en manne f igin f hei e a i nal and
c al c ng ence i h he medi m in hich he e i . Th , he
e a i nal and c al c ng ence be een a b and he medi m in
 hich i e i i he e l f an e a i n f de ign in hich ei he b h
he b and he medi m in hich i e a e ha e been made
d namicall i h each he . S a b and he medi m in hich i ill
e a e a i e c ng en h gh a h man ac f de ign. C n a hi , he
e a i nal and c al c ng ence be een a li ing em and he
medi m in hich i e a e , a I ha e aid al ead n e e al cca i n , i
he e l f an e l i na and an n genic hi in hich b h he
li ing em and he medi m ha e changed ge he c ng en l in
c al c ling.
The main c n e ence f he manne f e a i n f he ne em,
acc ding ha I ha e aid, i ha a i d e n eae ih
e e en a i n f en i ie ha ld e i a an e e nal eali , and a i
e a e a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f ac i i ie , i nl
gene a e en effec c ela i n in he gani m ha i in eg a e
ih ac ing b i elf n an e e nal ld. I f ll f m hi ha he
di inc i n be een in ide and ide, and i al and n n- i al eali ie
ha an b e e ma make, d n a l he e a i n f he ne
em. The di inc i n be een e ce i n and ill i n, be een i al
and n n- i al eali ie , e ain he e a i n f he b e e a a
lang aging being ca able f e a ing in he di inc i n f he in ide and
ide f an gani m a he he beh ld i a a ali in i in e ac i n
i h a medi m.
5: V a R a a dH a E c
The main dif c l ha a i e f a be e i h he aim f
nde anding he e a i n f he ne em a a cl ed ne k f
changing ela i n f ac i i ie be een i c m nen ne nal elemen ,
ha d i h nde anding h ee e e ien ial fea e f h manne ,
namel :
1. he e e ience f he elf;
2. he e e ience f he he a an inde enden being; and
3. he e e ience and nde anding f ha ch l gi and hil he
call in e - bjec i i .
 We h man being e i - ha i , e a e eali ed a h man being - in
c n e a i n . I i n ha e e c n e a i n - e a e, e e i a a
f c n e a i n . I i n ha lang age i he h me f he Da ein, a
Heidegge a - being cc in lang aging in he f being in
c n e a i n . The h man being i a d namic manne f being in lang age,
n a b d , n an en i ha ha an e i ence ha can be imagined
inde enden f lang age and ha can hen e lang age a an in men
f c mm nica i n.
The self i a manne f e laining he e e ience f e a ing a a l cal
ela i nal iden i a a h man being ha di ing i he ( che , en e ) hi
he e a i n a a b d . E i ence in lang age i e i ed f he
e e ience f he elf ha en. Simila l , subjectivity i n an in e i
li ing, i i a manne f c nn ing h e a e feel in he di inc i n f
he di inc i n f he elf a if hi e e an en i . Th , bjec i i e i
a a manne f li ing in he c n e a i n ha di ing i he he elf.
A he ame ime, nce e di ing i h el e in lang aging, e a ea
a lang aging en i ie in he d main f di inc i n in hich e a i e a
el e , and hencef h e can eak a if e had an e i ence inde enden
f m he e a i n f di inc i n ha b gh f h, and a if e c ld
e lang age a an e e nal in men ha i inde enden f d ing . S
e nd el e e a ing in na a e elf- ce e hen e a k ab
el e , a i e in hingne and bec me el e a di c e e en i ie ha
bc e being ce e . Thi de c i i n, f c e, d e n e lace
he e e ience f elf, n d e i in end d ; i nl de c ibe ha
ha en ha e ha e he e e ience e alk ab a e alk f he elf.
All ha e d a h man being i ible eci el beca e he ne
em e a e a a cl ed ne k f changing ela i n f ac i i ie
be een he elemen ha c m e i , and he elemen ha c m e i
ha e la ic c e . Wha ha en i ha he diffe en ci c m ance f
in e ac i n f he gani m in he medi m gi e i e in i ne em
diffe en kind f in e ela ed ce e , namel :
1. diffe en change f ela i n f ac i i be een he ne nal
elemen ha c m e i , and h gh he in e nal change f c n g a i n
f ela i n f ac i i h gene a ed diffe en f en effec
c ela i n in he gani m; and
2. c al change in he ne nal c m nen igge ed h gh he
change f ac i i f he ne nal ne k in he c n ingencie f he
in e ac i n f he gani m.
A a e l f he e ce e he c e f he ne em
change in a manne ha c n in e gene a e en effec c ela i n
in he gani m c he en i h i manne f in e ac ing in he medi m in
hich i e i . In he ca e f gani m ch a h man being h li e in
lang age, he main c n e ence i ha he c al change f he
ne em a e ch ha he c n in e gi e i e en effec
c ela i n e he e a i n f an gani m ha e i in lang age.
E O
We h man being li e he e e ience f di ing i hing he h man being ,
and a e a em e lain ch e e ience, e a c ibe a elf each f
hem in he ame e m ha e claim f el e - ha i , a an en i . A
e d hi , bjec i i a i e a he e e ience in hich e di ing i h he
diffe ence be een di ing i hing ne elf and di ing i hing an he elf.
In de acc n f he ha m ni a i n f he c e i ence f
m e indi id al el e , he n i n f in e - bjec i i i ed in
ch l gical and hil hical e ec i n a an e lana n i n ha
gge he ibili ha he i e inde enden el e ma be able
in e c nnec in a ha an cend hei b nda ie . In c l e e
de c ibe he e e ience f ha m n i h he a an e e i n f me
f in e c nnec edne , and e li e i a ch. H e e , a e ae
c e-de e mined em , hi cann cc . Wha ha en i ha all
e e ience ha e he cha ac e f me hing li ed ha e can alk ab
nl a he a i e a di inc i n in a c n e a i n, ei he i h ne elf
i h an he . Tha i , an e e ience a ea in li ing nl a e
di ing i h ha ha en in , and he e e ience a ea
i h an e ca i n f ha e di ing i h in he c l e hich e bel ng.
Since e e ience a e di inc i n ha e make f ha ha en in
a lang aging being , and ince all ha e li e ha ec i e
c n e ence in li ing, n hing ha e di ing i h a ha ening ,
be hi he e e ience f elf he e e ience f in e - bjec i i , i i ial
f li ing a lang aging being . F he m e, and ince a c l e i a
cl ed ne k f c n e a i n , e nece a il li e he c n e ence f
he e e e ience in li ing acc ding he c l e in hich e li e
hem, hich i he e he a e fea e f he ld ha e li e. Th , f
e am le, ce i effec i e in a c l e ha acce ce a a fea e f
i li ing, and i i li ed in he f m e ha c l e.
I
In he e ci c m ance , ince he n i n f eali i an e lana n i n,
and he n i n f c al de e mini m i an ab ac i n f m he
c he ence f e e ience, and ince e e lain e e ience a he han
an bjec i e inde enden eali b ing he c he ence f e e ience
e lain e e ience , he he a i e a an e e ience be e lained
in e m f he c ndi i n ha gi e i e him he in he di inc i n f an
b e e . Acc dingl , he he i be e lained a an e e ience f he
b e e , and n a if he he e i ed inde enden l f being
di ing i hed b he b e e . In he e ci c m ance , he n i n f inter-
subjectivity and self bec me e lana n i n f manne f li ing ha
a i e a e li e he e e ience f in e ac ing i h he h man being in
c n e a i n ha deal i h he ea ine dif c l i h hich e
c dina e beha i i h each he . A dif c l a i e , h gh, hen
e d n f ll ee ha he effec i ene f c dina i n f beha i i
he im le e l f e a i n in eci cal c al c ling, and e
in i in acce ing he e ence f he he a an inde enden en i a a
ima c ndi i n - me hing ha e cann d d e c ndi i n a
c e-de e mined em .
V a R a
F m all ha I ha e aid ab e, i i a a en ha f he e a i n f he
ne em a a cl ed ne nal ne k, all ha ha en in ihi
a e hen mena ( ce e ) f he ame kind - namel , change f ela i n
f ac i i ie in i ne nal c m nen . And hi i f all ca e , e en
hen he b e e he gani m a ea be eali ing diffe en
beha i . Thi mean ha aking, ma ing, ea ing, b ea hing, em i ning,
e ec ing, hinking, alking a e diffe en hen mena nl in he ela i nal
d main in hich he gani m e a e a a hi ical h le, and n in he
e a i n f he ac al ne em a a cl ed ne nal ne k. N
d b he diffe en ela i nal ci c m ance ha an animal li e in l e
diffe en ne nal d namic in he e a i n f i ne em. Wha
gi e hem hei diffe en cha ac e i ha ha en in he ela i n
gani m medi m and n ha ha en in he ne em i elf. In
he e ci c m ance , i i he n mal manne f e a ing f li ing em ,
a em ha d n di ing i h in he e e ience be een e ce i n and
ill i n, ha make ible ha a e n called i al eali ie .
Vi al eali ie a e ill i n - ha i , e e ience ha e call i al in
ela i n me he e e ience ha e call eal. Acc ding all ha I
ha e aid ab cien i c e lana i n , he ne em, and c al
de e mini m, he nl e e ience ha can ibl be called real a a
efe ence ha e mi call all he virtual, a e h e ha e li e in
he eali a i n f bi l gical li ing in c al c ling i h he
medi m in hich e e i .
A h manne a e i h lang age, h manne a e in a hi ical a h
en he ibili f endle gene a i n f i al eali ie h gh he
en-ended ibili f ec i n in he c n en al c dina i n f
c n en al c dina i n f beha i f lang aging. M e e , a ac al
li ing in lang age e anded, he ibili f ec i n in he inne
d namic f he ne em e anded , and i h ha e anded al
he ibili f he ec i e gene a i n f m e d main f i al
eali ie . Indeed, i al eali ie in he d main f c n e a i n ha e been
ih f m he e beginning f h man e i ence, and h man
e i ence ha changed a i al eali ie ha e bec me n n- i al h gh
hei emic c l al incl i n in he eali a i n f bi l gical h man
manne f li ing.
Ye i al eali ie h ld n b hem el e be a ce f e i
c nce n. Wha h ld call e ec , h gh, if e d ha e e hical
c nce n , i ha ha en chic e i ence a e mani la e he
d main f i al eali ie hich e e e ne an he . N ma e
he he e a e a a e n f ha kind f eali e li e a an in an ,
all he eali ie ha e li e affec in he ame a in he em i nal
dimen i n f chic e i ence, beca e he e i n i al em i nal
life. Indeed, i i eci el beca e f hi ha all ha e li e in chic
e i ence i n n- i al. I i he ab ence f an i al chic e i ence
ha all i al eali ie bec me c l al manne f being, and
 hen e en all , fea e f n n- i al li ing in he eali a i n f
bi l gical li ing.
Le me e and n hi idea. O ne em i c n in l changing
al ng he f li ing, and i d e in a manne ha i m men b
m men c n ingen n he c e f li ing, b h in c n ci and
nc n ci , e e nal and in e nal, ela i nal chic ace. A a e l , all
ha e li e, ega dle f ha kind f li ing e li e, a i e in
m d la ed b he hi f chic e i ence ega dle f he he hi
ake lace h gh li ing in ha an b e e migh call a virtual a
non-virtual eali . In he e ci c m ance , and ince c e and he
c e f he medi m ha e b ing ab emicall in li ing
change ge he c ng en l a e li e, li ing bec me de enden n
he i al eali ie ha e li e a he bec me emic fac in he
c l al eali a i n f li ing. In he d , a e li e hem e ea edl ,
eali ie ha e e ini iall i al g e i el being i al, and a
fea e f c l e he bec me a f bi l gical manne f li ing
and, hence, f he n n- i al eali ha e li e.
The blem i h i al eali ie , hen, if he e i an , i n h he
cc , if he cc a all, b he he e d d n like he chic
manne f e i ence and he c l al an f ma i n ha e gene a e
h gh hem. Vi al eali ie a e ne e i ial, beca e e al a bec me
an f med a e li e hem acc ding he em i ning f he chic
ace ha he b ing ab in li ing, and hi i ega dle f he he
e like i n . If e ca e ab ha ha en and he h man
being i h ha e d h gh i al eali ie , hen i i e n ibili
ac acc dingl .
6: S c/A a ca L ca /Ca a
R a
Rea ning i e a ing acc ding he c he ence f lang age, and cc
acc ding he eg la i ie f he f li ing ge he in c n en al
c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f beha i ha lang aging i .
Rea ning, hen, i e a i n in lang age acc ding he c he ence f he
eali a i n f li ing. O , in diffe en d and in a diffe en
e ec i e, i i he effec i ene f ea ning in li ing a an a ec f
 li ing a lang aging being ha e mi a ha he effec i ene
f ea ning e l f m he fac ha li ing em a e c m nen
a ici an elemen f a emic, c e-de e mined bi he e and
c m . Acc dingl , he c he ence f e a i n a li ing em i
he f ndamen f e lana i n f e a i n a li ing em : we
human beings as languaging beings use language to explain the coherences
of our living with the use of the coherences of our living, and we can do so
because language, as our manner of living together as human beings, is our
living in consensual coordinations of consensual coordinations of behavior,
so that our explanations embody the coherences of the manner of operation
of the cosmic components that compose us, and through which we operate
as living systems.
Acc dingl , hen e gi e a a i nal e lana i n f e i ence a
h man being i bec me a a en ha i i he e a i nal c he ence
e c ndi i n a c m nen f he bi he e and he c m a
li ing em ha make i ible f ga he c he ence in
d main f e i ence a li ing em h gh li ing. Thi g a ing f
he c he ence f li ing and f he d main f e i ence in hich e li e
ha h ee ba ic f m . One cc in he a a ene f he e a i nal
c he ence ha ake lace in he ac al f he li ing f li ing em
a he eaea ch; he he a e ab ac i n f c n g a i n f
ela i n i hin h e c he ence ha e e a diffe en f m f
ea ning. One f he e f m f ea ning a i e hen e e imila i ie
in c n g a i n f ela i n ha e ee cc ing be een diffe en
em a a g men claim emic imila i ie be een hem. Thi
f m f ea ning i all called emic and anal gical ea ning. The
he f m f ea ning a i e hen e ee ec en c n g a i n f
e en ial ela i n and e e hem claim ca al ela i n . Thi f m f
ea ning i all called linea ca al ea ning. I i a a en f m all
ha I ha e aid ha a i nali ha a ci c la cha ac e ha kee
encl ed in he c he ence f li ing, hich i in fac he ce f i
e a i nal effec i ene .
N I hall e lici l c n ide he e f m f ea ning, a g ing f m
he c al and e a i nal c he ence f he e lana ld ha
a i e a a e l f hei a lica i n.
 S a A a a R a
The effec i ene f emic and anal gical ea ning e n
incl i n and a ici a i n in he hi ical emic c he ence f he
bi he e a an e l ing em f b anching lineage i h a c mm n
igin. The bi he e i a an in an like a hi ical a e f n f
in e c nnec ed c ng en c al change be een li ing em , and
be een li ing em and n n-li ing medi m, ha began i h he igin
f li ing em and hei b e en c n e a i n h gh e d c i n in
c al c ling i h each he and he n n-li ing medi m. In hi
hi ical a e f n , he elemen c m ing i (li ing em and hei
n n li ing medi m) h a an m men and a an l cali c n g a i n
f d namic c al c he ence e he in e ec i n f man
diffe en ec nda a e f n c e nding diffe en lineage f
li ing em ha igina ed a diffe en m men in he e d c i e
c n e a i n f a ia i n f he iginal lineage.
Thinking i diffe en f m ea ning, a i d e n cc a a ce in
lang age, e en h gh b h cc h gh he e a i n f he ne
em de ec ing c n g a i n f ela i n in i elf; he ame e a i n
ha make lang aging ible. A ch, hinking i e a i nall b h
anal gical and ca al. Anal gical hinking g a emic c he ence in
diffe en n n-in e ec ing d main , and h i e a e e abli hing
ela i n be een hem ha and n emic imila i ie . A e ea n
anal gicall , a m ha e been mainl he ca e in ea l h man hi , e
d in lang age eci el ha he animal d ide lang age - namel ,
e ea a he ame all ha in hich e di ing i h he ame c n g a i n
f ela i n . Tha e can ea n anal gicall i ba icall ible beca e
all ha ne em d e i e nd c n g a i n f ac i i ie ,
and e li e a he ame all he i a i n ha igge in ne em
he ame c n g a i n f ac i i , ega dle f h diffe en h e
i a i n ma a ea an inde enden e e nal b e e . M e e , a I
ha e al ead aid, hi manne f e a ing i effec i e beca e, d e he
hi ical c he ence f he bi he e, a li ing em n mall nd i elf
in a d main f emic c he ence i h he li ing and n n-li ing en i ie
ince he i e i ld ha e died. I f ll f m all hi ha he
effec i ene f anal gical ea ning ha he ame g nding. Thing
i a i n ha a ea a imila in diffe en d main f he bi he e
 he c m a e all imila a a c n e ence f he hi ical
emic in e c nnec edne hich he bel ng.
The effec i ene f he anal gical manne f e a i nal hinking
e mi ed all li ing em , ance incl ded, ac i e all he ba ic
f ndamen al e a i nal emic kn ledge ha make hei , and ,
manne f li ing ible.
L a Ca a R a
The effec i ene f linea ca al ea ning and n he ame g nd
a ha f anal gical emic ea ning i h e ec he c al
c he ence f he bi he e and he c m , b in ela i n he e a i n
f he linea l cal c he ence f he bi he e and c m and n in
ela i n anal gical imila i ie . Of c e, in he di inc i n f l cal
c he ence he e a i nal hinking i he ame a i i in he e a i nal
emic anal gical hinking, b a lied l cal c he ence : ha i
imila i he ame. In he e ci c m ance , he f ndamen al diffe ence
be een he manne f ea ning, l cal ca al and emic
anal gical, e n hei diffe en d main f effec i ene . Th , he ea
emic anal gical ea ning g a and e eal emic c he ence in he
bi he e and c m ac n n-in e ec ing d main , linea ca al
ea ning g a and e eal l cal c he ence i hin he d main in hich i
a lie . B g a ing l cal c he ence in he bi he e in he c m ha
h hei emic a ici a i n in he e a i nal effec i ene f
anal gical hinking and ea ning, linea ca al hinking and ea ning
ge he c n i e he eld f he c n c i e ibili ie in hich
cien i c e lana i n and m de n echn l gie c ld a i e.
The e f emic anal gical and linea ca al ea ning en ail a
d ble l k ha a end b h he l cali f a ce e and he
emic c n e in hich i cc . The ef e, he e f b h he
emic/anal gical and linea /ca al manne f ea ning c n i e he
nl ibili f he f ll nde anding f em , a i e a e in he
d ble l k ha a end a he ame ime he c n g a i n f ela i n
in hich a em e a e a a h le and he l cal linea ela i n f i
c m nen . Thi i l ng a he emic/anal gical hinking i n
nega ed h gh a c l al ien a i n a ed c i ni hinking ha ea
l cal ca ali a he nl alid manne f ea ning. O c l al
 ed c i ni ien a i n in hinking and ea ning, h gh he c n in
ea ch f c n l, ha in e fe ed i h he nde anding f em . Indeed,
ch manne f hinking e ic he ibili f an en e ec i n n he
ela i n be een he e a i n f a em a a h le and i c n i i n a
ch h gh he e a i n f i manne f c m i i n. A ed c i ni
ien a i n in hinking and ea ning gi e m e al e c n ci e
effec i ene han nde anding and lead a ie ha ea cience
and echn l g a manne f kn ing ha e mi c n l na e
in ead f in i ing li e in ha m n i h i . Na e i n be
c n lled - indeed e c n l n hing - and hen me hing e l
acc ding de ign, i i beca e e ha e danced i h na e in ead f
ed i . B ha e d i a ma e f de i e, f m i e , n f ea n.
7: R a
I hink ha in We e n c l al adi i n blic bjec and dem c ac
a e ge he in he ag a f he G eek ci ie a he ci i en alked i h
each he a e al hile e ec ing ab he ma e f c nce n he
c mm ni ih an b d a ia ing hem ( ee Ma ana and Ve den-
Z lle , 1993). Thi ha ened in he mid f a a ia chal c l e cen e ed
n he em i ning f a ia i n, c n l, mi , and a gance.
M e e , I al hink ha a he blic bjec (a ha hich cann be
a ia ed b an ne beca e i i a ma e en he c n ide a i n f
all) and dem c ac a e in he ag a f he G eek ci ie , We e n
linea /ca al hinking began i n e ic ed e an i n. F he m e, I hink
ha he e an i n f l cal/ca al hinking a highl en ia ed b he e
f i ing a an in men ha facili a ed he ibili f ne e -ending
ec i n in lang age h gh he ea gene a i n and mani la i n f
ne c nc e e and ab ac blic bjec in ne ela i nal d main .
A We e n linea ca al hinking e anded in a ec i e fa hi n h gh
i ing, a i en c l e began e lace he ance al al ne in a manne
ch ha bjec g e i el e laced ac i n and l cal ca al hinking
e laced emic anal gical ea ning. In hi hi ical ce a en i n
n he f e c n e ence f he ac i n e laced a en i n n i
c nnec edne in he e en , and he blind j i ca i n f dail ac i n
h gh ca al a i nal a g men a i n e laced he a a ene f he
em i n and m i e ha g ide d ing a he f ndamen f dail
li ing. Th gh he c n in e an i n f a ia chali , eligi
d c ine and li ical hil hie e laced i i al e e ience a he
ba i f eeing and nde anding h man e i ence, and he na al ld
became m e and m e an alien ealm ha had be d mina ed and
bmi ed linea ca al c n l. A a c n e ence, dail life
g e i el l i i i al e ence a he a a ene f i c mic
c nnec edne a l , de ac ali ed b hil hical, eligi , and
cien i c he ie ha laced a an cenden al bjec e ence ( ch a
G d, h, eali , ma e ene g ) a he cen e f all e ec i n ab
h manne , a he han he a a ene f he emic c he ence f life.
E en all H mani and Na e a e a e lana n i n ha
ee ed deal i h e manen l ing en i ie ha e i ed
in a c n in ggle.
Ye e en in a ia chal hi , he de i e f he nde anding f
h man c ndi i n ha led n me a em ec e he in eg a i n f
ca al l cal and emic anal gical hinking nde he f m f diffe en
e e ic and hil hical he ie . The e a em ha e been de al ed b
m de n cien i c hinking, b he de i e nd a c mic meaning
(c nnec edne ) in h man e i ence ha n been elimina ed. B n
e en cien i c hinking ha led ec e ing he in e la f emic
anal gical and l cal ca al ea ning in he nde anding f ha hich e
c nn e in dail life a eali , and h gh ha he e an i n f
nde anding f bi l gical c ndi i n a h man being . Th gh he
nde anding f ha c gni i n i a a bi l gical hen men n (Ma ana,
1970), e can n ee eali a an e lana n i n, and h gh ha
e lain h man e e ience i h he f ll a a ene ha e h man
being cann di ing i h in he e e ience be een ha e call in
dail life e ce i n and ill i n (Ma ana, 1990).
A he ame ime, man cien i in he d main f echn l g ha e
in en ed ne a f c ea ing m e c m elling i al eali ie ha in i e
a ia chal imagina i n, cen e ed in he de i e f c n l, ee in hem
en ce f e and eal h. Indeed, he m de n alk ab ge
in li ical and c mme cial a ia chal c l e make all a ea
ible h gh i al eali ie . Thi a i de aliena e f m
en e f a ici a i n in a bi he e ha incl de h man being a in in ic
c m nen , d e he g eedine f a de i e f nlimi ed eal h and
 e , a if he e e e he l ima e ce f g dne and ell-being in
h man life.
Ne e hele , he e ame e an i n f he e ec i e hinking ha ha
ened de i e f e and f d mina i n e e e hing, and ha
aliena ed f m el e , en f he ibili f he c n e a i n
f l ing h manne , if e indeed an i . We d n ha e d e e hing
ha i ible f d , e can ch e. We d n ha e li e all he
eali ie ha e ma c ea e, he a e n e all de i able if ne ha elf-
e ec and cial c n ci ne . Bef e m de n echn l gical
de el men , ha e n call i al eali ie ld ha e been called
ill i n . N he g ea e an i n f he echn l g f ill i n h gh
he im l ane in l emen f man en m dali ie i h f ll
a a ene ha he a e n eal, make he e e ience f i al eali ie
ab bing ha e can li e a ed in hem, making hem n n- i al
ab de. F he m e, a e a e a ed in i al eali ie , a lea
em a il ih he ibili f e ec ing ab hei i ali ,
efe ing hem a ill i n eem nd l de ga . And hi i
eci el he in .
A a ic la eali ha e li e a a d main f en and effec
c he ence i i al nl in efe ence me he ne ha i a he ame
ime c n ide ed n n- i al. B i i ible efe an a ic la
eali a a n n- i al eali ? E e d main f eali a i e a a d main
f e e ien ial c he ence li ed acc ding he e e ien ial c he ence
ha de ne i . O , in he d , e e d main f eali i a d main f
en effec c ela i n ha i li ed in f ll alidi nle i i
di mi ed a an ill i n b c m a ing i me he efe ed eali ha
i called eal . In he l cali f ac al e e ience n hing i an
ill i n, and, a I ha e al ead aid, ill i n , a a e men ha de al a e
an e e ience in efe ence an he ha i acce ed a eal, a i e a
c m a a i e af e h gh ha in end di mi ha hich in chic
e i ence e li ed in f ll alidi .
In he e ci c m ance , he nl eali ha i n i al i ha in hich
e a h man being li e a he kind f li ing em ha e a e, ha i
h man being h a e membe f a c l e and a bi he e. Namel ,
n n- i al eali i he d main f he en and effec c ela i n
h gh hich ganic bi l gical li ing i ema icall eali ed in
 he c n e a i n f li ing a bi l gical and c l al being ( ee al
A endi 4).
B he e i m e. A I ha e aid ab e, e can li e a man i al
eali ie a he e a e d main f m l i en c he en ill i n ha ma be
in en ed, and e can be a a e ha e a e li ing hem. Ye n hing ha e
li e i i ial, ega dle f he he e a e c n ci n f ha e a e
li ing. N a e e al a a a e f ha e li e a an in an - e en if e
kn ha e a e li ing an ill i n; ha ha en de end n h e li e
ha e li e in nc n ci e i ence. O c n ci and nc n ci
chic li ing i ne e i al. We a e an f med and bec me in
b d h d acc ding chic e i ence, and chic e i ence
change acc ding h b d h d change ega dle f he he
ha e li e a i e a an m men h gh i al n n- i al eali ie .
Thi i n d b ell kn n. Pa en kn ha hei child en de el in
ne a an he acc ding he em i ning ha he li e, ega dle f
he he ha he li e i eal i al, e fal e.
Vi al eali ie a e n i ial f li e a h man being , beca e a
e li e hem, he m d la e all he dimen i n f li ing h gh
chic e i ence in hem. M e e , a e j aid, child en ill
bec me ad l f ne kind an he acc ding he chic ace ha e
ad l gene a e a e b ing f h diffe en i al and n n- i al eali ie a
e li e i h child en. L ing h manne , Homo sapiens-amans, ill
ill n be c n e ed h gh child en acc ding he chic
e i ence ha he gene a e f hem el e and f hei child en h gh
he chic ace ha he in hei n b ing f h in hei li ing. B
ha e e child en d , ha e e ha en and h gh hem, ill
de end n he chic e i ence ha he lead i h d ing hei g h.
8: B T
T , fc e, i a di inc i n ha an b e e make f he manne f
ela ing f an gani m and i ci c m ance . In bi l gical e m , ha
hich an b e e di ing i he a he he di ing i he i he
e a i n f a li ing em in c ng ence i h he medi m in a
ih fea , mi gi ing , a gance, agg e i n. Bi l gicall , i he
n ane manne f being f an li ing em hen in c mf able
c ng ence i h he medi m. When hi c mf able c ng ence
di a ea , an he manne f ela ing c me he f e, and e di ing i h
fea , d b , agg e i n, a he han . The em i n f mi en ail
en i n and emic blindne , a ell a di i n in he d main f he
ible ela i n be een he gani m and i ci c m ance .
Ab e ha c me f he c c n a i e i h a c e ha en ail
he e a i nal ha he e i a ld ead a i f all ha i e i e
li e. Simila l , a bab i b n in he e a i nal ha he e i a ld
ead a i f in l e and ca e all ha he he ma e i e f hi he
li ing, and i he ef e n hel le . And indeed, if he bab i ecei ed in
he manne ha f l ll ha , b h he bab and he m he (and he
membe f he famil ) a e in na al ellbeing. M ch f h man ffe ing
a i e h gh he l f in he n ane emic c he ence f
he bi he e and he c m . We ffe hen e a e in en i n in he
emic di i n f he ela i n be een and ci c m ance ha
cc hen e li e in mi . And m f ha l f a i e in
a ia chal c l al blindne ab he emic c he ence hich e
bel ng a na al membe f he animal ld in he bi he e and
c m .
F e am le, in c l e childbi h ha l na alne h gh a
medical ca e ha i n ba ed in f he bi l gical c he ence f
animal na e, and ha h bec me a ce f eff and ain f men.
Ye , hen i gene a ed in he man in lab b he ende and
ca e ing c m an f he men (bi l g f l e), he eff and ain
dimini h en m l di a ea , ane he ia i n e i ed, and he bi h
ake lace a an ea , l ing, and j f l e e ience. M e e , if ca ing
i he e, and he ne b n bab i n he bell f hi he m he ,
he he ac a in f ll c mf and ellbeing, i h he e a i nal and
ela i nal kn ledge ha e mi him he each he m he ni le (if
he b ea ha n been a hed, and if he a n gi en ane he ia d ing
he deli e ). The bab knows beca e he he ha a bi h a c e
ade a e he m men ha he he i li ing. Bi h i n a a ma f a
bab j b n, nle e c l all make i .
I hink ha m , if n all, he h i l gical and ela i nal dif c l ie ha
a i e in a child b inging in We e n a ia chal c l e, a e he e l
f in e fe ing i h he bi l g f l e a he child g a a membe f a
famil , a ch l, an ad l c mm ni . When a child i l ed, and he
 he m be l ed a lea b ne ad l e n, he he e hibi he
emb died kn ledge f bi l gical c n i i n a Homo sapiens-
amans, and bec me an ac i e ba ic a ici an in he ec i e emic
c n e a i n f he bi l g f l e.
O a ia chal c l e, in i c n in and in i ing ene a i n in
child b inging h gh i demand n b h m he and child en f
c m e i i n and cce , and h gh i gl i ca i n f i lence and
agg e i n, in e fe e i h he bi l g f l e in he m he child/ ela i n
and in he child g h in ad l h d. A a e l , mi , agg e i n,
and a gance bec me he main gene a f an i cial beha i in m de n
h man life a he all c n adic l e, hich i he em i n ha
c n i e cial li ing.
9: S b a a dR a
Since he ne em a a cl ed ne nal ne k e a e nl
di ing i hing c n g a i n f changing ela i n f ac i i be een i
ne nal c m nen , i e nd in he ame manne hene e a a ic la
c n g a i n f ac i i ec in i , ega dle fh i a i e h gh he
e a i n f he gani m ha i in eg a e in i ela i nal in e ac i nal
d main. Tha i , he ne em a a cl ed ne nal ne k eae
in al bli i n f he he he ce f he m d la i n f i
c n g a i n f ac i i i in e nal e e nal f he b e ing b e e .
A a e l f hi , he gani m in i in e ac i n ea a he ame all he
ela i nal i a i n (in e nal e e nal) ha igge in i ne em
he ame c n g a i n f ela i n f ac i i . Thi c ndi i n i , f c e,
he f ndamen f ha an b e e call e in he beha i f an
gani m hen he he ee ha i ea a he ame i a i n ha f
him he a e diffe en .
In a lang aging animal , hi manne f e a i n f he ne
em i he f ndamen f mb li a i n. S mb l and mb li a i n
cc in lang aging a di inc i n f ela i n f ela i n in li ing in
ec i e c n en al c dina i n f beha i bec me elemen ( ha i ,
e a i nal bjec ) in he f ec i e c n en al c dina i n f
beha i . Animal ha d n li e in lang aging d n deal i h bjec
and d n li e in mb lic ela i n , e en hen i a ea a
b e e ha he eac a a ic la i a i n a if i e e me he .
S mb lic ela i n ma cca i nall a ea in he li ing f animal ha d
n li e in lang aging, b nl hen he en e in cca i n f lang aging
b a ici a ing in ci c m an ial c n en al ec i n in he f hei
c n en al c dina i n f beha i i h he being .
Once h manne a e abli hed in ance a a manne f dail
li ing in he c n e a i n f li ing in c n e a i n , i became ible f
he f hei lang aging bec me a f he medi m in hich he
li ed in eci cal c al c ling. And indeed, hi i ha m ha e
ha ened in he bi l gical and c l al e l i na hi f
ance a b h he ne em ( be e he h le b d ) and hei
manne f li ing ge he changed in he c n e a i n f hei c al
c ling he diffe en ela i nal and in e ac i nal d main ha a e
h gh he ec i ene f hei li ing in c n e a i n . In hi ce , all
gene ic a ia i n ha e e d ced in he c e f he gene a i n f he
h man lineage m ha e been c - ed, h gh he emic e d c i e
c n e a i n f li ing in c n e a i n , f he eali a i n f he diffe en
manne f li ing in lang aging ha a e al ng i h hem.
In gene al e m , if an animal c mm ni begin li e in lang age, a
li ing in lang age e and and bec me in l ed in he ec i e f
c n en al c dina i n f c n en al c dina i n f beha i , a
n ane ec i e e a i n i h mb l a i e and bec me a fea e
f he dail li ing in lang age f he c mm ni . In he e ci c m ance , a
a e l f he c n in ec i e c ling f he c al d namic f
he ne em he ec i e f lang aging f he gani m ha
i in eg a e , he ne em begin gene a e en -effec
c ela i n in he gani m ha i in eg a e e he d main f
mb lic beha i in hich hi li e . Thi ha en a a e l f he
c n in ec i e c ling f he c al d namic f he ne i
em i h he ec i e f he lang aging gani m. M e e , a
hi ha en , al h gh a a cl ed ne nal ne k he ne em
d e n e a e i h mb l , i bec me a ec i e gene a f i al
eali ie in he mb lic d main a a fea e f he dail li ing in
lang aging f he gani m i h hich i in e ec . A a d main f i al
eali ie begin be c n e ed in he dail li ing f ch a c mm ni ,
h e i al eali ie bec me a manne f li ing in a ld ha i
changing and ha changed acc ding ha li ing, and being i al.
Tha i , a i al eali ie a e inc a ed in dail li ing in a c mm ni ,
i ali being a fea e f ha i li ed, ha a i al being
i al, and a ne d main f n n- i al eali a ea .
A he beginning, an ne manne f li ing in a h man c mm ni i
li ed b ne a fe indi id al , b if ha ne manne f li ing begin
be emicall c n e ed in he c mm ni gene a i n af e gene a i n, a
ne c l e a i e , and i h i c n e a i n, e en all a ne bi l gical
lineage and a ne kind f being ma a ea . Thi ha ha ened man ime
al ng he c e f h man hi a a ce in hich ne manne f
li ing he b d and i ela i n ha e a ea ed h gh he c n e a i n f
he ne ne k f c n e a i n (ne c l e ) eali ed h gh h e
ne manne f li ing he b d and i ela i n . The gene al e l i ha
a he ne manne f li ing he b d and i ela i n en ail he gene a i n
f ne ela i nal ace a f m f c mm ni li ing, ne indi id al and
c mm ni iden i ie a ea . In mma , a c l e ma be c n e ed a a
cl ed ne k f c n e a i n f n me gene a i n n il me
change in he c n e a i n c n e ed ake lace. If ch a change cc
in he mb lic d main a a change in he manne f li ing he b d and i
ela i n b he membe f he c mm ni , a ne ace f ela i n
a ea , a c l al change ake lace, and a ne c l e ma begin ha
ma lead bi l gical change b h in he ma ic and he gene ic d main
f i membe .
In ea l h mani , life m ha e been n ane l egnan ih
mb lic meaning i an e ec i n in ea ch f meaning. A ca e and
a e a e b i l anal g in ha e. A ca e, in he di inc i n in
lang age, ld ha e been ea ed a di ec l e i alen a e ,a b h
ga e i e imila f ec i e c n en al c dina i n f beha i
a c n aine f li ing being . Thi ma eem a fea f g ea ab ac i n f
m de n h man being imme ed in a ld f di an hing , c m le
mb l , and i al eali ie , b f ance i m ha e been an
b i fea e f hei dail li ing, m ch in he ame a a i i f
child en e ae g f h ee en i ie f diffe en ela i e i e i h a
famil c m ed f a m he , a fa he , and a child.
S emic anal gical hinking en ail c ela ed e a i n . One i
eeing a em, an em, a a f he m l idimen i nal c he ence f
he ela i nal d main in hich he li ing being (in ca e h man being )
 ha di ing i he i li e . D ing ha c ea e in he h man b e e he
a a ene ha all hing cc in ne k f meaningf l ela i n and
in e c nnec i n in he f li ing. The he e a i n ake lace in
ea ing imila c n g a i n f ela i n a he ame, a he di inc i n
ha e n call anal g . D ing ha e l in e abli hing e a i nal
e i alencie be een ce e ha ake lace in he i e diffe en and
n nin e ec ing d main in he li ing f he li ing being ha d e i . B
d ing ha e a b e e c ea e e i alencie f meaning be een
diffe en a ec f li ing and ha e ee in he ela i nal d main in
hich e li e. Tha he e e a i n a he cc n ane l and
ide lang age a e effec i e in he eali a i n f he li ing f li ing
em , i he ba i f all e e i e a i nali in a lang aging being .
A he ame ime, he ac al effec i ene f he e e a i n i he
e a i nal f ndamen f he effec i ene f mb li a i n and
nde anding in li ing a lang aging being .
Unde anding cc hen a a ic la l cal i a i n i een a a f a
ide d main f ela i n , and i e i e he a ici a i n f b h emic
anal gical and l cal ca al hinking. L cal ca al hinking ee e en ial
c he ence and ab ac eg la i ie in ch l cal e ence . D e i
manne f c n i i n, l cal ca al hinking en ail a linea i i n and
ne e g e ac n nin e ec ing hen menal d main , n e en hen i
in l e e e al dimen i n . In ha en e linea ca al hinking i al a
l cal in a d main de ned b he l cal linea i ha i in l e . S emic
anal gical hinking i n l cal, i en ail e abli hing ela i n be een
ac n n-in e ec ing hen menal d main . In he igin f h manne ,
he m f ndamen al c n e ence f he n ane in e la f
emic anal gical and l cal hinking a ance began li e in
c n e ai n m ha e been he e an i n f he e a i nal
nde anding f he c he ence f li ing ac d main f e i ence a
e ec i e hinking a e h gh he ec i e in l emen f li ing in
lang age.
S mb li a i n i an ac f he b e e ha e and he d main f h man
e i ence h gh he e abli hmen f e i alencie ha ma bec me
f he e ended in anal gical ela i n ha change i h he f h man
li ing. In he ac f mb li a i n he b e e make ne hing and f
an he , b i i he em i ning in l ed in ha he b e e d e ha
de e mine ha ha en in he m men f li ing h gh he mb l . I i
he em i ning ha in fac gi e a mb l i cha ac e a an a ec f
h man life. Th , f e am le, i al ha e ea in m de n c l al
em i ning cen e ed in c n l and d mina i n a e ealing mb lic
mani la i n f an cenden al e , nde an he em i ning ha i
cen e ed n , i al c n i e mb lic ec ea i n ha c n e e in
a a ene f emic incl i n in he c he ence f he bi he e
and he c m . S emic and anal gical hinking in l e ab ac i n b
he b e e f eg la i ie in he c he ence f hi he e e ience , and
e eal he c he ence f hi he d main f e i ence a a h man being.
In emic and anal gical hinking he b e e e a e in a a ene f
hi he ci c m ance , and he emic and anal gical c he ence ha
he he ab ac f m hi e e ience , a e he ba i f hi he
ade a e beha i . In n n-lang aging animal emic and anal gical
hinking al in l e li ing in he emic eg la i ie f he bi he e
and c m .
In hi e an i n f e a i nal nde anding h gh lang aging,
f m f hinking a ea ed; namel , ec l gical hinking a a manne f
eeing he bi he e a a em f c he en ela i n , and m ical
hinking a a manne f eeing he h le f e i ence a a em f
c he en ela i n . In he e ci c m ance , m ical hinking a m ical
nde anding m ha e gi en en e h man life f m e ea l n a i
made e e i a i n f dail life egnan i h c mic meaning. Simila l ,
ec l gical hinking a ec l gical nde anding m ha e ided he
ibili f eeing he ni f he bi he e h gh g a ing he
in e c nnec edne f all li ing being in he f hei e i ence h gh
he ab ac i n f hei imila i ie . A he beginning ec l gical and
m ical hinking m ha e been f mall diffe en f m ha he a e f
n ; he m ha e been e en iall he ame f he li ing f
ance a he c nnec ed hem i h he emic eg la i ie f he
bi he e and c m .
In he c l al an f ma i n and di e i ca i n ha ha aken lace in
he hi f h manne , he e dimen i n f nde anding n d b
ha e had diffe en de inie in e m f hei c n e a i n, change,
e an i n, ed c i n, l . I hink ha he ed c i n l f he
m ical nde anding e l in a life li ed i h i h nl a
minim m f meaning in he m l idimen i nal in e c nnec edne f he
h man life. Since li ing in a meaningf l in e c nnec i n i h all e i ence
ha been cen al in he c n e a i n f he h man manne f li ing, he l
f ch meaningf l li ing lead a f m f h man e inc i n in em
li ing. I al hink ha he ed c i n l f ec l gical nde anding
e l in a life li ed i h i h nl a minim m f a a ene f he
ni in e c nnec edne in he emic ali f all li ing being .
Since he a a ene f he in e c nnec i n f all li ing being in me
f emic ali , a lea in he d main f he l cal e i ence f each
h man g , ha been cen al in he c n e a i n f he h man manne f
li ing h gh he c n in an f ma i n f he medi m ha hi
gene a e , he l f ch a a ene lead an he f m f h man
e inc i n h gh ec l gical di a e . I hink ha he e f m f
e inc i n ha e al ead aken lace in man c l al lineage al ng he
hi f h manne .
10: D L
We h man being li e dail li e eaking a if he e e e man
diffe en kind , f m , le el f l e. Thi i a a en in adjec i al
e e i n ch a m he l e , lial l e , agg e i e l e ,
in e e ed l e , inn cen l e , and f h, in he a e ical ac ice
de ined ec e he e e ience f h e f m f l e. I hink, h e e ,
ha he e man diffe en e e i n d n den e diffe en f m , kind ,
le el f l e a an em i n, b ha he in fac c nn e nl diffe en
ela i nal dimen i n f li ing a l ing animal . Wha ha en i ha
eaen all a a e f hi i a i n, beca e e gene all eak in
c l e a if e e e efe ing ha e e e name c nn e a me
f inde enden en i . In he e ci c m ance , I ld like make he
f ll ing c mmen in he e m f m claim ab em i n .
1. L e i he d main f h e ela i nal beha i h gh hich he he
a i e a a legi ima e he in c e i ence i h ne elf. Th , he e a e n
diffe en kind f l e; h e e , l e a a d main f ela i nal beha i
en ail man ela i nal dimen i n , and he e a e man diffe en
c n g a i n f ela i nal beha i in hich l e ma ake lace.
2. L e ma in l e fe man ela i nal dimen i n f c e i ence
acc ding he ela i nal ace in hich i ake lace. Th , f e am le,
in he ca e f he c mm n e f a ee , a e e a e in m al e ec
fe dimen i n f m al acce ance a e en ailed. In f iend hi , n he
c n a , man ela i nal dimen i n a e in l ed, and hen e fall in l e
e an li e i h he he in all ible dimen i n f m al
acce ance. In he i i al e e ience, hich i in fac a n ane
e e ience f e an i n f l e, he e i an ening he al acce ance
f he c m in ni i h ne elf. Wha I an em ha i e he e i ha
in all ca e in hich l e cc he hen men n i he ame; namel ,
h man and n n-h man animal ela e i h an he in he d main f
c n ci nc n ci beha i h gh hich he he , h e e
ha e e i ma be, a i e a a legi ima e he in c e i ence i h ne elf.
3. In e m f c n g a i n f ela i nal beha i , l e cc in all he
ci c m ance f life a he em i n ha make ible he eali a i n f
li ing h gh he im lici in he c he ence f he d main f
e i ence in hich ac al li ing ake lace. Ye , a e e diffe en
adjec i al e e i n efe l e nde diffe en ela i nal
ci c m ance , e f e en l c nf e he em i n ha l e i i h he
diffe en a ic la f m ad ed b he ela i nal beha i e each
f h e ci c m ance .
4. L e, a he d main f ela i nal beha i h gh hich he he
a i e a a legi ima e he in c e i ence i h ne elf, d e n di he
ela i n in e m f ha i e ec ed de i ed ha en. L e le i be
and i , he ef e, i i na , n blind, and en ail eeing ( hea ing,
ching, melling, en ing) he he in i f ll legi imac . F he m e, a
l e i i i na and en ail eeing i lead ac ing acc dingl . The
e ence f e , aim , e ec a i n in a ela i n hi denie l e, a
he e bec me he cen e f a en i n and ca e. S ch e , e ec a i n ,
and aim gene a e blindne i h e ec he a ici an in he
ela i n hi , h e e ha e e he e ma be. Tha i , b a ending
ha ne e ec he he d , he he di a ea and he ela i n hi
d e n ake lace in l e, b cc in e and mani la i n.
5. L e i n blind acce ance. L e i eeing, hea ing, ching and
melling he he in hi , he , i legi imac and ac ing acc dingl . If he
he i a child in a m he /child ela i n, l e i he ela i nal beha i
h gh hich each a i e in i legi imac in m al e ec and b d
acce ance. In l e he child a i e a a child i h being denied in he
legi imac f hi he childne , and a he ame ime he m he a i e a
a legi ima e being a m he in ha ela i n hi . If he he ha en be a
i n ide , l e ake lace a e beha e in a a ch ha he
ide a i e in i legi imac a he kind f animal ha i i , and e le i be
in i d main f e i ence in f ll a a ene f i, de i aking f ll
e n ibili f he ac .
6. A c n ic be een e n ake lace in l e hen i i faced
h gh beha i ha d n den he legi ima e e i ence f he he in
c e i ence i h ne elf. In ch a ca e he c n ic i li ed in m al
e ec e en hen he e i a c nf n a i n in i lence, beca e ha i
denied i he beha i f he he , n i being.
7. A b e e e can nl make a e men ab he em i ning
in l ed in an a ic la ela i nal i a i n be een li ing being . B
a e men a e n a emen f fac , he a e di inc i n ha an
b e e make f me ela i nal fea e a a en him he in he
ci c m ance f hi he li ing a he m men in hich he ela i n i
aking lace. A ch, an a e men e eal he b e e in hi he
ela i nal d namic , and n he a e ed. N d b e kn in dail life
ha hi i , a i a a en in he nce ain ha he d a e men
en ail . Ye nce e ha e made an a e men f he em i ning in he
ela i n in hich e a e, e li e he eali ha he em i n ha e claim
e ha e een b ing ab , and life f ll a a h acc dingl ,
ega dle f he he n meb d el e ma c n ide a e men
alid.
8. In he e ci c m ance , i i n ince i ha ma e in he m men f an
in e ac i n be een li ing em , h man n n-h man, b i i he
em i nal f m li ed b each f hem in i . I i nl h gh ha ill
ha en in he c e f ll ed b he ng ing life f he e being ha
ma e f ince i and h ne ma a ea and bec me c cial. We
h man m li e in l e, ing each he , be h i l gicall and
chicall heal h . S if he e i n ince i in he l ing beha i een
in a h man ela i n, and hi lack bec me a a en in he c e f li ing
ha a e ec i e i b ken, a h i l gical chic b eakd n
cc ma cc . Animal ela i n in gene al, and f c e h man
ela i n in a ic la , b h in hei h i l gical and chic dimen i n,
a e ec i el b il n he im lici in he f lne f he a a en
em i ning ha i being li ed.
When l e c me an end h gh l f , ffe ing a i e ha
can nl be c ed h gh he e i i n f in he ec n c i n f
he ame ela i nal d main in hich i a l . F he m e, ch
e i i ni ible nl h gh in he ince i f he a ici an
in he ela i n hi a he f ndamen f he emic c n e a i n f he
h ec n c ed ela i nal c he ence in l e ha he ill hencef h
li e. And hi i beca e he iden i h gh hich a a ic la h man
being i eali ed a ch, ha e e hi ma be, i emic and
emicall c n e ed, n an in in ic fea e f hi he b d h d.
We h man being a e bi l gicall l ing animal in he en e ha
h i l gical and chic ellbeing e i e ha e li e in l e all
life. B li e a a l ing being i a emic d namic c n e ed
emicall h gh li ing in l e in a l ing li ing, and n an in in ic
c ndi i n ha e ma ma n ha e.
I hink ha he g ea e dif c l in nde anding b h ha em i nal
d namic ha e a id cha ac e , and ha diffe en em i n a diffe en
d main f ela i nal beha i d n nece a il c n i e nif m
manne f ela i n , e n cla i ca a i de. In We e n
c l e e ac a if e e di inc i n ha e make h ld e eal me ell-
de ned inde enden en i , and e e ec ha he b de f he en i ha
e di ing i h h ld be in in icall nea . Wi h hi a i de e d n ee
ha i i he e a i n f di inc i n ha e e f m ha eci e he
b de f ha e di ing i h, and e d n eali e ha he iden i f
ha e di ing i h i emic, ha i e i nl a l ng a he
c ndi i n ha b ing i f h e ail. In he c n in f he ela i nal
d namic f li ing em , he diffe en em i n ha e di ing i h ha e
a i en a diffe en manne f ela ing ha ha e been c n e ed in he
h l genic hi f he gani m in l ed, b he f m f hei
cc ence i n ed.
 R
B nnell, P. 1997. An In i a i n C nce ning H man S ecia i n.
P ceeding : Bi l g , Lang age, C gni i n and S cie - In e na i nal
S m i m nA ie i , Bel H i n e, B a il.
B nnell. P., and N. S nn ag. 2000. Bec ming a S ainable S ecie .
Re ections: The SoL Journal on Knowledge, Learning and Change 1 (4):
66-71.
Heidegge , M. 1971. On he Wa Lang age. Ha e and R , Ne Y k,
N.Y.
J han n, D., and E. Mai land. 1981. Lucy: The beginnings of humankind.
Sim n and Sch e . Ne Y k, NY
J han n, D., and J. Sh ee e. 1989. Lucy s child: The discovery of a human
ancestor. A n B k . Ne Y k, NY
Ma ana, H. R. 1988. Reali : The ea ch f bjec i i he e f a
c m elling a g men . Irish J. of Psychology 9 (1): 25-82.
Ma ana, H. R. 1990. Science and dail life: The n l g f cien i c
e lana i n . In W. K hn and G. K e (ed ), Selforganization:
Portrait of a scienti c revolution. Kl e Academic P bli he ,
D d ech , B n, L nd n.
Ma ana, H. 2000. The na e f he la f na e. Systems Research and
Behavioral Science 17: 459-468.
Ma ana, H. R., and G. G il ff. 1980. The ea ch f he in elligence f
in elligence. J. of Social and Biological Structures (3): 135-148.
Ma ana, H. R., and J. M d i . 1992. O igen de la e ecie medi
de la de i a na al. P blicaci n Ocaci nal N . 46/1992 M e Naci nal
de Hi ia Na al, Di ecci n de Bibli eca A chi m e .
Ma ana, H. R., and J. M d i . 2000. The igin f ecie b mean f
na al d if . Revista Chilenade Historia Natural (73) 2: 261-310.
Ma ana, H. R., and F. J. Va ela 1988. The tree of knowledge: The
biological roots of human understanding. Shambhala B n and L nd n.
Ma ana, H. R., and G. Ve den-Z lle . 1993. Liebe und Spiel: Die
vergessene Grundlagen des Menschseins. Ca l A e Ve lag.
Nie che, F. W. 1998. Thus Spake Zarathustra. T an . T. C mm n.
Va ela, F., Ma ana, H. R., U ibe, R. B. 1974. A ie i : The
gani a i n f li ing em , i cha ac e i a i n and a m del.
 Biosystems 5: 187-196.
de Waal, F. 1982. Chimpanzee politics. J na han Ca e, L nd n
A A a a I A a a
A UK