State

 Is a political concept
 Not a subject to external control
 An independent political unit occupying a defined, populated territory and having full sovereign
control over its internal foreign affairs.

Nation

 Is an ethnic concept
 May or may not be independent from external control
 Is a group of people with common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a
strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs.

Replacements to the traditional nation-state:

 The efforts of countries and governments in the world to cooperate and collaborate together.
 International and regional economic bond bodies, such as IMF and the World Bank, must also be
considered
 The third kind of replacement to the traditional nation-state and the idea of national autonomy
comes from the non-state actors. One of these is the private capital groups, including banks and
groups of people, with money that can determine the well-being of people in a particular area.

Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century

There are series of factors behind the emergence of global governance.

Factors:

1st : the declining power of nation-states. If states themselves were “highly contingent and in flux”
(Cerny, 2007), it would open the possibility of the emergence of some form of Global governance to fill
the void.

- (It means nga kung ang isa ka nation- state depending on something or someone and continuous
ang mga changes sa ilang buhaton or decisions then naa jud possibility nga makig collaborate ta
or emerge to other form of governance, like for example nay isa ka governance where dili sila
maka work ug ayo or effectively if sila ra so makig ally sila ug mga business nga groups or private
groups where maka supply nila sa ilang needs to make their governance effective.)

2nd : the vast flow of all sorts of things that run into and often right through the borders of nation-states.
This could involve the flow of digital information of all sorts through the internet.

- (The flow of information is once ma share na nah it is very impossible na to stop samot na with
the work or help of the internet. It is likely that such action nila to stop the flow would be
politically unpopular and bring much negative reaction to the nation-state involved. )

3rd : there is mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into various nation-states.
 - (If states are unable to control this flow, then there is a need for some sort of global governance
to help deal with the problem. Example the flow of criminal elements and products.)

4th : another set of issues that has led to calls for global governance involves horrendous events within
nation-states that states themselves either foment and carry-out, or are unable to control (Nordstorm,
2004)

There are global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to tackle on their own. One is the global
financial crises and panic that sweep the world periodically, which nations are often unable to deal with
on their own (Strange, 1996).

Effects of Globalization to Governments

One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government. It is a group of people who have
the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state.

Other countries must recognize sovereignty or the right to govern one’s own territorial borders. Each
state is autonomous unto itself and responsible within its own system of government to those who are
governed.

Elections, especially in democratic society, provide the leadership of the state. A civil society
within a state can also act as counterweight or as a supplement to government.

Civil society includes the private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal
organizations, and other non-profit organizations.

The Four challenges to the government and state autonomy:

1. traditional challenges

2. challenges from national or identity movements

3. global economics

4. social movements

1. Traditional Challenges

- External intervention can generally be described as invasion by other countries.

- Internal political challenges can also happen. The government was more fundamentalist and rejected
the notion of a plural society that included religious diversity.

- there are also regional organizations challenging state autonomy.

2. Challenges from National/ Identity Movements

It is important to know that a nation has cultural identity that people attached to, while a state is
definite entity due to its specific boundaries. However, different people with different identities can live
in different states.

(Example, the Kurds reside in several different countries including Iraq, Iran, and Turkey.)

Global movements, such as the Al-Qaeda ad ISIS, are another example of national or identity
movements.

3. Global economics

Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism.

- Neoliberal economics or neoliberal capitalism focuses on free trade and dismantling trade
barriers.
- Free trade was seen as the ideal normative belief, that is, the best economy is one where there
is free trade everywhere. Laws and standards that would interfere with the flow of capital in
particular country, including environmental regulations, were deemed to discourage economic
growth. Neoliberal economics requires a state to cooperate in the global market. In turn, the
government’s role is diminished as it relates to the market. Neoliberal economics is seen as a
threat, in general, because as state cannot protect its own economic interest as a sovereign
state.

Neoliberal economics made sure that governments did not impose restrictive regulations on corporate
presence, as well as flow of capital and jobs.

In conclusion, economic crisis can force government to subscribe to the terms and conditions of the
global financial market and of other nations that can help them regain economic stability.

(it is said that neoliberal economics can threaten the sovereignty of a state)

Ngano maka threaten man? Coz countries tend to broke down all kinds of their barriers like passports,
visa, license plate and etc. With that then dali na kaayo makasud ang crimes sa isa ka country.

4. Global Social Movements

Most of the time, global social movements are not seen as a threat but they definitely challenge state
sovereignty.

- Social movements are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through
enormous grassroots organization.
- These social movements are transnational movements which means they occur across countries
and across borders. Therefore, states have less control over them.
(For example, human rights movements create a public sentiment, value, and agenda.
The idea is that there are certain rights that states cannot neglect or generally, what we call
human rights. If a country decides that they are going to have a particular policy and if that
policy violates the international standard of human rights, there is a challenge to the ability of
states to fully implement it.)
 An example is the US position on the death penalty. There are some countries against it. This
means that if somebody is sentenced by death penalty and somehow he is in a country around
the world, there are rules against that state extraditing into the US.
- The environmental movement is another example of global social movements related to public
policy.
(Example: Rights of personal autonomy, this includes issues on homosexuality, same-sex
marriage, and gender equality.)
- There is also an increased role in international organizations like the United Nations and the
International Criminal Court in Hague, the role of non-governmental organizations like Doctors
Without Borders or Amnesty International, and the role of global media.

The Relevance of the State amid Globalization

 The State is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices and that is
more or less separate from other communities. It has four elements: people, territory,
government, and sovereignty.
The first element of a state is a permanent